User:Z3279511: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{2011Student}}
{{2011Student}}


--[[User:Z3279511|Anna Marx]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)
--[[User:Z3279511|Z3279511]] 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)
 
'''Lab 1: Assessment'''
 
'''1.''' The origin of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) lies in 1950s, where Dr. Robert G. Edwards started to work on his idea for the treatment of infertility. He was the first to show, that the human oocyte can undergo fertilization, grow into an embryo and blastocyst ''in vitro'' and then be implanted into the mothers womb to develop into a healthy infant. On the 25th of July 1987 Louise Joy Brown, the first child conceived via IVF was born. Dr. Robert G. Edwards received the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of IVF.
 
 
'''2.''' Özer ''et al.'' showed in their study published in the Turk Arch Pediatri, that children conceived through assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have a higher risk of premature birth and multiple gestation in comparison to children conceived naturally. The study evaluated neonatal morbidity, mortality, congenital abnormalities, prematurity and multiple pregnancies in 123 ART babies. It was found that ART babies in comparison to normal babies have higher rates of mortality and abnormalities and lower birth weight.
 
Reference: Özer, E. A., Türko?lu E., Ball?, T., Sütçüo?, S., Erdemir, A., Co?ar, H., Kahramaner, Z., Kan?k, A., Men, G., Yaprak, I., Neonatal mortality and short term prognosis in newborns born after assisted reproductive techniques. ''Turk Arch Pediatri'' (2011), 46, pp. 37-38.
 
 
'''3.''' Congenital abnormalities are conditions existing at birth, for example trisomy 21 and spina bifida. Trisomy 21 is an genetic abnormality where the chromosome 21 exists in three copies instead of the normal two. These children have a number of physical and mental symptoms collectively called Down's Syndrome. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect which occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the caudal end during embryonic development. There are several subclasses of spina bifida. For example spina bifida cystica and spina bifida occulta. In spina bifida cystica either the meninges only herniate through the opening of the spinal canal (meningocele) or the spinal cord as well (myelomeningocele). These herniations do not occur in spina bifida occulta and it is therefore less severe.
 
 
 
--[[User:Z3279511|Z3279511]] 20:18, 2 August 2011 (EST)
 
'''Lab 2: Assessment'''
 
The capacitated spermatozoa binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP 3).  ZP 3 functions as receptor and induces the acrosome reaction. In the acrosome reaction the spermatozoa releases enzymes from the acrosome which facilitate the penetration of the zona pellucida. ZP 2 acts as second spermatozoa receptor. Once membrane fusion occurs, where the spermatozoa and oocyte membranes fuse allowing the sperm nuclei to enter into the oocytes cytoplasm, membrane depolarization functions to prevent polyspermy. This is facilitated by enzymes that alter ZP3, which in turn will no longer bind to spermatozoa.
 
--[[User:Z3279511|Z3279511]] 12:38, 4 August 2011 (EST)
--z3279511 15:38, 4 August 2011 (EST)
 
--Z3279511 12:17, 11 August 2011 (EST)
 
[[File:Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21.jpg| 250px]]
 
--Z3279511 13:02, 11 August 2011 (EST)
 
 
'''Lab 3: Assessment'''
 
'''1.''' An important maternal dietary requirement for neural development is foliate. The incident of spina bifida and anencephali became much less since foliate is a component of the normal diet in Australia. Another maternal dietary requirement, particular in late neural development, is iodine. It is for the prevention of congenital hypothyrodism.
 
'''2.''' Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome
 
[[File:Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome.jpg| 250px]]
 
File:Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome
 
--z3279511 21:00, 17 August 2011 (EST)
 
--z3279511 11:21, 18 August 2011 (EST)
 
'''Lab 4: Assessment'''
 
'''1.''' The allantois is an invagination of endoderm and surrounding extra-embryonic mesoderm into the connecting stalk. It forms an extension of the yolk sac into the connecting stalk (umbilical cord). In the human fetus, the fetal bladder is connected to the allantois via the urachus, which aids as passage for nitrogenous waist from the bladder.
 
'''2.''' The three vascular shunts are:
 
1) Ductus venosus: it connects the portal and umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
 
2) Foramen ovale: it connects the right and the left atrium
 
3) Ductus arteriosus: it connects the left pulmonary artery with the arch of the aorta
 
'''3.''' Group project plan - DiGeorge Syndrome: I will be working on the following:
 
1) Clinical manifestation and explanations of these
 
2) Treatment options
 
3) Drawing of images
 
The distribution of the tasks to the individual group members can be found on the group discussion page under project plan.
--Anna Marx 16:09, 21 August 2011 (EST)
 
--Anna Marx 11:18, 25 August 2011 (EST)
 
 
'''Lab 5: Assessment'''
 
Diaphragmatic hernia occur if there is a failure in closure of the peusoperitoneal foramen, which separates the thoracic cavity from that abdominal cavity.The most common diaphragmatic hernia occurs on the left hand side. During development in the embryo the right pleuroperitoneal folds closes before the left and the left is more prone to fail to close completely.In the even of a diaphragmatic hernia abdominal organs can move up into the thoracic cavity.--Anna Marx 10:55, 1 September 2011 (EST)
 
--Anna Marx 12:45, 1 September 2011 (EST)
 
'''Lab 6: Assessment'''
 
1) The palatal shelves fuse in week 9 of human development. The preparation process for this in the early embryonic development is growth, elevation, and fusion of palatal shelves.
 
