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| = Neural Crest Development= | | ==2017== |
| == Introduction == | |
| The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the embryo. This means that many different systems (neural, skin, teeth, head, face, heart, endocrine, gastrointestinal tract) will also have a contribution fron the neural crest cells.
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| In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia) consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
| | ===Quantitative Multimodal Evaluation of Passaging Human Neural Crest Stem Cells for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration=== |
| | Stem Cell Rev. 2017 Aug 5. doi: 10.1007/s12015-017-9758-9. [Epub ahead of print] |
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| In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches (as shown in movie below) forming '''ectomesenchyme''' contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and connective tissue). General neural development is also covered in Neural Notes.
| | Du J1, Chen H1, Zhou K1,2, Jia X3,4,5,6,7,8. |
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| ==Lecture Objectives==
| | Abstract |
| [[File:Carnegie stage 13 caudal trunk.jpg|thumb|Human Embryo (Carnegie stage 13) caudal trunk<ref><pubmed>18689800</pubmed>| [http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/21/3411 Hum Mol Genet.]</ref>]]
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| * Understand the structures derived from ectoderm.
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| * Understand the formation of neural folds.
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| * Identify the initial location of neural crest cells in the trilaminar embryo.
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| * Identify pathways of neural crest migration throughout the embryo.
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| * To know the major tissues to which neural crest cells contribute.
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| * To know how abnormalities in development that result from abnormal neural crest cell migration.
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| * Understand how neural crest cells contribute to the pharyngeal arches and the head structures they form.
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| ==Textbooks==
| | Peripheral nerve injury is a major burden to societies worldwide, however, current therapy options (e.g. autologous nerve grafts) are unable to produce satisfactory outcomes. Many studies have shown that stem cell transplantation holds great potential for peripheral nerve repair, and human neural crest stem cells (hNCSCs), which give rise to a variety of tissues in the peripheral nervous system, are particularly promising. NCSCs are one of the best candidates for clinical translation, however, to ensure the viability and quality of NCSCs for research and clinical use, the effect of in vitro cell passaging on therapeutic effects needs be evaluated given that passaging is required to expand NCSCs to meet the demands of transplantation in preclinical research and clinical trials. To date, no study has investigated the quality of NCSCs past the 5th passage in vivo. In this study, we employed a multimodal evaluation system to investigate changes in outcomes between transplantation with 5th (p5) and 6th passage (p6) NCSCs in a 15 mm rat sciatic nerve injury and repair model. Using CatWalk gait analysis, gastrocnemius muscle index, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and histomorphometric analysis, we showed that p6 NCSCs demonstrated decreased cell survival, Schwann-cell differentiation, axonal growth, and functional outcomes compared to p5 NCSCs (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, p6 NCSCs showed significantly reduced therapeutic efficacy compared to p5 NCSCs for peripheral nerve regeneration. |
| [[File:Pharyngeal_arch_cartilages.jpg|thumb]]
| | KEYWORDS: |
| {|
| | Cell passage; Gait analysis; Human neural crest stem cell; Nerve regeneration; Peripheral nerve injury |
| | [[File:The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg|80px]]
| | PMID 28780695 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9758-9 |
| | Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..500207 Chapter 17 - The Nervous System] (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50012-8 Chapter 9 - The Pharyngeal Apparatus] (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
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| | [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]]
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| | Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i> (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10010-7 Chapter 10 - Development of the Peripheral Nervous System] (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10016-8 Chapter 16 - Development of the Pharyngeal Apparatus and Face] (chapter links only work with a UNSW connection).
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| | [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
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| | Hill, M.A. (2011) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (11<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
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| * {{Neural Crest Links}}
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| |}
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| ==Neural Crest Migration in the Head== | | ==2016== |
| {| border='0px'
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| | <Flowplayer width="408" height="320" autoplay="true">Chicken-neural crest migration 01.flv</Flowplayer>
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| | valign="top" |[[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-01.jpg|300px]]
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| Chicken embryo sequence shows the migration of DiI-labeled neural crest cells towards the branchial arches as the embryo.
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| White rings indicate migration of individual cells. Each image represents 10 confocal sections separated by 10 microns.
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| | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
| | ! ECHO360 Recording |
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| |} | | | [[File:ECHO360_icon.gif|right|link=https://lectures.unsw.edu.au/ess/portal/section/691ba9a0-7c35-4ad2-8fd0-846db7771557]] |
| | | Links only work with currently enrolled UNSW students. |
| Movie Source: Original Neural Crest movies kindly provided by Paul Kulesa.
