Talk:Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development

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10 Most Recent

Note - This sub-heading shows an automated computer PubMed search using the listed sub-heading term. References appear in this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. Therefore the list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. In comparison, references listed on the content page and discussion page (under the publication year sub-headings) do include editorial selection based upon relevance and availability. (More? Pubmed Most Recent)

Muscle Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Muscle Embryology</pubmed>

Muscle Development

<pubmed limit=5>Muscle Development</pubmed>

2015

Development of the ventral body wall in the human embryo

J Anat. 2015 Nov;227(5):673-85. doi: 10.1111/joa.12380.

Mekonen HK1, Hikspoors JP1, Mommen G1, Köhler SE1, Lamers WH1,2.

Abstract

Migratory failure of somitic cells is the commonest explanation for ventral body wall defects. However, the embryo increases ~ 25-fold in volume in the period that the ventral body wall forms, so that differential growth may, instead, account for the observed changes in topography. Human embryos between 4 and 10 weeks of development were studied, using amira reconstruction and cinema 4D remodeling software for visualization. Initially, vertebrae and ribs had formed medially, and primordia of sternum and hypaxial flank muscle primordium laterally in the body wall at Carnegie Stage (CS)15 (5.5 weeks). The next week, ribs and muscle primordium expanded in ventrolateral direction only. At CS18 (6.5 weeks), separate intercostal and abdominal wall muscles differentiated, and ribs, sterna, and muscles began to expand ventromedially and caudally, with the bilateral sternal bars fusing in the midline after CS20 (7 weeks) and the rectus muscles reaching the umbilicus at CS23 (8 weeks). The near-constant absolute distance between both rectus muscles and approximately fivefold decline of this distance relative to body circumference between 6 and 10 weeks identified dorsoventral growth in the dorsal body wall as determinant of the 'closure' of the ventral body wall. Concomitant with the straightening of the embryonic body axis after the 6th week, the abdominal muscles expanded ventrally and caudally to form the infraumbilical body wall. Our data, therefore, show that the ventral body wall is formed by differential dorsoventral growth in the dorsal part of the body. © 2015 Anatomical Society. KEYWORDS: abdominal muscles; dorsoventral differential growth; infraumbilical body wall; ventral body wall

PMID 26467243

Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism

Nat Commun. 2015 Aug 24;6:8054. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9054.

Lee KY1, Singh MK2,3, Ussar S1,4, Wetzel P5, Hirshman MF1, Goodyear LJ1, Kispert A2, Kahn CR1.

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism.

PMID 26299309

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150824/ncomms9054/full/ncomms9054.html

2014

Notch regulation of myogenic versus endothelial fates of cells that migrate from the somite to the limb

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jun 17;111(24):8844-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407606111. Epub 2014 Jun 3.

Mayeuf-Louchart A1, Lagha M1, Danckaert A2, Rocancourt D1, Relaix F1, Vincent SD1, Buckingham M3.

Abstract Multipotent Pax3-positive (Pax3(+)) cells in the somites give rise to skeletal muscle and to cells of the vasculature. We had previously proposed that this cell-fate choice depends on the equilibrium between Pax3 and Foxc2 expression. In this study, we report that the Notch pathway promotes vascular versus skeletal muscle cell fates. Overactivating the Notch pathway specifically in Pax3(+) progenitors, via a conditional Pax3(NICD) allele, results in an increase of the number of smooth muscle and endothelial cells contributing to the aorta. At limb level, Pax3(+) cells in the somite give rise to skeletal muscles and to a subpopulation of endothelial cells in blood vessels of the limb. We now demonstrate that in addition to the inhibitory role of Notch signaling on skeletal muscle cell differentiation, the Notch pathway affects the Pax3:Foxc2 balance and promotes the endothelial versus myogenic cell fate, before migration to the limb, in multipotent Pax3(+) cells in the somite of the mouse embryo.

PMID 24927569

2013

Development of the platysma muscle and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (human specimens at 8-17 weeks of development)

ScientificWorldJournal. 2013 Dec 12;2013:716962. doi: 10.1155/2013/716962. eCollection 2013.