2) The quail-chick chimera helps to study the neural crest origin and migration.
 
3) Tetralogy of Fallot is an abnormality that results the failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the cardiac outflow tract.
 
Lab 7 Attendance: --Anna Marx 12:05, 15 September 2011 (EST)
 
'''Lab 7: Assessmaent'''
 
1) Satellite cells are not a requirement for skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy but satellite cells are necessary for both the formation of new fibers (hyperplasia) and fiber regeneration.
 
2) Cellular destruction and regeneration occurs after chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS). Satellite cells are recruited and differentiate from fast fibre type to slow fibre type. Long-term stimulation increases aerobic capacity, decreases relaxation time and makes the muscle more resistant to fatigue. The change from fast to slow fibre type is an adaptive mechanism to prevent damage of the muscle fibres.
 
'''Peer review for trisomy 21'''
 
INTRODUCTION: An introduction is a brief summary of the content of the page, should only contain information that will be discussed in more detail below and not be confusing. Furthermore it should raise the interest to keep on reading. This introduction did not have this effect for me. Try to explain what trisomy 21 is about, what the characteristics are and quickly introduce the sections that will be talked about on this page. Trisomy 21 is a very common condition and we have all seen people with it on the street, it would be nice to have a picture of a person with trisomy 21 for recognition. They are lovely people and it would engage the reader. The image "Chromosome- trisomy" is a repetition of the image "Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Karyotypes" and fits much better in an "etiology/pathogenesis" section, which I am hoping to find below. Links to websites with further information or to a glossary are great when they are actually directly related to the section and relevant to it. However, the introduction is rather an invitation to read more on the actual page, where the content will be discussed in detail and where links to external pages and to the glossary can be used for further information. The text itself needs proper referencing (1st and 3rd paragraph).
 
SOME RECENT FINDINGS: The title "recent findings" would be more appropriate under the assumption that the most recent and most relevant research is discussed here. Recent findings should rather be placed in the end of the project. The image "Trisomy 21 newborn" has no copyright information and has also no relation to this section. It neither has to do with the recent findings discussed nor is it mentioned or referred to in the text.
 
TRISOMY 21 (DONW SYNDROME) KARYOTYPES: The image a good illustration of what the genetic difference of an individual with trisomy 21 and a normal person is. However it could be explained more in detail. First of all if "Karyotypes" appears in the title, it should as well be explained directly in the section and not via a link to an external glossary. Secondly it would be nice to see an etiology/pathogenesis section on the page. Some one who is interested in finding out more about trisomy 21 would want to know how it is caused, what the risk factors are (eg.: the age of the mother plays and important role), and how it happens, that the genes do not separate. A suggestion would be to make an etiology/pathogenesis section and to discuss the "Trisomy 21 karyotypes" and "Meiosis I and Meiosis II" in this section.
Additioinally, in the introduction it has been explained that trisomy 21 and Down's syndrome are two names for the same abnormality. Hence from that point on chose one of the names and stick with it rather that mixing them up or having the both in the same heading. The spelling in the heading is wrong (Down Syndrome, should be Down's Syndrome).
 
ASSOCIATED CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES: The associated congenital abnormalities are important because they have an impact on the life of individuals with trisomy 21. Hence the section could be a little more complex. It might be worth writing an introducing paragraph, in which the most common associated abnormalities and the prevalence is mentioned. Not to forget, that the clinical picture of trisomy 21 individuals varies highly. For example there is a person that even made it into university while in more severe cases individuals only speak a few words lifelong - some individuals present with congenital heart defects some have perfectly normal hearts and no problems lifelong, etc. May be each of the relevant abnormalities could be explained in a table as under "limb defects".
 
AMERICAN COLLEGE: Instead of this section it would be nice to see a "diagnostic test" section. In this the "ACOG" could be incorporated as external link. The tests mentioned here for example: measuring features of the back of the neck and ultrasound are not diagnostic test for trisomy 21. Trisomy 21 is detected by sampling the amniotic fluid and by genetic testing. Abnormalities of the back of the neck and ultrasound are techniques to detect other abnormalities. Hence these are not directly relevant to trisomy 21. I have noticed that there is a complex section about screening - which discusses the detection of trisomy 21 somewhat. However I find it a little confusing. A table is a good idea but maternal age is not a procedure and what are all the tests for? Trisomy 21? How do they work? A diagram is as well and excellent idea but what does it all mean? How is a buccal swap done? And again is that all relevant to trisomy 21? If I was for example a pregnant woman with the concern that my baby has trisomy 21, I would like to know what the commonly used test is, how it is done, what the risk factors are and how accurate it is.
 