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| '''Related Movies:''' [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 01|Migration 01]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 02|Migration 02]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 03|Migration 03]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 04|Migration 04]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 05|Migration 05]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 06|Migration 06]] | [[Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 07|Migration 07]]
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| ==Early Development and Neural Derivatives==
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| [[File:Neuralplate cartoon.png|right]] | |
| * bilaminar embryo- hypoblast
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| * trilaminar embryo - ectoderm layer
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| ** neural plate - neural groove - neural tube and neural crest
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| * cranial expansion of neural tube - central nervous system
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| * caudal remainder of neural tube - spinal cord
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| Neural Crest - contributes both neural and non-neural cells
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| * dorsal root ganglia
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| * parasympathetic / sympathetic ganglia.
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| ==Neural Crest Origin==
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| * lateral region of neural plate
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| * dorsal neural fold->tube
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| Two main embryo regions
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| * Head (CNS) - differentiate slightly earlier, mesencephalic region of neural folds
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| * Body (spinal cord) - lateral edges of fused neural tube
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| == Neural Crest Generation ==
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| * cranial region - Begins when still neural fold
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| * spinal cord - from day 22 until day 26
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| ** after closure of caudal neuropore
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| ** rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation
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| Studies using the chicken model demonstrated that they are not a segregated population. Interactions between the neural plate and epidermis can generate neural crest cells, since juxtaposition of these tissues at early stages results in the formation of neural crest cells at the interface.
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| At cranial levels, neuroepithelial cells can regulate to generate neural crest cells when the endogenous neural folds are removed, probably via interaction of the remaining neural tube with the epidermis.
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| Progenitor cells in the neural folds are multipotent, having the ability to form multiple ectodermal derivatives, including epidermal, neural crest, and neural tube cells the neural crest is an induced population that arises by interactions between the neural plate and the epidermis.
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| The competence of the neural plate to respond to inductive interactions changes as a function of embryonic age.
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| (Text from: Bronner-Fraser M PNAS 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9352-7)
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| == Neural Crest Derivatives ==
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| Neural crest progenitor cells migrate throughout the embryo and give rise to many different adult cells.
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| This Includes: ganglia cranial, dorsal root, sympathetic trunk, celiac, renal, plexus in GIT, glia, schwann cells, melanocytes (skin), and adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells).
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| In the head region neural crest also gives rise to a number of connective tissue structures.
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| ===Neural Crest - Head===
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| (see also [[2009_Lecture_11|Head Development Notes]])
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| Mesencephalon and caudal Proencephalon
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| * parasympathetic ganglia CN III
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| * connective tissue around eye and nerve
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| * head mesenchyme
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| * pia and arachnoid mater
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| * dura from mesoderm
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| Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon
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| * pharayngeal arches
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| * look at practical notes on neck and head.
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| * cartilage rudiments (nose, face, middle ear)
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| * face
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| * dermis, smooth muscle and fat
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| * odontoblasts of developing teeth
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| Rhombencephalon
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| * C cells of thyroid
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| * cranial nerve ganglia
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| * neurons and glia
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| * parasympathetic of VII, IX, X
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| * sensory ganglia of V, VII, VIII, IX, X
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| ===Neural Crest- Spinal Cord===
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| * peripheral nervous system
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| * dorsal root ganglia (sensory N)
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| * parasympathetic ganglia
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| * sympathetic ganglia
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| * motoneurons in both ganglia
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| * all associated glia
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| == Neural Crest Migration ==
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| ===Head===
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| [[File:Hindbrain neural crest migration.jpg|thumb|Hindbrain neural crest migration]]
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| {| border='0px'
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| |+ '''Neural crest migration in the head in chicken''' ([[Movies_-_Chicken_Neural_Crest|chicken neural crest movies overview]])