De la Cuadra-Blanco C1, Peces-Peña MD2, Carvallo-de Moraes LO3, Herrera-Lara ME2, Mérida-Velasco JR1. Author information

Abstract

There is controversy regarding the description of the different regions of the face of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and its relationship with the superficial mimetic muscles. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of the platysma muscle and the SMAS in human specimens at 8-17 weeks of development using an optical microscope. Furthermore, we propose to study the relationship of the anlage of the SMAS and the neighbouring superficial mimetic muscles. The facial musculature derives from the mesenchyme of the second arch and migrates towards the different regions of the face while forming premuscular laminae. During the 8th week of development, the cervical, infraorbital, mandibular, and temporal laminae are observed to be on the same plane. The platysma muscle derives from the cervical lamina and its mandibular extension enclosing the lower part of the parotid region and the cheek, while the SMAS derives from the upper region. During the period of development analyzed in this study, we have observed no continuity between the anlage of the SMAS and that of the superficial layer of the temporal fascia and the zygomaticus major muscle. Nor have we observed any structure similar to the SMAS in the labial region.

PMID 24396304

2012

Myoblast fusion: lessons from flies and mice

Development. 2012 Feb;139(4):641-56.

Abmayr SM, Pavlath GK. Source Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. sma@stowers.org

Abstract

The fusion of myoblasts into multinucleate syncytia plays a fundamental role in muscle function, as it supports the formation of extended sarcomeric arrays, or myofibrils, within a large volume of cytoplasm. Principles learned from the study of myoblast fusion not only enhance our understanding of myogenesis, but also contribute to our perspectives on membrane fusion and cell-cell fusion in a wide array of model organisms and experimental systems. Recent studies have advanced our views of the cell biological processes and crucial proteins that drive myoblast fusion. Here, we provide an overview of myoblast fusion in three model systems that have contributed much to our understanding of these events: the Drosophila embryo; developing and regenerating mouse muscle; and cultured rodent muscle cells.

PMID 22274696

2011

Jamb and jamc are essential for vertebrate myocyte fusion

PLoS Biol. 2011 Dec;9(12):e1001216. Epub 2011 Dec 13.

Powell GT, Wright GJ. Source Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Cellular fusion is required in the development of several tissues, including skeletal muscle. In vertebrates, this process is poorly understood and lacks an in vivo-validated cell surface heterophilic receptor pair that is necessary for fusion. Identification of essential cell surface interactions between fusing cells is an important step in elucidating the molecular mechanism of cellular fusion. We show here that the zebrafish orthologues of JAM-B and JAM-C receptors are essential for fusion of myocyte precursors to form syncytial muscle fibres. Both jamb and jamc are dynamically co-expressed in developing muscles and encode receptors that physically interact. Heritable mutations in either gene prevent myocyte fusion in vivo, resulting in an overabundance of mononuclear, but otherwise overtly normal, functional fast-twitch muscle fibres. Transplantation experiments show that the Jamb and Jamc receptors must interact between neighbouring cells (in trans) for fusion to occur. We also show that jamc is ectopically expressed in prdm1a mutant slow muscle precursors, which inappropriately fuse with other myocytes, suggesting that control of myocyte fusion through regulation of jamc expression has important implications for the growth and patterning of muscles. Our discovery of a receptor-ligand pair critical for fusion in vivo has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for myocyte fusion and its regulation in vertebrate myogenesis.

PMID 22180726

The histone methyltransferase Set7/9 promotes myoblast differentiation and myofibril assembly

J Cell Biol. 2011 Aug 22;194(4):551-65.

