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| <div style="background:#F5FFFA; border: 1px solid #CEF2E0; padding: 1em; margin: auto; width: 98%; float:left;"><div style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>Currently this page is only a template and will be updated (this notice removed when completed).</div>
| | # REDIRECT [[Morula Development]] |
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| ==Introduction==
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| [[File:Human embryo day 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Human morula (day 2)<ref name="PMID19924284"><pubmed>19924284</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773928 PMC2773928] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007844 PLoS One]</ref>]]
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| (Latin, ''morula'' = mulberry) An early stage in post-fertilization development when cells have rapidly mitotically divided to produce a solid mass of cells (12-15 cells) with a "mulberry" appearance. This stage is followed by formation of a cavity in this cellular mass [[blastocyst]] stage.
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| A key event prior to morula formation is "compaction", where the 8 cell embryo undergoes changes in cell morphology and cell-cell adhesion that initiates the formation of this solid ball of cells.
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| In humans, morula stage of development occurs during the first days of the first week following [[fertilization]]. This developmental stage is followed by formation of a cavity, the blastocoel, which defines formation of the [[blastocyst]].
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| :'''Links:''' [[Fertilization]] | [[Week 1]] | [[Morula]] | [[Blastocyst]]
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| == Some Recent Findings ==
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| [[File:Human_embryo_day_3.jpg|thumb|300px|Human morula (day 3)<ref name="PMID19924284" />]]
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| {|
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| |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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| * '''Functional genomics of 5- to 8-cell stage human embryos by blastomere single-cell cDNA analysis'''<ref name="PMID21049019">Galán A, Montaner D, Póo ME, Valbuena D, Ruiz V, Aguilar C, Dopazo J, Simón C. '''Functional genomics of 5- to 8-cell stage human embryos by blastomere single-cell cDNA analysis.''' PLoS One. 2010 Oct 26;5(10):e13615. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049019 PMID21049019] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013615 PLoS One.]</ref> "Forty-nine blastomeres from 5- to 8-cell human embryos have been investigated following an efficient single-cell cDNA amplification protocol to provide a template for high-density microarray analysis. The previously described markers, characteristic of Inner Cell Mass (ICM) (n = 120), stemness (n = 190) and Trophectoderm (TE) (n = 45), were analyzed, and a housekeeping pattern of 46 genes was established. ...In summary, the global single-cell cDNA amplification microarray analysis of the 5- to 8-cell stage human embryos reveals that blastomere fate is not committed to ICM or TE.
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| * '''Non-invasive imaging of human embryos before embryonic genome activation predicts development to the blastocyst stage'''<ref name="PMID20890283"><pubmed>20890283</pubmed>| [http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nbt.1686.html Nat Biotechnol.]</ref> "We report studies of preimplantation human embryo development that correlate time-lapse image analysis and gene expression profiling. By examining a large set of zygotes from in vitro fertilization (IVF), we find that success in progression to the blastocyst stage can be predicted with >93% sensitivity and specificity by measuring three dynamic, noninvasive imaging parameters by day 2 after fertilization, before embryonic genome activation (EGA)."
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| ==Compaction==
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| * E-cadherin mediated adhesion initiates at compaction at the 8-cell stage
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| * regulated post-translationally via protein kinase C and other signalling molecules
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| ==Model Human Morula Development==
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| The following figure is from a recent study<ref name="PMID20890283"><pubmed>20890283</pubmed>| [http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nbt.1686.html Nat Biotechnol.]</ref> using video and genetic analysis of ''in vitro'' human development during week 1 following fertilization.
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| [[File:Model human blastocyst development.jpg|800px]]
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| * EGA - embryonic genome activation
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| * ESSP - embryonic stage–specific pattern, four unique embryonic stage–specific patterns (1-4)
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| :'''Links:''' [[:File:Model human blastocyst development.jpg|Figure with legend]]
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| ==Morulas in Other Species==
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| [[File:Mouse-morula_01.jpg|300px]]
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| '''Mouse''' 4 cell morula stage development<ref><pubmed>20405021</pubmed>| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854157 PMC2854157] | [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010160 PLoS]</ref>
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| [[File:Sea Urchin- early embryo cleavage pattern.jpg|300px]]
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| '''Sea Urchin''' early embryo cleavage pattern (SDB Gallery Images)
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ===Articles===
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| <pubmed>19289087</pubmed>
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| <pubmed>20157423</pubmed>
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| ===Search PubMed===
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| '''Search Pubmed:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=morula%20development morula development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=blastomere%20development blastomere development] |
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| {{Template:Glossary}}
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| {{Template:Footer}}
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| [[Category:Human Embryo]] [[Category:Carnegie Stage]] [[Category:Week 1]] [[Category:Morula]]
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