Talk:2009 Lecture 15: Difference between revisions

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CD31, CD34 and FB21 - similar in endothelial cells after 25 weeks of gestation. alpha-SMA and nephrin - first observed in the S stage. maturation of endothelial cells starts at 25 weeks and is completed by 35 weeks of gestation. Epithelial cells and mesangial cells first appear during the S stage. PMID: 17464107

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UNSW Embryology: 2008 Science ANAT2341 - Embryology Lecture - Kidney Development | 2004 2004 Vertebrate Development Kidney slides (PDF 1 slide/page) | 2004 Kidney slides (PDF 4 slides/page) | 2004 Genital slides (PDF 1 slide/page) | 2004 Genital slides (PDF 4 slides/page)

Kidney Growth (size)

hin JS, Seo YS, Kim JH, Park KH. Nomogram of fetal renal growth expressed in length and parenchymal area derived from ultrasound images. J Urol. 2007 Nov;178(5):2150-4. Epub 2007 Sep 17.

PMID: 17870120

Cannie M, Neirynck V, De Keyzer F, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert GA. Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates linear growth of the human fetal kidneys during gestation.

J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 2):1570-4. Epub 2007 Aug 16. PMID: 17707049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Although fetal kidneys have only 10% of their postnatal blood flow, fetal renal development is essential for normal postnatal function.

Bipolar length of the human fetal kidney increases at an average rate of 1.24 mm per week of gestation, while anteroposterior diameter increases at 0.57 mm per week of gestation between weeks 20 and 36. This indicates that bipolar diameter increases twice as rapidly as anteroposterior diameter.

This prenatal magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrates linear growth of the bipolar and anteroposterior diameters of human fetal kidneys in relation to gestational age. In addition, it is clear that bipolar diameter grows twice as rapidly as anteroposterior diameter and there is less variability for bipolar diameter. These normative curves may allow us to detect abnormal fetal evolution.

Glanc P, Umranikar S, Koff D, Tomlinson G, Chitayat D. Fetal sex assignment by sonographic evaluation of the pelvic organs in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 2007 May;26(5):563-9; quiz 570-1. PMID: 17459997 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

In the second trimester, measurements in 100% of male fetuses were less than 3.3 mm, and those in 94% of female fetuses were greater than 3.3 mm. In the third trimester, measurements in 96% of male fetuses were less than 4.7 mm, and those in 100% of female fetuses were greater than 4.7 mm. Ninety-eight percent of all fetuses with concave interfaces were female. The endometrium was visualized in 74%. The additional time per examination was less than 5 minutes in 87.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Internal pelvic fetal sex assignment is a reliable additional method for fetal sex determination. A numerical discriminatory level can be used to distinguish between male and female internal genitalia. Larger numbers will be required to further refine these values.

Nowak D, Góralczyk K, Zurada A, Gielecki J. Morphometrical analysis of the human suprarenal gland between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. Ann Anat. 2007;189(6):575-82. PMID: 18078001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The present study's purpose has been to examine the development of the human suprarenal glands (SGs) during the prenatal period. Special attention was paid to sexual dimorphism and the differences between the parameters of the right and left SGs. Specimens were obtained from 187 human fetuses spontaneously aborted between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. The SGs were dissected from the fetuses after an immersion and preservation period of 3-24 months in 9% formalin solution. The mass and linear dimensions of each isolated SG were obtained, and these data revealed a progressive two-fold increase between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. There was a gradual reduction in the ratio of the SG mass to the overall mass of the fetus with a marked decrease evident between the 4th and 5th months. Statistical analysis of both SGs showed significant differences between sexes in the mass and in the thickness of the left SG during the 5th and 6th months of gestation. Differences in the mass and linear dimensions of the left and right SGs were recorded from the 5th month of gestation to the 7th month. The mass and volume of the left SGs were higher than those on the right side. This allometric analysis provides data from a large sample of human fetuses and will later aid in microscopic and ultrasonographic studies.