PREVALENCE these section would be more appropriate after the introduction, may be as "epidemiology" section. Furthermore it would be interesting the see some figures that are more recent and worldwide.
 
SCREENING: See comment under AMERICAN COLLEGE. Also about "SCREENING BY COUNTRY" One sentence does not need and extra heading. Either this information is not important or there could perhaps be some more information about other countries as well and about the difference such an screening makes.
 
MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II: See comment under TRISOMY 21 (DONW SYNDROME) KARYOTYPES
ANEUPLOIDY: Aneuploidy has been explained before and this section has as such no relevance to the topic.
 
GROWTH CHARTS: May be this information could be presented under "Clinical presentation". From this section on its own I cannot derive weather children with trisomy 21 show abnormalities in growth or not and why it should be relevant.
 
REFERENCES: The first part of the references does not have a subheading but the rest does. May be it could be structured a bid differently. The first part contains articles, so why is it not under articles?
 
TERMS: It would be good to have a more terms in the glossary. Basically all words used in the sections above that would be new to a person with no scientific background should be explained here.
 
NOTE IN THE END:
* You have already collected lot's of the information needed, the page just need good structuring, and try to make sure that information is relevant to the topic.
* The images "Chromosome- trisomy",  "Trisomy 21 newborn", "Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Karyotypes", "Human idiogram-chromosome 21" "Trisomy 21 hand features", and "John Langdon Down (1828 – 1896) was a British physician who in 1866 was first to describe the syndrome." have no copyright information.
* An Idea: The 2009 Tropfest winner was Genevieve Clay with the short movie "My brother". This is a very sweet movie, which describes the personality of a person with trisomy 21 better than words can do. May be you like to integrate a link to the youtube video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-7IFN4DKA) on you page. I am not sure if it is appropriate though.
 
Lab 8 attendance --Anna Marx 11:26, 22 September 2011 (EST)
 
'''Peer Assessment'''
 
Group 1: Peer Assessment
* An image would make your introduction more engaging
* The second paragraph of the introduction is already quite explanatory and might fit better into aetiology/pathogenesis. Instead one or two simple but engaging sentences would be goo.
* The epidemiology section is good but if I wouldn't have learned about chromosomes I would feel a little confused.
* There are writing mistakes and there is no copyright information in the table in the epidemiology section
* The direct links to the glossary (blue words) in the aetiology section are great. If you would have those for all sections it would make your page look more whole
* There are too few references in the aetiology section
* Clinical Manifestations contain useful information, however it's also good to have a more detailed description. May be you could outline the most common clinical presentation a bid more explanatory.
* The tables in the diagnostic section are great, just a different format, so that you don't have huge white gaps would be better
* The treatment and research section are good. May be you could put a little introduction into the treatment section before you go straight into the subheadings.
* Overall, your page has a good structure and is informative. The links to the glossary are great but should be used through the whole page. A few more pictures would make your page more engaging.
 
Group 3: Peer Assessment
* You have constructed an informative page about an interesting syndrome
* At this stage it's a little text heavy, so may be you can cut it down and add some pictures instead
* In the history section it would be great to see these dates from the table with the text blended in, so it's on chronologic flow.
* You seem to take it very serious with the mitosis or not communicating with each other because you have four pictures of mitosis in three different sections. One picture and a good explanation would be sufficient. Then you could use the rest of the space for other pictures.
* The table for signs ad symptoms is great, but looks a bid empty. So may be you can change the format or add some more pictures.
* May be you could write a bid more about therapeutic options. I would find that more important then "similar abnormalities"
* Good referencing through the section. Just change the  "double referencing"
* Overall, you page has a lot of information, may be you can balance it a little more out, communicate so you don't have "double" information and a few more pictures would be great.
 
Group 4: Peer Assessment
* Your page has a good balance of text, images and tables
* I like that your introduction is brief and to the point
* You history section is the best one have seen so far, it looks good and it easy to read
* The image in the pathogenesis has no copyright information
* In clinical manifestations are quite important I think and your section seems a little weak in comparison to the rest
* Treatment: I'm sure the table was a lot of work but it is quite complex ad all the drug names make me a bid dizzy. May be you can shorten it to the most relevant?
 
*Overall the page has a good content and it's fun to read. The diagrams and drawings are great
 
Group 5: Peer Assessment
* Your page looks a bid 80's with all the different pinks in your table. Not a bad thing, however may be just one colour per table would be enough
* The introduction is too brief and written a little careless and lacks referencing.
* The history table is good in the way that it's chronologic and easy to read but you could write a bid more about the relevance of these events.
* Your drawing needs some copyright information and if the writing would have more contrast it would come more into account.
* The aetiology section is informative overall but some long sentences could be separated and more explanatory. Put the pictures on the same side may be to give it a bid more shape.
* The development of the disease section and signs and symptoms section read well and there is good use of subheadings.
* Is there some current research you could talk about?
* Your glossary and your references clearly need some editing and fixing up
* Overall your page seems to be written a bid careless but there are bids of interesting information in there.
 
