User:Z3294943

Attendance

--z3294943 11:06, 11 August 2011 (EST)-

-z3294943 11:12, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--z3294943 11:05, 18 August 2011 (EST)

--z3294943 11:05, 25 August 2011 (EST)

--z3294943 12:04, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--z3294943 11:08, 15 September 2011 (EST)

--z3294943 11:09, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Online Assessment

LAB 1

• Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

In 1978, Louise Brown, the first IVF baby was born. In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) aids couples who may have trouble conceiving or are considered infertile. IVF involves the extraction of both the oocyte (female egg) and spermatozoa (male sperm) with fertilisation occurring outside the human body in a glass dish. Once fertilisation has occurred the zygote is then implanted back in to the female uterus. The idea of human IVF started in the mid 20th century by Robert G. Edwards who had studied fertilisation for many years and in 2010 Edwards was awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine. [1]

• Identify a recent paper on fertilisation and describe its key findings.

McAvey B Zapantis, A, Jindal SK, Lieman HJ, Polotsky AJ. (2011 ) How many eggs are needed to produce an assisted reproductive technology baby: is more always better? Fertility Sterility. 96(2):332-5. [2] This paper looked at the optimum number of oocytes that could be used in IVF to give the highest chance of live birth. They found 6-9 oocytes was advantageous in comparison to 5 or less oocytes, as well as, 10 or more oocytes. Thus suggesting more is not always better. This may aid future IVF patients not having to receive multiple treatments.

• Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

Congenital Anomalies are considered to be defects and/or disorders present at birth, such as Achondroplasia & Polydactyly.

--Mark Hill 00:43, 30 July 2011 (EST) Good the citation should be PMID:21718991 or I will show in lab how to generate a reference list.

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LAB 2

• Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

There are four Zona Pellucida (ZP) proteins within a human ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4. Before fertilization can occur the spermatozoa must undergo capacitation within the female uterus, in which the glycoprotein coat is detached from the spermatozoa's arcosomal surface. The zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte contains a glycoprotein ZP3, which acts as a receptor for the acrosome of the spermatozoa. Many spermatozoa release the contents of the acrosome, which lyse and degraded the zona pellucida thus exposing the surface of the oocyte to spermatozoa allowing it to bind to ZP2. The remaining zona pellucida undergoes a cortical reaction in which it increases the intracellular calcium levels causing depolarisation. This process allows the zona pellucida to become impermeable to other spermatozoa preventing polyspermy. ZP3 does undergo some changes after the cortical reaction it loses 1. its sperm binding ability 2. the capacity to promote the release of the spermatozoa's acrosome. Occuring next would be the membrane fusion of the oocyte and spermatozoa.

• Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)
• Review article PMID:11834588 This review looks at many different aspects of DMD and highlights how the lack of the gene dystrophin effects the brain, which may result in cognitive difficulties.
• Research articlePMID:20139167 This research article explores how branching of skeletal muscle causes weakness in the cyclic nature of regeneration and degredation in DMD.

References

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LAB 3

• What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

Iodine is a maternal dietary requirement for neural development with studies showing that it is a key source in providing thyroid associated hormones (T4) to the embryo before the thyroid of the foetus can take over. If pregnant women become iodine deficient the foetus can suffer from hypothyroidism, goitres and abnormalities can arise, such as endemic cretinism.

• Upload a picture relating to your group project

• Oxidative Stress Response in Friedreich Ataxia

Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21

--Mark Hill 15:30, 14 August 2011 (EST) This part is fine. I will be giving a tutorial in next week's lab to fix the referencing.

References

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LAB 4

• The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?

The allantois in early embryonic life is an out-pouching of the hind gut and enters the connecting stalk. In later development the allantois becomes continuous with the developing superior urinary bladder and runs into the umbilicus. Though it is not a functional structure, the remnant can be seen in adults as the urachus, which extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus creating the median umbilical ligament under the median periumbilical fold.

• Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.

1. Foramen Ovale: blood passes between the right to left atria
2. Ductus Arteriosus: blood passes between the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
3. Ductus Venosus: blood passes between umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

• Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching.

Introduction (history, epidemiology, age, gender, race) & Spinocerebellar physiology --z3294943 09:50, 24 August 2011 (EST)

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LAB 5

• Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia's (CDH) occur more commonly on the left side, approximately 90% of the time, more specifaclly at the foramen of Bochdalek. The posterolateral defect is due to incomplete fusion or abnormal formation of the pleuroperitoneal membranes. Reason as to why the left side is more commonly susceptible to CDH may be due to the fact that the right pleuroperitoneal membranes fuse much earlier then the left. --z3294943 17:00, 29 August 2011 (EST)

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LAB 6

• What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?