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-01.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 01]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-02.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 02]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-03.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 03]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-04.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 04]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-05.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 05]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-06.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 06]]
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| | [[File:Chicken-neural-crest-migration-07.jpg|90px|link=Movie - Chicken Neural Crest Migration 07]]
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| |} | | |} |
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| [[File:Mouse_head_E9-neural_crest_GFP.jpg|300px||Mouse_head_E9-neural_crest_GFP]] [[File:Hindbrain neural crest migration.jpg|300px|Hindbrain neural crest migration]] [[File:Mouse-E9.5-Sox10.jpg|300px|Mouse-E9.5-Sox10.jpg]]
| | ==2013== |
| ===Trunk===
| | Lecture Date: 2013-09-10 Lecture Time: 16:00 Venue: BioMed E; Speaker: Professor Ken Ashwell The Powerpoint file used to present this lecture is available as a pdf document [[Media:NeuralCrest.pdf| HERE]] A recording of the lecture will be available afterwards at the Echo Centre accessible via Blackboard. |
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| ===Cardiac Outflow Tract===
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| [[File:Cardiac_Neural_Crest_Migration.jpg|300px]]
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| [[File:Human neural crest cell migration-in vitro.jpg|thumb|Human neural crest cell migration (in vitro)<ref><pubmed>18689800</pubmed>| [http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/21/3411 Hum Mol Genet.]</ref>]]
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| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3118 Figure 13.2. Neural crest cell migration in the trunk of the chick embryo]
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| * Neural crest at the level of the body have two general migration pathways, defined by the position of the somite
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| ** medial pathway - between the neural tube and the somite
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| ** lateral pathway - between the somite and the body wall
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| [[File:Trunk neural crest migration.jpg|thumb|Trunk neural crest migration]] | |
| * A recent study of guidance of neural crest cells (NCC) in mice show migrate 3 specific pathways.
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| ** SEMA3A and its receptor neuropilin 1 (NRP1) - act as repulsive guidance cues
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| ** migration pathway did not affect specification - differs from the concept of migration pathway specifying the neural crest cell differentiation pathway
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| Neural crest at the level of the head have a different migration pathway. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3134 Figure 13.7. Cranial neural crest cell migration in the mammalian head]
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| ===Sympathetic Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla===
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| [[File:Adrenal_medulla.jpg|300px]]
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| [[Media:Adrenal_medulla.mov]]
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| ===Enteric nervous system=== | | ===Regulation of trunk myogenesis by the neural crest: a new facet of neural crest-somite interactions=== |
| | Dev Cell. 2011 Aug 16;21(2):187-8. |
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| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A63004&rendertype=figure&id=A63009 Figure 1. Diagram of an E10 embryo showing the origins of neural crest cells that colonize the developing gastrointestinal tract]
| | Kalcheim C. |
| | Source |
| | Department of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC and ELSC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. |
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| ==Historic Migration Experiments==
| | Abstract |
| Key early experiments in understanding the pattern of neural crest migration were carried out by [[Embryology_History_-_Nicole_Le_Douarin|LeDouarin]] in the 1980's (see Development of the peripheral Nervous system from the neural crest, Ann Rev Cell Biol 4 p375)
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| [http://www.sdbonline.org/archive/dbcinema/ledouarin/ledouarin.html Quail-Chick Chimeras] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.63 Figure 1.11. Neural crest cell migration Chimera experiment]
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| These transplantation studies in chicken/quail chimeras utilised the different nucleoli appearance of cells to differentiate different species. Thus transplanation and subsequent histological processing allowed identification of the migration path and final destination of transplanted neural crest cells.
| | It is well established that the somitic mesoderm regulates early stages of neural crest development and further segmentation of crest-derived peripheral ganglia. The possibility that neural crest progenitors feed back on the somites was, however, not explored. Two recent studies provide evidence that the neural crest regulates somite-derived myogenesis by distinct mechanisms. |
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| Similar later experiments have now been carried out using the neural crest cells molecularly tagged with (LacZ).
| | Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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| ==Abnormalities==
| | PMID 21839914 |
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| ===Neuroblastoma===
| | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580711003017 |
| [[File:Neuroblastoma.jpg|thumb|Neuroblastoma]]
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| [[File:Childhood cancer survival rates.jpg|thumb|Childhood cancer survival rates]]
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| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/256700 OMIM - Neuroblastoma]
| | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WW3-53JJTXX-B&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_issn=15345807&_pii=S1534580711003017&view=full&_acct=C000004218&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=37161&md5=3933e7c81f7b78e8e06d4f27f3047c68 |
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| ===Digeorge Syndrome (DGS)===
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| [[File:Digeorge chromosome22.jpg|thumb|Digeorge chromosome 22]]
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| * DiGeorge syndrome is the most frequent microdeletion syndrome in humans caused by a hemizygous deletion (1.5 to 3.0-Mb) of chromosome 22q11.2.