Group 6: Peer Assessment
* It would be good to see more images
* The introduction would be more engaging if it had an image
* The history section is informative however would be nicer in a chronologic fashion. May be a table?
* The extra surgical history makes it clear that surgery plays an important role. Good
* Signs and Symptoms and genetic abnormalities are good overall. Many of the terms need to be added to the glossary though and it might be better to put aetiology first.
* It's a quite big and text heavy table in your diagnostic section. May be you can make it shorter, put pictures in
 
* I found quite a few words that should be in the glossary
* There is no title for your reference section and it looks like you should have more references for the amount of text that you have written
* Overall your page is very informative, good content. You need more images, appropriate referencing and a more complex glossary.
 
Group 7: Peer Assessment
* The introduction is brief and informative and makes me want to read the rest.
* May be you can add an image in the introduction or history or both to make it even more engaging
* You history section is nicely to ready and captures my interest.
* While it is good to come straight to the point, your epidemiology section is really short
* The pathogenesis section is very informative and very good especially for people who are really looking to understand the disorder. May be a few subheadings on the way, just to make this text heavy section a little lighter.
* Diagnostic techniques would be nice in a table
* You still got some "double referencing", we have the same problem;)
* You glossary in comparison to most other projects seams to be relatively complex. Great
* The student images are well done!
* You have got a lot of information and I find it quite interesting. It seems a little text heavy overall.
 
Group 8: Peer Assessment
* Overall you page is well structured, has relevant content and is written nicely. It also fits nicely together, good group work.
* May be you could put a picture of a person with this disorder in?
* Structure and content of the introduction and history is good. What happened between 1907 and 1988?
* Good use of subheadings in the epidemiology section
* You aetiology section is informative and nicely balanced
* "The fraxtaxin gene on chromosome 9": can you get a better contrast for that image?
* The aetiology, neuropathology, clinical presentations and diagnosis sections are all well written, interesting and have the right amount of text and images
* The current research section looks rather unfinished in comparison to the rest. May be you can put the information into a few paragraphs instead of bullet points.
* The current research section is interesting, just lacks dates
* Glossary, References and External links are fine
 
 
Group 9: Peer assessment
* The introduction is good
* The history section is informative but may be could be kept a little shorter
* The start of the page is quite text heavy, may be you can brake it up with a picture
* Rearrange you page, so that you have the epidemiology section right after the history section
* Genetic and aetiology sections are well done
* There are no references in the Phenotype section
* May be the detail in the foundations is a little over the top. Why not put a simple link to their web side instead?
* The research section could be a little more detailed
* It would be good to put more of the terms used into your glossary
* Overall the page is interesting to read. A few more images would be nice.
 
Group 10: Peer Assessment
* Your page is relatively short overall and could use some more pictures, especially in the first few sections.
* You have forgotten to put a title on you page
* The introduction is good
* You have got quite a bid of text in the history section, may be you can make a bid lighter with a time line?
* Epidemiology is nice to read and relevant
* Signs and symptoms belong into the clinical manifestation section
* Diagnostics could be more in detail
* The green and blue in the table is a bid too much colour all on a sudden. May be you can have some more colour overall or do the table in just one colour?
* It would be great to have more terms in the glossary
* I would put the diagnosis section right after pathogenesis
* Overall you have got good information on your page. May be you can work on the overall structure and some references.
 
Group 11: Peer Assessment
* You have picked an interesting topic, surely you can write a more engaging introduction
* Some of you headings and subheadings need rearrangement
* The history section is good but takes a bid too much space. May be you can compress it a bid, make it a little shorter?
* Some of you information is double
* The neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial cleft is interesting and well written
* Good diagnostic section. An image would be nice
* Some more references in the treatment and associated problems section are needed
* You could put some more words into the glossary
* You have some "double referencing"
* Overall, you have an interesting page. Good work. You just need a little more formatting, referencing and fixing here and there.
 
'''Attendance Lab 10''': --Anna Marx 11:19, 6 October 2011 (EST)
Questions lab 10:
1) Tertogens can also lead to hearing loss
2) three factors that contribute to poor drainage: 1) auditori tube is nearly horizontal, the auditory tube is narrow, auditory tube only opens with one single muscle
 
 
==Lab 11 Questions==
 
1) Componentsthat give rise to the interatrial vessel: Septum primium and septum secundum
Passages that connect the right and left atria: Foramen ovale and foramen secundum
 
2) Cardiac defects that arise due to abnormalities in the development of the outflow tract are:
*Tetrallogy of fallot
*Pulmonary stenosis
*aortic stenosis
* Transposition of great vessels
*Pulmonary artresis
*Patient ductus arteriosus
*Interrupted aortic arch
*Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
*Coarctation of aorta
 
 
==Lab 12 Questions==
 
Give three examples of systems that continue to develop postnatally
* Respiratory system
* Neurological system
* Reproductive system
 