Palatogenesis occurs in two stages, primary and secondary palate development. During primary palatal development the embryonic palatal shelves are formed from mesenchyme of the medial nasal prominences and it continues to form the midline of the anterior maxilla. Secondary palatal fusion occurs in week 9 of a human embryonic development forming the hard and soft palates, which separate the nasal and oral cavities.

• What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?

The chicken embryo provided visible migration of neural crest cells due to a Dil-label. The chick-quail chimera also provided great insight into the origin of neural crest cells. Nicole Le Douarin discovered that if a segment of neural tube and neural crest cells of a quail are implanted into a chick (at the the same embryonic stage) it is easy to observe the origin and migration of the neural crest cells.

• What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?

Neural crest cells contribute to the cardiac outflow tract, namely the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and are very important for cardiogenesis. If migration of these cells does not occur truncation and malformation of the aorticopulmonary septum can eventuate. This will lead to an aorticopulmonary septal defect in which there is communication between the aorta and pulmonary trunk via small aortic window. Furthermore, Tetralogy of Fallot is believed to arise from abnormal and/or absent cardiac neural crest migration. --z3294943 17:20, 11 September 2011 (EST)

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LAB 7

Are satellite cells (a) necessary for muscle hypertrophy and (b) generally involved in hypertrophy? a) It has been shown that satellite cells are not necessary for muscle hypertrophy.

b) However, satellite cells will proliferate and differentiate during hypertrophy.

Why does chronic low frequency stimulation cause a fast to slow fibre type shift?

Impulse activity is a determinant of fast and slow muscle fibre types. When chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS) occurs on the nerves of fast muscle it can cause a phenotypical shift of the fast fibre type to a slow fibre type. As slow type fibres generally make up the bulk of postural muscles, such as the erector spinae, they are receive low frequency stimulation to remain "switched on". So when fast muscle fibre type receive CLFS there a transition in the contractile properties of the muscle, namely myosin heavy chains, as well as the histochemical properties from a fast to a slow phenotype.

Peer Review Trisomy 21

The overview: Good use of headings, structure seems to be a little mixed. Maybe start with board heading the subdheadings to beak up the writing and make it easy to understand. Illustration and text ratio was nice not to heavy on either. No student drawing. Would have been nice to add a genetics heading rather then just linking to different pages. This looks strange at the top.. maybe rethink position. Trisomy Karyotypes could have been added here.

• some words are not included in glossary eg AMH acronyms must be explained
• some pictures seem to be muddle eg the picture of Down himself would have fit nicely in the intro..
• many aspects of the page are not cited. This would give you page more credibility.

Introduction

• the first sentence is a little to word, as introduction should be punchy and to the point. Maybe try and re-word

Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21 in a parent who is chromosomally normal and is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in liveborn children.

Maybe.. The most common chromosomal abnormality occurring in live births is Down syndrome, otherwise known as Trisomy 21. This syndrome is caused by the nondisjustion of the 21st chromosome, in which there is the partial or whole presence of an extra chromosome.

• The history of Down syndrome would be a nice extra such as when the chromosome was identified.

Also rewording of the sentence Down Syndrome is the historic name used for this condition identified by Down, J.L.H. in a 1866 paper where he described the "phenotypic features that includes mental retardation and characteristic facies".

Such as, In 1866 John Langdon Down identified and described some of his patients who he said to have "phenotypic features that includes mental retardation and characteristic facies". Due to his historic findings this syndrome now bares Downs’ name. Reference?

Recent Findings • In recent findings it might be nice to summaries the paper rather then quote directly from it. Some thing are difficult to understand and I don’t quite get the gist of what is actually being done. • I like the link to PubMed- great thinking. Associated Congenital Abnormalities • good use of bullet point maybe have been nice to illustrate abnormalities with pictures.

Heart Defects I like the of percentages but where were these numbers generated from? No reference?? Good use of links here.

Limb Defects could have had major head “defects” then use subheading to differentiate limb and heart. )

• The use of references such accompany statistics.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Recommendations • interesting choice, would have been nice to see in own words not just copy and pasted. Prevalence • May fit in nicer near the intro, as readers are generally very interested in this part. • Good to see the use of references Down's syndrome Screening • Maybe nice to re word.. Screening Strategies for Down’s Syndrome. • Great use of table and stats. • Sentence There are several additional suggested screening stratagies currently at various stages of development. These techniques should be seen as at the research stage only until data, a clinical concensus and a recommendation has been made. Consider rewording as it is a little hard to read Spelling errors 1. Strategies 2. Consensus

• Detection using Tandem Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms image. Consider resizing as it is very large.

Trisomy 21 Growth Charts

• describing in own words would be ice rather then copy and paste.