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| * Velo-cardio-facial syndrome, Hypoplasia of thymus and parathyroids, third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome.
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| * Abnormalities: cardiovascular, thymic and parathyroid, craniofacial anomalies, renal anomalies, hypocalcemia and immunodeficiency.
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| ===Intestinal Aganglionosis=== | | ===Activation of FGF signaling mediates proliferative and osteogenic differences between neural crest derived frontal and mesoderm parietal derived bone=== |
| [[File:Megacolon surgery.gif]]
| | PLoS One. 2010 Nov 18;5(11):e14033. |
| [[File:Megacolon stoma.gif]]
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| * Intestinal Aganglionosis, Hirschsprung's Disease or Megacolon
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| * lack of enteric nervous system (neural ganglia) in the intestinal tract responsible for gastric motility (peristalsis).
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| * severity is dependent upon the amount of the GIT that lacks intrinsic ganglia, due to developmental lack of neural crest migration into those segments.
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| * first indication in newborns is an absence of the first bowel movement, other symptoms include throwing up and intestinal infections.
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| * Clinically this is detected by one or more tests (barium enema and x ray, manometry or biopsy) and can currently only be treated by surgery. A temoporary ostomy (Colostomy or Ileostomy) with a stoma is carried out prior to a more permanent pull-through surgery.
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| ===Melanoma===
| | Li S, Quarto N, Longaker MT. |
| [[File:Melanoma.jpg]]
| | Source |
| * In Australia each year 8,800 people are diagnosed with melanoma, and almost 1000 people die (Data, Cancer Council Australia).
| | Department of Surgery, Children's Surgical Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. |
| * Two different findings on the reprogramming of melanoma cells, which have a neural crest origin, when transplanted between species into embryos.
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| [http://www.melanoma.com/staging.html Melanoma staging]
| | Abstract |
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| ===Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)===
| | BACKGROUND: |
| | As a culmination of efforts over the last years, our knowledge of the embryonic origins of the mammalian frontal and parietal cranial bones is unambiguous. Progenitor cells that subsequently give rise to frontal bone are of neural crest origin, while parietal bone progenitors arise from paraxial mesoderm. Given the unique qualities of neural crest cells and the clear delineation of the embryonic origins of the calvarial bones, we sought to determine whether mouse neural crest derived frontal bone differs in biology from mesoderm derived parietal bone. |
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| * Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen) occurs in 1 in 3,000 to 4,000 people with characteristic skin blemishes forming in early childhood.
| | METHODS: |
| * Multiple ''café-au-lait'' spots (flat skin patches darker than the surrounding area) appear in early childhood which increase in both size and number with age.
| | BrdU incorporation, immunoblotting and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed to investigate the proliferative rate and osteogenic potential of embryonic and postnatal osteoblasts derived from mouse frontal and parietal bones. Co-culture experiments and treatment with conditioned medium harvested from both types of osteoblasts were performed to investigate potential interactions between the two different tissue origin osteoblasts. Immunoblotting techniques were used to investigate the endogenous level of FGF-2 and the activation of three major FGF signaling pathways. Knockdown of FGF Receptor 1 (FgfR1) was employed to inactivate the FGF signaling. |
| * tumors can develop along nerves in the skin, brain, and other parts of the body. In the iris of the eye, Lisch nodules (benign growths) also appear
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| :(French, ''café-au-lait'' = coffee with milk)
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| [http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Tumors/NeurofibromaID5098.html Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology- Neurofibroma]
| | RESULTS: |
| | Our results demonstrated that striking differences in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation between the frontal and parietal bone can be detected already at embryonic stages. The greater proliferation rate, as well as osteogenic capacity of frontal bone derived osteoblasts, were paralleled by an elevated level of FGF-2 protein synthesis. Moreover, an enhanced activation of FGF-signaling pathways was observed in frontal bone derived osteoblasts. Finally, the greater osteogenic potential of frontal derived osteoblasts was dramatically impaired by knocking down FgfR1. |
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| ===Tetralogy of Fallot===
| | CONCLUSIONS: |
| Cardiac abnormality possibly stemming from abnormal [[N#neural crest|neural crest]] migration. Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "''la maladie blue''". (More? [[Cardiovascular System Development]] | [[Cardiac_Embryology|Cardiac Tutorial]] | [[2009_Lecture_21|Lecture - Heart]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart2.htm#Fallot Heart Abnormalities])
| | Osteoblasts from mouse neural crest derived frontal bone displayed a greater proliferative and osteogenic potential and endogenous enhanced activation of FGF signaling compared to osteoblasts from mesoderm derived parietal bone. FGF signaling plays a key role in determining biological differences between the two types of osteoblasts. |
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| ===Treacher Collins syndrome===
| | PMID 21124973 |