Identify the abnormalities detected by the Gutherie test and link to one abnormelity listed in OMIM
 
* Congenital Toxoplasmosis
 
* Homocystinuria
 
* Biotinidase Deficiency
 
* Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
 
* Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
 
* Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
 
* Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=248600 OMIM])

Latest revision as of 23:49, 23 October 2011


Lab 4 Online Assessment

  1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
  2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
  3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)



--Z3279511 12:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

Lab 1: Assessment

1. The origin of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) lies in 1950s, where Dr. Robert G. Edwards started to work on his idea for the treatment of infertility. He was the first to show, that the human oocyte can undergo fertilization, grow into an embryo and blastocyst in vitro and then be implanted into the mothers womb to develop into a healthy infant. On the 25th of July 1987 Louise Joy Brown, the first child conceived via IVF was born. Dr. Robert G. Edwards received the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of IVF.


2. Özer et al. showed in their study published in the Turk Arch Pediatri, that children conceived through assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have a higher risk of premature birth and multiple gestation in comparison to children conceived naturally. The study evaluated neonatal morbidity, mortality, congenital abnormalities, prematurity and multiple pregnancies in 123 ART babies. It was found that ART babies in comparison to normal babies have higher rates of mortality and abnormalities and lower birth weight.

Reference: Özer, E. A., Türko?lu E., Ball?, T., Sütçüo?, S., Erdemir, A., Co?ar, H., Kahramaner, Z., Kan?k, A., Men, G., Yaprak, I., Neonatal mortality and short term prognosis in newborns born after assisted reproductive techniques. Turk Arch Pediatri (2011), 46, pp. 37-38.


3. Congenital abnormalities are conditions existing at birth, for example trisomy 21 and spina bifida. Trisomy 21 is an genetic abnormality where the chromosome 21 exists in three copies instead of the normal two. These children have a number of physical and mental symptoms collectively called Down's Syndrome. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect which occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the caudal end during embryonic development. There are several subclasses of spina bifida. For example spina bifida cystica and spina bifida occulta. In spina bifida cystica either the meninges only herniate through the opening of the spinal canal (meningocele) or the spinal cord as well (myelomeningocele). These herniations do not occur in spina bifida occulta and it is therefore less severe.


--Z3279511 20:18, 2 August 2011 (EST)

Lab 2: Assessment

The capacitated spermatozoa binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP 3). ZP 3 functions as receptor and induces the acrosome reaction. In the acrosome reaction the spermatozoa releases enzymes from the acrosome which facilitate the penetration of the zona pellucida. ZP 2 acts as second spermatozoa receptor. Once membrane fusion occurs, where the spermatozoa and oocyte membranes fuse allowing the sperm nuclei to enter into the oocytes cytoplasm, membrane depolarization functions to prevent polyspermy. This is facilitated by enzymes that alter ZP3, which in turn will no longer bind to spermatozoa.

--Z3279511 12:38, 4 August 2011 (EST) --z3279511 15:38, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--Z3279511 12:17, 11 August 2011 (EST)

Differentially expressed RefSeq genes in human trisomy 21.jpg

--Z3279511 13:02, 11 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 3: Assessment

1. An important maternal dietary requirement for neural development is foliate. The incident of spina bifida and anencephali became much less since foliate is a component of the normal diet in Australia. Another maternal dietary requirement, particular in late neural development, is iodine. It is for the prevention of congenital hypothyrodism.

2. Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome

Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome.jpg

File:Facial manifestations of patient with DiGeorge Syndrome

--z3279511 21:00, 17 August 2011 (EST)

--z3279511 11:21, 18 August 2011 (EST)

Lab 4: Assessment

1. The allantois is an invagination of endoderm and surrounding extra-embryonic mesoderm into the connecting stalk. It forms an extension of the yolk sac into the connecting stalk (umbilical cord). In the human fetus, the fetal bladder is connected to the allantois via the urachus, which aids as passage for nitrogenous waist from the bladder.

2. The three vascular shunts are:

1) Ductus venosus: it connects the portal and umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

2) Foramen ovale: it connects the right and the left atrium

3) Ductus arteriosus: it connects the left pulmonary artery with the arch of the aorta

3. Group project plan - DiGeorge Syndrome: I will be working on the following:

1) Clinical manifestation and explanations of these

2) Treatment options

3) Drawing of images

The distribution of the tasks to the individual group members can be found on the group discussion page under project plan. --Anna Marx 16:09, 21 August 2011 (EST)

--Anna Marx 11:18, 25 August 2011 (EST)


Lab 5: Assessment

Diaphragmatic hernia occur if there is a failure in closure of the peusoperitoneal foramen, which separates the thoracic cavity from that abdominal cavity.The most common diaphragmatic hernia occurs on the left hand side. During development in the embryo the right pleuroperitoneal folds closes before the left and the left is more prone to fail to close completely.In the even of a diaphragmatic hernia abdominal organs can move up into the thoracic cavity.--Anna Marx 10:55, 1 September 2011 (EST)

--Anna Marx 12:45, 1 September 2011 (EST)

Lab 6: Assessment

1) The palatal shelves fuse in week 9 of human development. The preparation process for this in the early embryonic development is growth, elevation, and fusion of palatal shelves.

