Template:Bone terms

From Embryology
Bone Terms  
Bone Development
  • canaliculi - (singular, canaliculus) small channel in the bone matrix in which an osteocyte process lies and communicates with other osteocytes and the Haversian canal. Allow osteocytes to communicate with each other and to exchange substances by diffusion.
  • cartilage - connective tissue from mesoderm in the embryo forms most of the initial skeleton which is replaced by bone. In adult, found on the surface of bone joints.
  • Cbfa1 - Core-Binding Factor 1 (Runx2) transcription factor protein key to the differentiation of bone OMIM: Cbfa1
  • centrum - the primordium of the vertebral body formed initially by the sclerotome.
  • circumferential lamellae - compact bone layers that underlie the periosteum and endosteum (endosteal lamellae). (see concentric and interstitial lamellae)
  • clavicle - (Latin, clavicle = little key) bone which locks shoulder to body.
  • Cobb angle - clinical term for measuring axial skeleton abnormality. Measures coronal plane deformity on antero-posterior plain radiographs in the classification of scoliosis. Named after the American orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb (1903 - 1967).
  • concentric lamellae - compact bone layers surrounding each osteon. (see interstitial and circumferential lamellae)
  • desmal ossification - (intramembranous ossification) the process of mesenchyme directly ossifying into bone without a pre-existing cartilage template. Vascularised regions of mesenchymal cells proliferate and differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and then osteoblasts, occurs in parts of the skull and the clavicle.
  • diaphysis - anatomical term that refers to the shaft of long bones.
  • endochondrial ossification - the process of replacement of the cartilagenous framework by osteoblasts with bone.
  • endosteum - inner layer of cells lining the medullary cavity of long bones and is highly vascularised. A similar cellular region and fibrous layer lies on the outside of the bone, the periosteum.
  • epiphysis - anatomical term that refers to the expanded ends of long bones.
  • extracellular matrix - material secreted by and surrounding cells. Consists if fibers and ground substance.
  • fibroblast growth factors - (FGF) a family of at least 10 secreted proteins that bind membrane tyrosine kinase receptors. A patterning switch with many different roles in different tissues. (FGF8 = androgen-induced growth factor (AIGF)
  • fibroblast growth factor receptor - receptors comprise a family of at least 4 related but individually distinct tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR1- 4). They have a similar protein structure, with 3 immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular region, a single membrane spanning segment, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain.
  • heterotopic ossification - (HO) a disorder of extra-skeletal bone formation that occurs as a complication of trauma or in rare genetic disorders. PMID28455214
  • haematopoiesis (Greek, haima = "blood"; poiesis = "to make") the process of blood cell formation. In the adult, this occurs only in the bone marrow. In the embryo this occurs in other locations (yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus) until bone develops.
  • Haversian canal - the central canal of an osteon (Haversian system) in compact bone, within which blood vessels and nerves travel throughout the bone.
  • Haversian system - (osteon) the historic name for the functional unit of compact bone. Consists of a central canal (Haversian canal) surrounded by lamellar bone matrix within which osteocytes reside. Named after Clopton Havers (1650-1702) an English physician and anatomist. PMID12999959
  • Howship's lacuna - (resorptive bay) the historic name for the shallow bay or cavity lying directly under an osteoclast. This is the site of bone matrix resorption. Named after John Howship (1781–1841) a British anatomist who identified this region in 1820.
  • hyoid bone - part of the axial skeleton, is a U-shape bone in the neck that anchors the tongue and is associated with swallowing.
  • interstitial lamellae - compact bone layers that fill in between each osteon, interstitial lamellae, and do appear part of any Haversian system. (see concentric and circumferential lamellae)
  • intramembranous ossification - (desmal ossification) the process of mesenchyme directly ossifying into bone without a pre-existing cartilage template. Vascularised regions of mesenchymal cells proliferate and differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and then osteoblasts, occurs in parts of the skull and the clavicle.
  • lacuna - (Latin, lacuna = “ditch, gap” diminutive form of lacus = “lake”) lacunae is the plural, cavity in bone or cartilage for cell.
  • lamellar bone - the highly organized strong bone matrix deposited in concentric sheets with a low proportion of osteocytes. Many collagen fibers parallel to each other in the same layer. Replaces woven bone.
  • medullary cavity - (bone marrow) refers to the cavity within the bone, that is lined with cells (endosteum) and filled with bone marrow. in the adult, this can also be identified as either red or yellow marrow.
  • mesenchymal progenitor cells - (MPCs) cells able to differentiate in various types of connective tissue, including cartilage, bone and adipose tissue.
  • metaphysis - anatomical term that connecting region, that lies between the diaphysis and epiphysial line.
  • Moiré topography - clinical term for measuring axial skeleton abnormality. Measures spinal deviations using Moiré topography, a biosteriometric method producing a three-dimensional image of the shape of the trunk.
  • osteoblast - The mesenchymal cells that differentiate to form the cellular component of bone and produce bone matrix. Mature osteoblasts are called osteocytes. (More? bone)
  • osteoclast - Cells that remove bone (bone resorption) by enzymatically eroding the bone matrix. These cells are monocyte-macrophage in origin and fuse to form a multinucleated osteoclast. These cells allow continuous bone remodelling and are also involved in calcium and phosphate metabolism. The erosion cavity that the cells lie iwithin and form is called Howship's lacuna. (More? bone)
  • osteocyte - The mature bone-forming cell, which form the cellular component of bone and produce bone matrix. Differentiate from osteoblasts, mesenchymal cells that differentiate to form bone. (More? bone)
  • osteon - (Haversian system) the functional unit of compact bone. Consists of a central canal (Haversian canal) surrounded by lamellar bone matrix within which osteocytes reside.
  • pedicle - (Latin, pediculus = small foot) part of the vertebral arch forming the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body.
  • periosteum - the cellular region and fibrous layer lying on the outside of the bone.
  • primary centre of ossification - the first area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and cartilage.
  • resorptive bay - (Howship's lacuna) the shallow bay or cavity lying directly under an osteoclast. This is the site of bone matrix resorption.
  • sclerotome - ventromedial half of each somite that forms the vertebral body and intervertebral disc.
  • Scoliometry - clinical term for measuring axial skeleton abnormality using a Pedi-Scoliometer (Pedihealth Oy, Oulu, Finland) to measure spine deviation.
  • Sharpey’s fibres - (SF) “perforating fibres” provide anchorage for the periosteum and in tooth anchorage.
  • suture - in the skull a form of articulation where the contiguous margins of the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.
  • trabecular bone - lamellar bone not forming Haversian systems.
  • woven bone - the first deposited weaker bone matrix with many osteocytes and a matrix disorganized structure. Replaced by lamellar bone. Seen in developing, healing and bone disease.
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