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| (TCS) A genetic developmental abnormality results from autosomal dominant mutations of the gene TCOF1 encoding the protein Treacle, identified in [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8563749 2006]. The syndrome is characterized by hypoplasia of the facial bones, cleft palate, and middle and external ear defects. These defects may relate to the effects on neural crest migration. (More? [[Neural Crest Development]] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/606847 OMIM - TCOF1] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8563749 PMID: 8563749])
| | ===Relationship between neural crest cells and cranial mesoderm during head muscle development=== |
| | PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4381. Epub 2009 Feb 9. |
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| == References ==
| | Grenier J, Teillet MA, Grifone R, Kelly RG, Duprez D. |
| ===Textbooks===
| | Source |
| * '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (8th Edition) by Keith L. Moore and T.V.N Persaud - Moore & Persaud Chapter Chapter 10 The Pharyngeal Apparatus pp201 - 240.
| | CNRS, UMR 7622 Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Développement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. |
| * '''Larsen’s Human Embryology''' by GC. Schoenwolf, SB. Bleyl, PR. Brauer and PH. Francis-West - Chapter 12 Development of the Head, the Neck, the Eyes, and the Ears pp349 - 418.
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| ===Online Textbooks===
| | Abstract |
| * '''Developmental Biology''' by Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.section.3109#3133 The Cranial Neural Crest] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3111 Figure 13.1. Regions of the neural crest] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3134 Figure 13.7. Cranial neural crest cell migration in the mammalian head] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3118 Figure 13.2. Neural crest cell migration in the trunk of the chick embryo] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3138 Figure 13.10. Separation of the truncus arteriosus into the pulmonary artery and aorta] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.5460 Figure 22.23. Chick embryo rhombomere neural crest cells and their musculoskeletal packets] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3127 Figure 13.4. Segmental restriction of neural crest cells and motor neurons by the ephrin proteins of the sclerotome] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.43 Figure 1.3. Pharyngeal arches] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.table.3135 Table 13.2. Some derivatives of the pharyngeal arches]
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| :Neural Crest Experiments: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.63 Figure 1.11. Neural crest cell migration Chimera experiment] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=dbio.figgrp.3130 Figure 13.5. Pluripotency of trunk neural crest cells] | | BACKGROUND: |
| | In vertebrates, the skeletal elements of the jaw, together with the connective tissues and tendons, originate from neural crest cells, while the associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. Previous studies have shown that neural crest cells migrate in close association with cranial mesoderm and then circumscribe but do not penetrate the core of muscle precursor cells of the branchial arches at early stages of development, thus defining a sharp boundary between neural crest cells and mesodermal muscle progenitor cells. Tendons constitute one of the neural crest derivatives likely to interact with muscle formation. However, head tendon formation has not been studied, nor have tendon and muscle interactions in the head. |
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| * '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York and London: Garland Science; c2002 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3946 Figure 21-80. The main pathways of neural crest cell migration] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3968 Figure 21-91. Diagram of a 2-day chick embryo, showing the origins of the nervous system] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=neural_crest&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3511 Figure 19-23. An example of a more complex mechanism by which cells assemble to form a tissue]
| | METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: |
| | Reinvestigation of the relationship between cranial neural crest cells and muscle precursor cells during development of the first branchial arch, using quail/chick chimeras and molecular markers revealed several novel features concerning the interface between neural crest cells and mesoderm. We observed that neural crest cells migrate into the cephalic mesoderm containing myogenic precursor cells, leading to the presence of neural crest cells inside the mesodermal core of the first branchial arch. We have also established that all the forming tendons associated with branchiomeric and eye muscles are of neural crest origin and express the Scleraxis marker in chick and mouse embryos. Moreover, analysis of Scleraxis expression in the absence of branchiomeric muscles in Tbx1(-/-) mutant mice, showed that muscles are not necessary for the initiation of tendon formation but are required for further tendon development. |
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| * '''Neuroscience''' Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2001[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=neurosci.figgrp.1449 Figure 22.1. Neurulation in the mammalian embryo] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=neurosci.figgrp.1503 Figure 22.12. Cell signaling during the migration of neural crest cells]
| | CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: |
| * '''Madame Curie Bioscience Database''' Chapters taken from the Madame Curie Bioscience Database (formerly, Eurekah Bioscience Database) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A53006 Cranial Neural Crest and Development of the Head Skeleton] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=ch2957 Neural Crest Cells and the Community of Plan for Craniofacial Development: Historical Debates and Current Perspectives] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A63004&rendertype=figure&id=A63009 Figure 1. Diagram of an E10 embryo showing the origins of neural crest cells that colonize the developing gastrointestinal tract]