2) The quail-chick chimera helps to study the neural crest origin and migration.

3) Tetralogy of Fallot is an abnormality that results the failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the cardiac outflow tract.

Lab 7 Attendance: --Anna Marx 12:05, 15 September 2011 (EST)

Lab 7: Assessmaent

1) Satellite cells are not a requirement for skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy but satellite cells are necessary for both the formation of new fibers (hyperplasia) and fiber regeneration.

2) Cellular destruction and regeneration occurs after chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS). Satellite cells are recruited and differentiate from fast fibre type to slow fibre type. Long-term stimulation increases aerobic capacity, decreases relaxation time and makes the muscle more resistant to fatigue. The change from fast to slow fibre type is an adaptive mechanism to prevent damage of the muscle fibres.

Peer review for trisomy 21

INTRODUCTION: An introduction is a brief summary of the content of the page, should only contain information that will be discussed in more detail below and not be confusing. Furthermore it should raise the interest to keep on reading. This introduction did not have this effect for me. Try to explain what trisomy 21 is about, what the characteristics are and quickly introduce the sections that will be talked about on this page. Trisomy 21 is a very common condition and we have all seen people with it on the street, it would be nice to have a picture of a person with trisomy 21 for recognition. They are lovely people and it would engage the reader. The image "Chromosome- trisomy" is a repetition of the image "Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Karyotypes" and fits much better in an "etiology/pathogenesis" section, which I am hoping to find below. Links to websites with further information or to a glossary are great when they are actually directly related to the section and relevant to it. However, the introduction is rather an invitation to read more on the actual page, where the content will be discussed in detail and where links to external pages and to the glossary can be used for further information. The text itself needs proper referencing (1st and 3rd paragraph).

SOME RECENT FINDINGS: The title "recent findings" would be more appropriate under the assumption that the most recent and most relevant research is discussed here. Recent findings should rather be placed in the end of the project. The image "Trisomy 21 newborn" has no copyright information and has also no relation to this section. It neither has to do with the recent findings discussed nor is it mentioned or referred to in the text.

TRISOMY 21 (DONW SYNDROME) KARYOTYPES: The image a good illustration of what the genetic difference of an individual with trisomy 21 and a normal person is. However it could be explained more in detail. First of all if "Karyotypes" appears in the title, it should as well be explained directly in the section and not via a link to an external glossary. Secondly it would be nice to see an etiology/pathogenesis section on the page. Some one who is interested in finding out more about trisomy 21 would want to know how it is caused, what the risk factors are (eg.: the age of the mother plays and important role), and how it happens, that the genes do not separate. A suggestion would be to make an etiology/pathogenesis section and to discuss the "Trisomy 21 karyotypes" and "Meiosis I and Meiosis II" in this section. Additioinally, in the introduction it has been explained that trisomy 21 and Down's syndrome are two names for the same abnormality. Hence from that point on chose one of the names and stick with it rather that mixing them up or having the both in the same heading. The spelling in the heading is wrong (Down Syndrome, should be Down's Syndrome).

ASSOCIATED CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES: The associated congenital abnormalities are important because they have an impact on the life of individuals with trisomy 21. Hence the section could be a little more complex. It might be worth writing an introducing paragraph, in which the most common associated abnormalities and the prevalence is mentioned. Not to forget, that the clinical picture of trisomy 21 individuals varies highly. For example there is a person that even made it into university while in more severe cases individuals only speak a few words lifelong - some individuals present with congenital heart defects some have perfectly normal hearts and no problems lifelong, etc. May be each of the relevant abnormalities could be explained in a table as under "limb defects".

AMERICAN COLLEGE: Instead of this section it would be nice to see a "diagnostic test" section. In this the "ACOG" could be incorporated as external link. The tests mentioned here for example: measuring features of the back of the neck and ultrasound are not diagnostic test for trisomy 21. Trisomy 21 is detected by sampling the amniotic fluid and by genetic testing. Abnormalities of the back of the neck and ultrasound are techniques to detect other abnormalities. Hence these are not directly relevant to trisomy 21. I have noticed that there is a complex section about screening - which discusses the detection of trisomy 21 somewhat. However I find it a little confusing. A table is a good idea but maternal age is not a procedure and what are all the tests for? Trisomy 21? How do they work? A diagram is as well and excellent idea but what does it all mean? How is a buccal swap done? And again is that all relevant to trisomy 21? If I was for example a pregnant woman with the concern that my baby has trisomy 21, I would like to know what the commonly used test is, how it is done, what the risk factors are and how accurate it is.

PREVALENCE these section would be more appropriate after the introduction, may be as "epidemiology" section. Furthermore it would be interesting the see some figures that are more recent and worldwide.