Yigiter AB, Kavak ZN. Normal standards of fetal behavior assessed by four-dimensional sonography. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006 Nov;19(11):707-21. PMID: 17127494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 '''Embryo Images Unit:''' [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/ Embryo Images Online] | [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_htms/genitaltoc.htm Urongenital Development] | [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_htms/genital001.htm Primitive Kidney] | [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_htms/genital008.htm Internal Genitalia] | [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_htms/genital017.htm Definitive Kidney] | [http://www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unit-genital/genital_htms/genital020.htm External Genitalia]
+==Kidney Growth (size)==
+* hin JS, Seo YS, Kim JH, Park KH. Nomogram of fetal renal growth expressed in length and parenchymal area derived from ultrasound images. J Urol. 2007 Nov;178(5):2150-4. Epub 2007 Sep 17.
+PMID: 17870120
+* Cannie M, Neirynck V, De Keyzer F, Dymarkowski S, Bogaert GA. Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates linear growth of the human fetal kidneys during gestation.
+J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 2):1570-4. Epub 2007 Aug 16. PMID: 17707049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
+Although fetal kidneys have only 10% of their postnatal blood flow, fetal renal development is essential for normal postnatal function.
+Bipolar length of the human fetal kidney increases at an average rate of 1.24 mm per week of gestation, while anteroposterior diameter increases at 0.57 mm per week of gestation between weeks 20 and 36. This indicates that bipolar diameter increases twice as rapidly as anteroposterior diameter.
+This prenatal magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrates linear growth of the bipolar and anteroposterior diameters of human fetal kidneys in relation to gestational age. In addition, it is clear that bipolar diameter grows twice as rapidly as anteroposterior diameter and there is less variability for bipolar diameter. These normative curves may allow us to detect abnormal fetal evolution.
+* Glanc P, Umranikar S, Koff D, Tomlinson G, Chitayat D. Fetal sex assignment by sonographic evaluation of the pelvic organs in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 2007 May;26(5):563-9; quiz 570-1. PMID: 17459997 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
+:In the second trimester, measurements in 100% of male fetuses were less than 3.3 mm, and those in 94% of female fetuses were greater than 3.3 mm. In the third trimester, measurements in 96% of male fetuses were less than 4.7 mm, and those in 100% of female fetuses were greater than 4.7 mm. Ninety-eight percent of all fetuses with concave interfaces were female. The endometrium was visualized in 74%. The additional time per examination was less than 5 minutes in 87.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Internal pelvic fetal sex assignment is a reliable additional method for fetal sex determination. A numerical discriminatory level can be used to distinguish between male and female internal genitalia. Larger numbers will be required to further refine these values.
+* Nowak D, Góralczyk K, Zurada A, Gielecki J. Morphometrical analysis of the human suprarenal gland between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. Ann Anat. 2007;189(6):575-82. PMID: 18078001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
+:The present study's purpose has been to examine the development of the human suprarenal glands (SGs) during the prenatal period. Special attention was paid to sexual dimorphism and the differences between the parameters of the right and left SGs. Specimens were obtained from 187 human fetuses spontaneously aborted between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. The SGs were dissected from the fetuses after an immersion and preservation period of 3-24 months in 9% formalin solution. The mass and linear dimensions of each isolated SG were obtained, and these data revealed a progressive two-fold increase between the 4th and 7th months of gestation. There was a gradual reduction in the ratio of the SG mass to the overall mass of the fetus with a marked decrease evident between the 4th and 5th months. Statistical analysis of both SGs showed significant differences between sexes in the mass and in the thickness of the left SG during the 5th and 6th months of gestation. Differences in the mass and linear dimensions of the left and right SGs were recorded from the 5th month of gestation to the 7th month. The mass and volume of the left SGs were higher than those on the right side. This allometric analysis provides data from a large sample of human fetuses and will later aid in microscopic and ultrasonographic studies.
+* Yigiter AB, Kavak ZN. Normal standards of fetal behavior assessed by four-dimensional sonography. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006 Nov;19(11):707-21. PMID: 17127494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]