| | This results show that neural crest cells and muscle progenitor cells are more extensively mixed than previously believed during arch development. In addition, our results show that interactions between muscles and tendons during craniofacial development are similar to those observed in the limb, despite the distinct embryological origin of these cell types in the head. |
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| |
|
| * '''Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects''' Siegel, George J.; Agranoff, Bernard W.; Albers, R. Wayne; Fisher, Stephen K.; Uhler, Michael D., editors Philadelphia: Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins; c1999[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=bnchm.figgrp.1881 Figure 27-10. Neuropoietic model of neural crest cell lineage] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=neural_crest&rid=bnchm.figgrp.1883 Figure 27-11. Growth factor control of neural crest lineage decisions] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=neural_crest&rid=bnchm.figgrp.1893 Figure 27-15. The Schwann cell lineage]
| |
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| ===Search ===
| | * all the forming tendons associated with branchiomeric and eye muscles are of neural crest origin |
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| * '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=neural_crest neural crest]
| | PMID 19198652 |
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| |
|
| * '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=neural_crest neural crest]
| | http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004381 |
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| == UNSW Embryology Links == | | ===Analysis of early human neural crest development=== |
| * '''Notes:''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest.htm Introduction] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest2.htm Abnormalities] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest3.htm Stage 13/14] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest4.htm Stage 22] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest5.htm Stage 22 high power] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest6.htm Generation] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest7.htm Migration] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest8.htm Peripheral Ganglia] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest9.htm GIT Enteric] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest12.htm Heart][http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrest10.htm Molecular] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncresttxt.htm Text only] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ncrestlink.htm Web Links]
| | Dev Biol. 2010 Aug 15;344(2):578-92. Epub 2010 May 15. |
| * '''Lectures:''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Science/ANAT2341lecture13.htm ANAT2341 - Embryology 2008 - Lecture 13]
| |
| * '''Movies:''' [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/neural.htm#ncrest Neural Movies]
| |
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|
| == External Links ==
| | Betters E, Liu Y, Kjaeldgaard A, Sundström E, García-Castro MI. |
| | Source |
| | Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA. |
|
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|
| '''Research Labs'''
| | Abstract |
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| |
|
| * University of Michigan [http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/research/labs/ktosney/file/Res/ResNc.html Tosney Lab]
| | The outstanding migration and differentiation capacities of neural crest cells (NCCs) have fascinated scientists since Wilhelm His described this cell population in 1868. Today, after intense research using vertebrate model organisms, we have gained considerable knowledge regarding the origin, migration and differentiation of NCCs. However, our understanding of NCC development in human embryos remains largely uncharacterized, despite the role the neural crest plays in several human pathologies. Here, we report for the first time the expression of a battery of molecular markers before, during, or following NCC migration in human embryos from Carnegie Stages (CS) 12 to 18. Our work demonstrates the expression of Sox9, Sox10 and Pax3 transcription factors in premigratory NCCs, while actively migrating NCCs display the additional transcription factors Pax7 and AP-2alpha. Importantly, while HNK-1 labels few migrating NCCs, p75(NTR) labels a large proportion of this population. However, the broad expression of p75(NTR) - and other markers - beyond the neural crest stresses the need for the identification of additional markers to improve our capacity to investigate human NCC development, and to enable the generation of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools. |
| * Stowers Institute [http://www.stowers-institute.org/labs/KulesaLab.asp Kulesa Lab] | [http://www.stowers-institute.org/labs/TrainorLab.asp Trainor Lab]
| |
| * University College London [http://www.anat.ucl.ac.uk/research/mayor/index.html Mayor Lab]
| |
| * University of Iowa [http://www.anatomy.uiowa.edu/pages/directory/faculty/cornell.asp Cornell Lab]
| |
| * Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics [http://peds.wustl.edu/research/labs/Heuckeroth_Robert_O/ Heuckeroth Lab]
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| [[Category:Neural Crest]]
| | Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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|
| ==Reference==
| | PMID 20478300 |
| <pubmed>10683170</pubmed>
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| [[Category:Neural Crest]]
| | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160610002988 |
2017
Quantitative Multimodal Evaluation of Passaging Human Neural Crest Stem Cells for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Stem Cell Rev. 2017 Aug 5. doi: 10.1007/s12015-017-9758-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Du J1, Chen H1, Zhou K1,2, Jia X3,4,5,6,7,8.