References

--z3294943 20:20, 16 September 2011 (EST)

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LAB 8

Peer Review

Group 1

• Good overall structure with headings and subheadings, it breaks up the text and makes it easy to follow.
• Very interesting topic with a lot of good relevant information.
• Pictures and tables are great. Just make sure your pictures are referenced properly eg. karyotype picture. also it might make the page look cleaner if the pictures are either all on the left or all on the right. this also may avoid the headings being shifted.
• Maternal Serum Sampling, very nicely drawn, could you maybe label the picture as to what everything is so the reader can identify the structures easily.
• Might be nice to add in a history timeline.
• maybe you could use sub headings in the aetiology section.
• Clinical manifestations had good use of subheading and collated information. I like the simplicity of dot points... could you maybe add a picture here to break up the text and keep the reader engaged.
• Make sure your references aren't doubled.

Group 2

• Structure- headings, subheadings and tables make this a very readable page with a nice flow.
• It may be nice to have the colours of the tables continuous throughout the page. eg only yellow.
• Ensure all your pictures are correctly referenced, it would be a shame if Mark deleted them, as they add a lot to your page and aid in read ability.
• not to text heavy which is good!
• Intro well written an gives a good scope to the syndrome.
• Dianostic Tests: I like this section and that the images accompany the text.
• Tetralogy of fallot as on example of the congenital heart defects that can occur in DiGeorge syndrome: Very interesting example, great pictures!! very well drawn. maybe you could put the pictures vertically down the page.
• Current and Future Research section it might be nice to add subheadings of what the research is.
• Good use of citing/ referencing it gives your page authority/ believability, just beware of the doubling in your reference list.
• It might nice to collate all the genetic info into one section.

Group 3

• Good over all structure with the use of headings and sub headings. A very interesting syndrome and you page makes it very easy to read.
• I think the intro could be condensed a little, as it should be straight to the point.
• I enjoyed reading the history section and good use of table and summary of history.
• I like figure 1, very nice that it was done by a student!
• figure 4 Maternal Non-Disjunction.. Is this a student drawn pic or did you use it from somewhere.. a little unclear.
• I was nice to see sign and symptoms tabulated, which made this section very easy to read and understand. good use of picture here. Could you find anymore relating to the signs and symptoms?
• I liked the addition of a movie link.
• The sub heading of diagnosis were very appropriate.
• Other Similar Defects- very interesting to add this in..
• Interesting current research: nice that it has been summarised.
• Make sure your reference list hasn't doubled up.
• Just for clarity it might be nice to use the same colour table throughout the page.
• It was good to see some of your pictures correctly labelled.

Group 4

• Nice structure of headings and subheadings, it breaks up the text and makes it a readable page. Extremely interesting topic!
• I found the history very interesting and enjoyed the quote from Huntington.
• maybe bold the dates in the timeline, just to make the page easy to follow. Or maybe a table could be appropriate.
• I liked the structure of the epidemiology section and the tabulated prevalences! good work!
• Molecular Mechanisms & Pathogenesis: unsure as to why some sentences were bolded.
• Differential Diagnosis: very interesting I liked that you added this in.
• Treatments table very succinct easy to understand and follow! Great!
• Good to see the references were grouped.
• Maybe have a continuos colour scheme for the page and type of table used.
• Good use of tables and I like that you explained what they were about.
• Make sure all acronyms and scientific language is in the glossary
• good student illustrations
• overall great ratio of text and pictures!

Group 5

Group 6

Group 7

Group 9

Group 10

Group 11

• Interesting topic with good use of pictures, you guys have a great topic with a lot of interesting areas to discuss.
• The headings could be reorganised for example diagnosis could come after explaining in detail what cleft lips are and how they are formed embryonically.
• The introduction should introduce the main topics that you will be discussing but only briefly like what cleft palate is.. the information in the intro would fit nicely in epidemiology. (maybe you could add this section in).
• History section is very interesting I liked the extra research.
• The time line take up a lot of room maybe condense it into a table format.
• Development?? is this a section??
• maybe put the type of cleft lip/palate into a table with a pictures corresponding to the specific type.
• Make sure all acronyms are in the glossary.
• It would be nice if the colours of the tables were continuous throughout the page.
• Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts section is very well written and enjoyable to read.
• Treatment & Problems associated with Cleft Palate sections have no referencing. It would strengthen and give your page some authority if you cited where your information was from.
• A little summary for your future and current research would make this section a bit more interesting rather then just using dot points.
• Make sure your references aren't doubled.
• Ensure your pictures are referenced correctly.
• Furlow Z-plasty technique picture is positioned so that it interrupts the flow of reading maybe rethink the position of this picture.
• Variations of Cleft Lip or Palate picture is great and I think it could be more of a "key " picture on your page maybe centralise it?.
• No student drawing.
• Gallery seems a little irrelevant.
• More needs to be added into glossary eg. Otitis media