SCREENING: See comment under AMERICAN COLLEGE. Also about "SCREENING BY COUNTRY" One sentence does not need and extra heading. Either this information is not important or there could perhaps be some more information about other countries as well and about the difference such an screening makes.

MEIOSIS I AND MEIOSIS II: See comment under TRISOMY 21 (DONW SYNDROME) KARYOTYPES ANEUPLOIDY: Aneuploidy has been explained before and this section has as such no relevance to the topic.

GROWTH CHARTS: May be this information could be presented under "Clinical presentation". From this section on its own I cannot derive weather children with trisomy 21 show abnormalities in growth or not and why it should be relevant.

REFERENCES: The first part of the references does not have a subheading but the rest does. May be it could be structured a bid differently. The first part contains articles, so why is it not under articles?

TERMS: It would be good to have a more terms in the glossary. Basically all words used in the sections above that would be new to a person with no scientific background should be explained here.

NOTE IN THE END:

  • You have already collected lot's of the information needed, the page just need good structuring, and try to make sure that information is relevant to the topic.
  • The images "Chromosome- trisomy", "Trisomy 21 newborn", "Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Karyotypes", "Human idiogram-chromosome 21" "Trisomy 21 hand features", and "John Langdon Down (1828 – 1896) was a British physician who in 1866 was first to describe the syndrome." have no copyright information.
  • An Idea: The 2009 Tropfest winner was Genevieve Clay with the short movie "My brother". This is a very sweet movie, which describes the personality of a person with trisomy 21 better than words can do. May be you like to integrate a link to the youtube video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-7IFN4DKA) on you page. I am not sure if it is appropriate though.

Lab 8 attendance --Anna Marx 11:26, 22 September 2011 (EST)

Peer Assessment

Group 1: Peer Assessment

  • An image would make your introduction more engaging
  • The second paragraph of the introduction is already quite explanatory and might fit better into aetiology/pathogenesis. Instead one or two simple but engaging sentences would be goo.
  • The epidemiology section is good but if I wouldn't have learned about chromosomes I would feel a little confused.
  • There are writing mistakes and there is no copyright information in the table in the epidemiology section
  • The direct links to the glossary (blue words) in the aetiology section are great. If you would have those for all sections it would make your page look more whole
  • There are too few references in the aetiology section
  • Clinical Manifestations contain useful information, however it's also good to have a more detailed description. May be you could outline the most common clinical presentation a bid more explanatory.
  • The tables in the diagnostic section are great, just a different format, so that you don't have huge white gaps would be better
  • The treatment and research section are good. May be you could put a little introduction into the treatment section before you go straight into the subheadings.
  • Overall, your page has a good structure and is informative. The links to the glossary are great but should be used through the whole page. A few more pictures would make your page more engaging.

Group 3: Peer Assessment

  • You have constructed an informative page about an interesting syndrome
  • At this stage it's a little text heavy, so may be you can cut it down and add some pictures instead
  • In the history section it would be great to see these dates from the table with the text blended in, so it's on chronologic flow.
  • You seem to take it very serious with the mitosis or not communicating with each other because you have four pictures of mitosis in three different sections. One picture and a good explanation would be sufficient. Then you could use the rest of the space for other pictures.
  • The table for signs ad symptoms is great, but looks a bid empty. So may be you can change the format or add some more pictures.
  • May be you could write a bid more about therapeutic options. I would find that more important then "similar abnormalities"
  • Good referencing through the section. Just change the "double referencing"
  • Overall, you page has a lot of information, may be you can balance it a little more out, communicate so you don't have "double" information and a few more pictures would be great.

Group 4: Peer Assessment

  • Your page has a good balance of text, images and tables
  • I like that your introduction is brief and to the point
  • You history section is the best one have seen so far, it looks good and it easy to read
  • The image in the pathogenesis has no copyright information
  • In clinical manifestations are quite important I think and your section seems a little weak in comparison to the rest
  • Treatment: I'm sure the table was a lot of work but it is quite complex ad all the drug names make me a bid dizzy. May be you can shorten it to the most relevant?
  • Overall the page has a good content and it's fun to read. The diagrams and drawings are great

Group 5: Peer Assessment

  • Your page looks a bid 80's with all the different pinks in your table. Not a bad thing, however may be just one colour per table would be enough
  • The introduction is too brief and written a little careless and lacks referencing.
  • The history table is good in the way that it's chronologic and easy to read but you could write a bid more about the relevance of these events.
  • Your drawing needs some copyright information and if the writing would have more contrast it would come more into account.
  • The aetiology section is informative overall but some long sentences could be separated and more explanatory. Put the pictures on the same side may be to give it a bid more shape.
  • The development of the disease section and signs and symptoms section read well and there is good use of subheadings.
  • Is there some current research you could talk about?
  • Your glossary and your references clearly need some editing and fixing up
  • Overall your page seems to be written a bid careless but there are bids of interesting information in there.

