Abnormal Development - Thalidomide: Difference between revisions
From Embryology
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Revision as of 15:07, 16 June 2010
Introduction
How and why do things go wrong in development?
Some Recent Findings
Teratology
Now consider how different environmental effects during pregnancy may influence developmental outcomes. The terms listed below are often used to describe these environmental effects
- Teratogen (Greek, teraton = monster) any agent that causes a structural abnormality (congenital abnormalities) following fetal exposure during pregnancy. The overall effect depends on dosage and time of exposure. (More? Critical Periods of Development)
- Absolute risk the rate of occurrence of an abnormal phenotype among individuals exposed to the agent. (e.g. fetal alcohol syndrome)
- Relative risk the ratio of the rate of the condition among the exposed and the nonexposed. (e.g. smokers risk of having a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers) A high relative risk may indicate a low absolute risk if the condition is rare.
- Mutagen a chemical or agent that can cause permanent damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in a cell. DNA damage in the human egg or sperm may lead to reduced fertility, spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), birth defects and heritable diseases.
- Fetotoxicant is a chemical that adversely affects the developing fetus, resulting in low birth weight, symptoms of poisoning at birth or stillbirth (fetus dies before it is born).
- Synergism when the combined effect of exposure to more than one chemical at one time, or to a chemical in combination with other hazards (heat, radiation, infection) results in effects of such exposure to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each hazard by itself.
- Toxicogenomics the interaction between the genome, chemicals in the environment, and disease. Cells exposed to a stress, drug or toxicant respond by altering the pattern of expression of genes within their chromosomes. Based on new genetic and microarray technologies.
UNSW Embryology Links
- Abnormal Development
- Abnormal Development- Australian Statistics | Abnormalities by Systems
- Prenatal Diagnosis
- Genetic Abnormalities | Down Syndrome | Edwards Syndrome | Fragile X | Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Maternal Factors | Maternal Diabetes | Maternal Hyperthermia | Neural Tube Defects | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | Smoking | Chemical | Drugs | Illegal Drugs | Radiation | Heavy Metal | Iodine Deficiency | Viral Infection | Rubella | Polio | Parvovirus | Varicella | Bacterial Infection | Malaria | Toxoplasmosis | Autism
- Fetal Origins Hypothesis
- Intrauterine Growth Retardation
- Twinning
External Links
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 10) Embryology Abnormal Development - Thalidomide. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Thalidomide
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G