Tao Y, Neppl RL, Huang ZP, Chen J, Tang RH, Cao R, Zhang Y, Jin SW, Wang DZ. Source McAllister Heart Institute, 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and 5 Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Abstract The molecular events that modulate chromatin structure during skeletal muscle differentiation are still poorly understood. We report in this paper that expression of the H3-K4 histone methyltransferase Set7 is increased when myoblasts differentiate into myotubes and is required for skeletal muscle development, expression of muscle contractile proteins, and myofibril assembly. Knockdown of Set7 or expression of a dominant-negative Set7 mutant impairs skeletal muscle differentiation, accompanied by a decrease in levels of histone monomethylation (H3-K4me1). Set7 directly interacts with MyoD to enhance expression of muscle differentiation genes. Expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2 and genes encoding contractile proteins is decreased in Set7 knockdown myocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Set7 also activates muscle gene expression by precluding Suv39h1-mediated H3-K9 methylation on the promoters of myogenic differentiation genes. Together, our experiments define a biological function for Set7 in muscle differentiation and provide a molecular mechanism by which Set7 modulates myogenic transcription factors during muscle differentiation.

PMID 21859860

Origin of vertebrate limb muscle: the role of progenitor and myoblast populations

Curr Top Dev Biol. 2011;96:1-32.

Murphy M, Kardon G. Source Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Abstract Muscle development, growth, and regeneration take place throughout vertebrate life. In amniotes, myogenesis takes place in four successive, temporally distinct, although overlapping phases. Understanding how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed from muscle progenitors and committed myoblasts is an area of active research. In this review we examine recent expression, genetic loss-of-function, and genetic lineage studies that have been conducted in the mouse, with a particular focus on limb myogenesis. We synthesize these studies to present a current model of how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed in the limb.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PMID 21621065

2010

To build a synapse: signaling pathways in neuromuscular junction assembly

Development. 2010 Apr;137(7):1017-33.

Wu H, Xiong WC, Mei L.

Program of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Abstract Synapses, as fundamental units of the neural circuitry, enable complex behaviors. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse type that forms between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers and that exhibits a high degree of subcellular specialization. Aided by genetic techniques and suitable animal models, studies in the past decade have brought significant progress in identifying NMJ components and assembly mechanisms. This review highlights recent advances in the study of NMJ development, focusing on signaling pathways that are activated by diffusible cues, which shed light on synaptogenesis in the brain and contribute to a better understanding of muscular dystrophy.

PMID: 20215342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215342

http://dev.biologists.org/content/137/7/1017.full

Muscle-derived collagen XIII regulates maturation of the skeletal neuromuscular junction

J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 15;30(37):12230-41.

Latvanlehto A, Fox MA, Sormunen R, Tu H, Oikarainen T, Koski A, Naumenko N, Shakirzyanova A, Kallio M, Ilves M, Giniatullin R, Sanes JR, Pihlajaniemi T.

Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.

Abstract

Formation, maturation, stabilization, and functional efficacy of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are orchestrated by transsynaptic and autocrine signals embedded within the synaptic cleft. Here, we demonstrate that collagen XIII, a nonfibrillar transmembrane collagen, is another such signal. We show that collagen XIII is expressed by muscle and its ectodomain can be proteolytically shed into the extracellular matrix. The collagen XIII protein was found present in the postsynaptic membrane and synaptic basement membrane. To identify a role for collagen XIII at the NMJ, mice were generated lacking this collagen. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the NMJ revealed incomplete adhesion of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations in collagen XIII-deficient mice of both genders. Strikingly, Schwann cells erroneously enwrapped nerve terminals and invaginated into the synaptic cleft, resulting in a decreased contact surface for neurotransmission. Consistent with morphological findings, electrophysiological studies indicated both postsynaptic and presynaptic defects in Col13a1(-/-) mice, such as decreased amplitude of postsynaptic potentials, diminished probabilities of spontaneous release and reduced readily releasable neurotransmitter pool. To identify the role of collagen XIII at the NMJ, shed ectodomain of collagen XIII was applied to cultured myotubes, and it was found to advance acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster maturation. Together with the delay in AChR cluster development observed in collagen XIII-deficient mutants in vivo, these results suggest that collagen XIII plays an autocrine role in postsynaptic maturation of the NMJ. Altogether, the results presented here reveal that collagen XIII is a novel muscle-derived cue necessary for the maturation and function of the vertebrate NMJ.