Group 6: Peer Assessment

  • It would be good to see more images
  • The introduction would be more engaging if it had an image
  • The history section is informative however would be nicer in a chronologic fashion. May be a table?
  • The extra surgical history makes it clear that surgery plays an important role. Good
  • Signs and Symptoms and genetic abnormalities are good overall. Many of the terms need to be added to the glossary though and it might be better to put aetiology first.
  • It's a quite big and text heavy table in your diagnostic section. May be you can make it shorter, put pictures in
  • I found quite a few words that should be in the glossary
  • There is no title for your reference section and it looks like you should have more references for the amount of text that you have written
  • Overall your page is very informative, good content. You need more images, appropriate referencing and a more complex glossary.

Group 7: Peer Assessment

  • The introduction is brief and informative and makes me want to read the rest.
  • May be you can add an image in the introduction or history or both to make it even more engaging
  • You history section is nicely to ready and captures my interest.
  • While it is good to come straight to the point, your epidemiology section is really short
  • The pathogenesis section is very informative and very good especially for people who are really looking to understand the disorder. May be a few subheadings on the way, just to make this text heavy section a little lighter.
  • Diagnostic techniques would be nice in a table
  • You still got some "double referencing", we have the same problem;)
  • You glossary in comparison to most other projects seams to be relatively complex. Great
  • The student images are well done!
  • You have got a lot of information and I find it quite interesting. It seems a little text heavy overall.

Group 8: Peer Assessment

  • Overall you page is well structured, has relevant content and is written nicely. It also fits nicely together, good group work.
  • May be you could put a picture of a person with this disorder in?
  • Structure and content of the introduction and history is good. What happened between 1907 and 1988?
  • Good use of subheadings in the epidemiology section
  • You aetiology section is informative and nicely balanced
  • "The fraxtaxin gene on chromosome 9": can you get a better contrast for that image?
  • The aetiology, neuropathology, clinical presentations and diagnosis sections are all well written, interesting and have the right amount of text and images
  • The current research section looks rather unfinished in comparison to the rest. May be you can put the information into a few paragraphs instead of bullet points.
  • The current research section is interesting, just lacks dates
  • Glossary, References and External links are fine


Group 9: Peer assessment

  • The introduction is good
  • The history section is informative but may be could be kept a little shorter
  • The start of the page is quite text heavy, may be you can brake it up with a picture
  • Rearrange you page, so that you have the epidemiology section right after the history section
  • Genetic and aetiology sections are well done
  • There are no references in the Phenotype section
  • May be the detail in the foundations is a little over the top. Why not put a simple link to their web side instead?
  • The research section could be a little more detailed
  • It would be good to put more of the terms used into your glossary
  • Overall the page is interesting to read. A few more images would be nice.

Group 10: Peer Assessment

  • Your page is relatively short overall and could use some more pictures, especially in the first few sections.
  • You have forgotten to put a title on you page
  • The introduction is good
  • You have got quite a bid of text in the history section, may be you can make a bid lighter with a time line?
  • Epidemiology is nice to read and relevant
  • Signs and symptoms belong into the clinical manifestation section
  • Diagnostics could be more in detail
  • The green and blue in the table is a bid too much colour all on a sudden. May be you can have some more colour overall or do the table in just one colour?
  • It would be great to have more terms in the glossary
  • I would put the diagnosis section right after pathogenesis
  • Overall you have got good information on your page. May be you can work on the overall structure and some references.

Group 11: Peer Assessment

  • You have picked an interesting topic, surely you can write a more engaging introduction
  • Some of you headings and subheadings need rearrangement
  • The history section is good but takes a bid too much space. May be you can compress it a bid, make it a little shorter?
  • Some of you information is double
  • The neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial cleft is interesting and well written
  • Good diagnostic section. An image would be nice
  • Some more references in the treatment and associated problems section are needed
  • You could put some more words into the glossary
  • You have some "double referencing"
  • Overall, you have an interesting page. Good work. You just need a little more formatting, referencing and fixing here and there.

Attendance Lab 10: --Anna Marx 11:19, 6 October 2011 (EST)

Questions lab 10: 

1) Tertogens can also lead to hearing loss 2) three factors that contribute to poor drainage: 1) auditori tube is nearly horizontal, the auditory tube is narrow, auditory tube only opens with one single muscle


Lab 11 Questions

1) Componentsthat give rise to the interatrial vessel: Septum primium and septum secundum Passages that connect the right and left atria: Foramen ovale and foramen secundum

2) Cardiac defects that arise due to abnormalities in the development of the outflow tract are:

  • Tetrallogy of fallot
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • aortic stenosis
  • Transposition of great vessels
  • Pulmonary artresis
  • Patient ductus arteriosus
  • Interrupted aortic arch
  • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  • Coarctation of aorta


Lab 12 Questions

Give three examples of systems that continue to develop postnatally

  • Respiratory system
  • Neurological system
  • Reproductive system

Identify the abnormalities detected by the Gutherie test and link to one abnormelity listed in OMIM

  • Congenital Toxoplasmosis
  • Homocystinuria
  • Biotinidase Deficiency
  • Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
  • Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
  • Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) (OMIM)