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a major burden to societies worldwide, however, current therapy options (e.g. autologous nerve grafts) are unable to produce satisfactory outcomes. Many studies have shown that stem cell transplantation holds great potential for peripheral nerve repair, and human neural crest stem cells (hNCSCs), which give rise to a variety of tissues in the peripheral nervous system, are particularly promising. NCSCs are one of the best candidates for clinical translation, however, to ensure the viability and quality of NCSCs for research and clinical use, the effect of in vitro cell passaging on therapeutic effects needs be evaluated given that passaging is required to expand NCSCs to meet the demands of transplantation in preclinical research and clinical trials. To date, no study has investigated the quality of NCSCs past the 5th passage in vivo. In this study, we employed a multimodal evaluation system to investigate changes in outcomes between transplantation with 5th (p5) and 6th passage (p6) NCSCs in a 15 mm rat sciatic nerve injury and repair model. Using CatWalk gait analysis, gastrocnemius muscle index, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and histomorphometric analysis, we showed that p6 NCSCs demonstrated decreased cell survival, Schwann-cell differentiation, axonal growth, and functional outcomes compared to p5 NCSCs (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, p6 NCSCs showed significantly reduced therapeutic efficacy compared to p5 NCSCs for peripheral nerve regeneration.
KEYWORDS:
Cell passage; Gait analysis; Human neural crest stem cell; Nerve regeneration; Peripheral nerve injury
PMID 28780695 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9758-9
2016
| ECHO360 Recording
|
|
Links only work with currently enrolled UNSW students.
|
2013
Lecture Date: 2013-09-10 Lecture Time: 16:00 Venue: BioMed E; Speaker: Professor Ken Ashwell The Powerpoint file used to present this lecture is available as a pdf document HERE A recording of the lecture will be available afterwards at the Echo Centre accessible via Blackboard.
Regulation of trunk myogenesis by the neural crest: a new facet of neural crest-somite interactions
Dev Cell. 2011 Aug 16;21(2):187-8.
Kalcheim C.
Source
Department of Medical Neurobiology, IMRIC and ELSC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
Abstract
It is well established that the somitic mesoderm regulates early stages of neural crest development and further segmentation of crest-derived peripheral ganglia. The possibility that neural crest progenitors feed back on the somites was, however, not explored. Two recent studies provide evidence that the neural crest regulates somite-derived myogenesis by distinct mechanisms.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID 21839914
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1534580711003017
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WW3-53JJTXX-B&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_fmt=full&_orig=na&_issn=15345807&_pii=S1534580711003017&view=full&_acct=C000004218&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=37161&md5=3933e7c81f7b78e8e06d4f27f3047c68
Activation of FGF signaling mediates proliferative and osteogenic differences between neural crest derived frontal and mesoderm parietal derived bone
PLoS One. 2010 Nov 18;5(11):e14033.
Li S, Quarto N, Longaker MT.
Source
Department of Surgery, Children's Surgical Research Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
As a culmination of efforts over the last years, our knowledge of the embryonic origins of the mammalian frontal and parietal cranial bones is unambiguous. Progenitor cells that subsequently give rise to frontal bone are of neural crest origin, while parietal bone progenitors arise from paraxial mesoderm. Given the unique qualities of neural crest cells and the clear delineation of the embryonic origins of the calvarial bones, we sought to determine whether mouse neural crest derived frontal bone differs in biology from mesoderm derived parietal bone.