PMID: 2084411 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844119

2009

Centrosome proteins - muscle cell differentiation

• Centrosome proteins form an insoluble perinuclear matrix during muscle cell differentiation. Srsen V, Fant X, Heald R, Rabouille C, Merdes A. BMC Cell Biol. 2009 Apr 21;10:28. PMID: 19383121 | BMC Cell Biol.

• Nuclei of non-muscle cells bind centrosome proteins upon fusion with differentiating myoblasts. Fant X, Srsen V, Espigat-Georger A, Merdes A. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 14;4(12):e8303. PMID: 20011525

• Reorganization of microtubule nucleation during muscle differentiation. Bugnard E, Zaal KJ, Ralston E. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2005 Jan;60(1):1-13.PMID: 15532031

Skeletal Dysplasias Associated with Mild Myopathy—A Clinical and Molecular Review

Good figures for bone

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875749/?tool=pubmed

Phenotypes induced by NM causing α-skeletal muscle actin mutants in fibroblasts, Sol 8 myoblasts and myotubes

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/40/

The chemokine Sdf-1 and its receptor Cxcr4 are required for formation of muscle in zebrafish

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904199

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904199/pdf/1471-213X-7-54.pdf

Kindlin-2 is required for myocyte elongation and is essential for myogenesis

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/9/36

Integrins are required for normal muscle differentiation and disruptions in integrin signaling result in human muscle disease. The intracellular components that regulate integrin function during myogenesis are poorly understood. Unc-112 is an integrin-associated protein required for muscle development in C. elegans. To better understand the intracellular effectors of integrin signaling in muscle, we examined the mammalian homolog of Unc-112, kindlin-2.

Schematic of kindlin-2 function during early myogenesis. A. Undifferentiated C2C12 cells with typical fibroblast-like morphology B. Upon change to differentiation media, control cells withdraw from the cell cycle and elongate. In cells with reduced levels of kindlin-2, cells fail to elongate, and instead maintain a "pro-migratory" phenotype. C. By differentiation day 4, elongated control cells fuse into multinucleated myotubes. Reduced levels of kindlin-2 result in failure of myotube formation, likely as a result of decreased elongation, inadequate cell adhesion and impaired myoblast fusion. One mechanism underlying these alterations is a failure of redistribution of ILK containing focal adhesions.

PITX2 gain-of-function induced defects in mouse forelimb development

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/25

Extensive molecular differences between anterior- and posterior-half-sclerotomes underlie somite polarity and spinal nerve segmentation

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/9/30

We have identified a set of genes that warrant further investigation as regulators of somite polarity and vertebral morphogenesis, as well as repellents of spinal axon growth. Moreover the results indicate that, unlike the posterior half-sclerotome, the central region of the anterior-half-sclerotome does not contribute bone and cartilage to the vertebral column, being associated instead with the development of the segmented spinal nerves.

• Figure 1. Somite patterning and fate. Somite development involves two patterning systems operating along the A-P and D-V axes. (i) Unsegmented presomite mesoderm and nascent somites showing the oscillations and gradients of gene activity that determine A-P polarity prior to overt somite formation (green: anterior half-somite; red: posterior half-somite). (ii) Transverse section through an A-half-epithelial somite (esm, left) and a differentiated somite (right). Patterning along the D-V axis sub-divides the somite into dermatome (dr), myotome (m) and sclerotome (s). The sclerotome is further sub-divided into ventral (v), central (s, red) and (d) dorsal regions. (iii) Representation of two somites viewed laterally, showing the central sclerotome A-P sub-division. Only the anterior-half (green) is permissive for PNS components. (iv) In differentiated vertebrae, posterior-central sclerotomes form the paired transverse processes and pedicles of the neural arches (red) that encase the spinal cord and provide attachment points for epaxial muscles. Anterior central-sclerotome derivatives (green) contribute to peripheral nerve sheaths and prefigure the positions of the intervertebral foraminae (ivf). Spinous process (sp), intervertebral disc (ivd), vertebral body (vb).

