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Questions from Lab 10 article
'''Lab 10'''


What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition???
What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition???
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This study found that for improved response and survival rates from chemotherapy, stems cell must be mobilized and collected for transplantation back into the patient. However there is a risk of potential contamination of the sample by tumour cells. Those with poor stem cell mobilizers were given pleixafor as  it was identified as improving stem cell collection.
This study found that for improved response and survival rates from chemotherapy, stems cell must be mobilized and collected for transplantation back into the patient. However there is a risk of potential contamination of the sample by tumour cells. Those with poor stem cell mobilizers were given pleixafor as  it was identified as improving stem cell collection.
'''Lab 11''' Cardiac Embryology
First major function to work in embryo at 4th week
Heart defects affect 8-10 of every 1000 births in US
[[Primordial Heart Tube]]
Arises from splanchnic mesoderm in cardiogenic region
Angioblastic cords develop in this cardiogenic mesoderm and canalise to form bilateral heart tubes
Lateral folding of embryo brings heart tubes into midline to fuse into a single primordial heart tube (fusion occurs cranially)
After folding- constrictions and dilations occur to differentiate the tube into: 
    * Truncus arteriosus
    * Bulbus cordis
    * Primordial ventricle
    * Primordial atrium
    * Sinus venosus
At 4th week- constrictions are evident and blood is pushed cranially from sinus venosus
Heart layers-
    * Endocardium: forms from the endothelium of the heart tube
    * Cardiac Jelly: gelatinous connective tissue separating the myocardium and heart tube endothelium
    * Myocardium: forms from splanchnic mesoderm
    * Epicardium: develops from mesothelial cells
[[Heart Tube Looping]]
Occurs in late 4th - early 5th week
Stage 1. Heart tube elongates, folds ventrally and bends to the right to form a C shape
Stage 2. Loop creates an S shape and distance between inflow and outflow tracts diminish
[[Septation]]
Superior and inferior cushions arise from the Atrioventricular (AV) Canal
Endocaridum mesenchymal cells invade cushions & allows for fuse and proliferate
Fusion of cushions separates AV canal into right and left canals
Septum primum arises from the roof of the atrium and separates it into left and right halves
The space between the septum primum and the endocardial cushions is the foramen primum
Cell induced death occurs in the center of the septum primum to form the foramen secundum
Septum secundum arises to the right of the septum primum to overlap foramen secundum in weeks 5-6
The foramen ovale arises due to the incomplete partition of atrium by the septum secundum
Blood flows through the foramen ovale to the foramen secundum (right to left shunt)
There is the existance of a left and right horn of the sinus venosus
Right atrium receives superior and inferior vena cava (via right horn)
Left horn regresses into coronary sinus
Primordial pulmonary vein develops in the left atrium, more branches arise as the atrium increases in size
Trabeculations appear during early development of the primordial ventricle
Primordial muscular interventricular (IV) ridges arise in the floor of the ventricle, as the ventricle grows the medial walls fuse to form the IV septum
The IV foramen, which closes at the end of week 7, arises at the cranial proportion of the IV septum and the endocardial cuchions
[[Outflow Tract]]

Revision as of 13:19, 15 October 2009


Lab 10

What is the background to the existing problem / disease condition???

Study Shows Mozobil Induces Mobilization Of Stem Cells But Not Myeloma Tumor Cells

Mozobil- able to mobilise stem cells from bone marrow to blood and doesnt increase mobility of tumor cells in melonoma patients

Treatment for tumor patients- chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation

Before chemotherapy- patients stem cells collected and then transplanted back into patient after chemotherapy, 2 million stem cell required adn can occur through multiple collection sessions, which increases the risk of comtaminating the sample with tumour cells and some patients could not collect enough sample stem cells

Mozobil and Neupogen (filgrastim) solves the above problem Neupogen increases stem cell production in bone marrow Mozobil increases the mobility of stem cells from marrow to blood

Faculty of Medicine at the University of Utah conducted the use of above drugs- they utilized patients with proven poor stem cell mobilizers and potentially poor stem cell mobilizers Found that the majority of patients could produce 2 million stem cells and had successful transplantations

Safety and efficacy assessment of plerixafor in patients with multiple myeloma proven or predicted to be poor mobilizers, including assessment of tumor cell mobilization

This study found that for improved response and survival rates from chemotherapy, stems cell must be mobilized and collected for transplantation back into the patient. However there is a risk of potential contamination of the sample by tumour cells. Those with poor stem cell mobilizers were given pleixafor as it was identified as improving stem cell collection.

Lab 11 Cardiac Embryology

First major function to work in embryo at 4th week Heart defects affect 8-10 of every 1000 births in US

Primordial Heart Tube

Arises from splanchnic mesoderm in cardiogenic region Angioblastic cords develop in this cardiogenic mesoderm and canalise to form bilateral heart tubes Lateral folding of embryo brings heart tubes into midline to fuse into a single primordial heart tube (fusion occurs cranially) After folding- constrictions and dilations occur to differentiate the tube into:

   * Truncus arteriosus
   * Bulbus cordis
   * Primordial ventricle
   * Primordial atrium
   * Sinus venosus 

At 4th week- constrictions are evident and blood is pushed cranially from sinus venosus Heart layers-

   * Endocardium: forms from the endothelium of the heart tube
   * Cardiac Jelly: gelatinous connective tissue separating the myocardium and heart tube endothelium
   * Myocardium: forms from splanchnic mesoderm 
   * Epicardium: develops from mesothelial cells 

Heart Tube Looping

Occurs in late 4th - early 5th week Stage 1. Heart tube elongates, folds ventrally and bends to the right to form a C shape Stage 2. Loop creates an S shape and distance between inflow and outflow tracts diminish

Septation

Superior and inferior cushions arise from the Atrioventricular (AV) Canal Endocaridum mesenchymal cells invade cushions & allows for fuse and proliferate Fusion of cushions separates AV canal into right and left canals Septum primum arises from the roof of the atrium and separates it into left and right halves The space between the septum primum and the endocardial cushions is the foramen primum Cell induced death occurs in the center of the septum primum to form the foramen secundum Septum secundum arises to the right of the septum primum to overlap foramen secundum in weeks 5-6 The foramen ovale arises due to the incomplete partition of atrium by the septum secundum Blood flows through the foramen ovale to the foramen secundum (right to left shunt) There is the existance of a left and right horn of the sinus venosus Right atrium receives superior and inferior vena cava (via right horn) Left horn regresses into coronary sinus Primordial pulmonary vein develops in the left atrium, more branches arise as the atrium increases in size Trabeculations appear during early development of the primordial ventricle Primordial muscular interventricular (IV) ridges arise in the floor of the ventricle, as the ventricle grows the medial walls fuse to form the IV septum The IV foramen, which closes at the end of week 7, arises at the cranial proportion of the IV septum and the endocardial cuchions

Outflow Tract