METHODS:
BrdU incorporation, immunoblotting and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed to investigate the proliferative rate and osteogenic potential of embryonic and postnatal osteoblasts derived from mouse frontal and parietal bones. Co-culture experiments and treatment with conditioned medium harvested from both types of osteoblasts were performed to investigate potential interactions between the two different tissue origin osteoblasts. Immunoblotting techniques were used to investigate the endogenous level of FGF-2 and the activation of three major FGF signaling pathways. Knockdown of FGF Receptor 1 (FgfR1) was employed to inactivate the FGF signaling.
RESULTS:
Our results demonstrated that striking differences in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation between the frontal and parietal bone can be detected already at embryonic stages. The greater proliferation rate, as well as osteogenic capacity of frontal bone derived osteoblasts, were paralleled by an elevated level of FGF-2 protein synthesis. Moreover, an enhanced activation of FGF-signaling pathways was observed in frontal bone derived osteoblasts. Finally, the greater osteogenic potential of frontal derived osteoblasts was dramatically impaired by knocking down FgfR1.
CONCLUSIONS:
Osteoblasts from mouse neural crest derived frontal bone displayed a greater proliferative and osteogenic potential and endogenous enhanced activation of FGF signaling compared to osteoblasts from mesoderm derived parietal bone. FGF signaling plays a key role in determining biological differences between the two types of osteoblasts.
PMID 21124973
Relationship between neural crest cells and cranial mesoderm during head muscle development
PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4381. Epub 2009 Feb 9.
Grenier J, Teillet MA, Grifone R, Kelly RG, Duprez D.
Source
CNRS, UMR 7622 Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Développement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
In vertebrates, the skeletal elements of the jaw, together with the connective tissues and tendons, originate from neural crest cells, while the associated muscles derive mainly from cranial mesoderm. Previous studies have shown that neural crest cells migrate in close association with cranial mesoderm and then circumscribe but do not penetrate the core of muscle precursor cells of the branchial arches at early stages of development, thus defining a sharp boundary between neural crest cells and mesodermal muscle progenitor cells. Tendons constitute one of the neural crest derivatives likely to interact with muscle formation. However, head tendon formation has not been studied, nor have tendon and muscle interactions in the head.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
Reinvestigation of the relationship between cranial neural crest cells and muscle precursor cells during development of the first branchial arch, using quail/chick chimeras and molecular markers revealed several novel features concerning the interface between neural crest cells and mesoderm. We observed that neural crest cells migrate into the cephalic mesoderm containing myogenic precursor cells, leading to the presence of neural crest cells inside the mesodermal core of the first branchial arch. We have also established that all the forming tendons associated with branchiomeric and eye muscles are of neural crest origin and express the Scleraxis marker in chick and mouse embryos. Moreover, analysis of Scleraxis expression in the absence of branchiomeric muscles in Tbx1(-/-) mutant mice, showed that muscles are not necessary for the initiation of tendon formation but are required for further tendon development.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:
This results show that neural crest cells and muscle progenitor cells are more extensively mixed than previously believed during arch development. In addition, our results show that interactions between muscles and tendons during craniofacial development are similar to those observed in the limb, despite the distinct embryological origin of these cell types in the head.
- all the forming tendons associated with branchiomeric and eye muscles are of neural crest origin
PMID 19198652
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004381
Analysis of early human neural crest development
Dev Biol. 2010 Aug 15;344(2):578-92. Epub 2010 May 15.
Betters E, Liu Y, Kjaeldgaard A, Sundström E, García-Castro MI.
Source
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA.
Abstract
The outstanding migration and differentiation capacities of neural crest cells (NCCs) have fascinated scientists since Wilhelm His described this cell population in 1868. Today, after intense research using vertebrate model organisms, we have gained considerable knowledge regarding the origin, migration and differentiation of NCCs. However, our understanding of NCC development in human embryos remains largely uncharacterized, despite the role the neural crest plays in several human pathologies. Here, we report for the first time the expression of a battery of molecular markers before, during, or following NCC migration in human embryos from Carnegie Stages (CS) 12 to 18. Our work demonstrates the expression of Sox9, Sox10 and Pax3 transcription factors in premigratory NCCs, while actively migrating NCCs display the additional transcription factors Pax7 and AP-2alpha. Importantly, while HNK-1 labels few migrating NCCs, p75(NTR) labels a large proportion of this population. However, the broad expression of p75(NTR) - and other markers - beyond the neural crest stresses the need for the identification of additional markers to improve our capacity to investigate human NCC development, and to enable the generation of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID 20478300
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160610002988