© 2009 Hughes et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Glycogenome expression dynamics during mouse C2C12 myoblast differentiation suggests a sequential reorganization of membrane glycoconjugates

Several global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been applied in order to obtain new molecular insights on skeletal myogenesis, but none has generated any specific data on glycogenome expression, and thus on the role of glycan structures in this process, despite the involvement of glycoconjugates in various biological events including differentiation and development. In the present study, a quantitative real-time RT-PCR technology was used to profile the dynamic expression of 375 glycogenes during the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes.

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/483

Nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) that are up-regulated during myogenesis

Conclusion: This work identified 6 NETs that are predicted to have important functions in muscle development and/or maintenance from their expression patterns during myoblast differentiation and in mouse tissues. We confirmed that 5 of these NETs are authentic nuclear envelope proteins. Four members of this group have potential signaling functions at the NE, based on their sequence homologies.

http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmccellbiol/imageofthemonth/archive/2006/11

http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2121-7-38.pdf

2006

The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles

Dev Dyn. 2006 May;235(5):1194-218.

Noden DM, Francis-West P. Source Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. dmn2@cornell.edu

Abstract

Unraveling the complex tissue interactions necessary to generate the structural and functional diversity present among craniofacial muscles is challenging. These muscles initiate their development within a mesenchymal population bounded by the brain, pharyngeal endoderm, surface ectoderm, and neural crest cells. This set of spatial relations, and in particular the segmental properties of these adjacent tissues, are unique to the head. Additionally, the lack of early epithelialization in head mesoderm necessitates strategies for generating discrete myogenic foci that may differ from those operating in the trunk. Molecular data indeed indicate dissimilar methods of regulation, yet transplantation studies suggest that some head and trunk myogenic populations are interchangeable. The first goal of this review is to present key features of these diversities, identifying and comparing tissue and molecular interactions regulating myogenesis in the head and trunk. Our second focus is on the diverse morphogenetic movements exhibited by craniofacial muscles. Precursors of tongue muscles partly mimic migrations of appendicular myoblasts, whereas myoblasts destined to form extraocular muscles condense within paraxial mesoderm, then as large cohorts they cross the mesoderm:neural crest interface en route to periocular regions. Branchial muscle precursors exhibit yet another strategy, establishing contacts with neural crest populations before branchial arch formation and maintaining these relations through subsequent stages of morphogenesis. With many of the prerequisite stepping-stones in our knowledge of craniofacial myogenesis now in place, discovering the cellular and molecular interactions necessary to initiate and sustain the differentiation and morphogenesis of these neglected craniofacial muscles is now an attainable goal.

(c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

PMID 16502415

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Fragile X

http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/24/2803.full

The RNA-binding Protein Fragile X-related 1 Regulates Somite Formation in Xenopus laevis

http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/content/full/16/9/4350

TGF-β

Differentiation plasticity regulated by TGF-β family proteins in development and disease

http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v9/n9/full/ncb434.html

PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during chick gastrulation by regulating N-cadherin expression

http://dev.biologists.org/content/135/21/3521.full

Muscle type	Type I	Type IIa	Type IIb
Colour	red	red	white
Shortening speed	slow	fast	fast
Myosin ATPase	slow	intermediate	fast
Fatigue	resistant	intermediate	easily
Metabolism	oxidative	oxidative	glycolytic
Diameter	small	intermediate	large
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Volume	small	medium	well daveloped
Mitochondria	many	intermediate	few
Lipid droplets	many	intermediate	few
Glycogen	low	intermediate	high
Capillaries	many	intermediate	few
Myoglobin	high	high	low

Neural Crest Cells and Cranial Mesoderm during Head Muscle Development 2009

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004381

• genetic program controlling head muscle specification is distinct from that underlying trunk and limb myogenesis. Grifone R, Kelly RG (2007) Heartening news for head muscle development. Trends Genet 23: 365–369.
• muscle-independence of tendon initiation and the later muscle requirement for further tendon development is similar to the situation in the limb.
• limb - Scleraxis expression is normally detected in tendon primordia in muscleless limbs in chick and mouse embryos, but is progressively lost in the absence of limb muscles.
• Genetic ablation of Scleraxis in the mouse leads to defective differentiation of limb muscle tendons (no head phenotype has been reported).