Talk:Neural System - Vascular Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 27) Embryology Neural System - Vascular Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Neural_System_-_Vascular_Development |
2015
Foxc1 is required for early stage telencephalic vascular development
Dev Dyn. 2015 Mar 2. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.24269.
Prasitsak T1, Nandar M, Okuhara S, Ichinose S, Ota MS, Iseki S.
Abstract
Background: The brain vascular system arises from the perineural vascular plexus (PNVP) which sprouts radially into the neuroepithelium and subsequently branches off laterally to form a secondary plexus in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the subventricular vascular plexus (SVP). The process of SVP formation remains to be fully elucidated. We investigated the role of Foxc1 in early stage vascular formation in the ventral telencephalon. Results: The Foxc1 loss of function mutant mouse, Foxc1ch/ch , showed enlarged telencephalon and hemorrhaging in the ventral telencephalon by E11.0. The mutant demonstrated blood vessel dilation and aggregation of endothelial cells in the SVZ after the invasion of endothelial cells through the radial path, which lead to failure of SVP formation. During this early stage of vascular development, Foxc1 was expressed in endothelial cells and pericytes, as well as in cranial mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube. Correspondingly, abnormal deposition pattern of basement membrane proteins around the vessels and increased strong Vegfr2 staining dots were found in the aggregation sites. Conclusions: These observations reveal an essential role for Foxc1 in the early stage of vascular formation in the telencephalon. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEYWORDS: Angiogenesis; Basement membrane; Foxc1; Subventricular vascular plexus; Telencephalon
PMID 25733312
2013
Foxc1 is required by pericytes during fetal brain angiogenesis
Biol Open. 2013 May 20;2(7):647-59. doi: 10.1242/bio.20135009. Print 2013 Jul 15.
Siegenthaler JA1, Choe Y, Patterson KP, Hsieh I, Li D, Jaminet SC, Daneman R, Kume T, Huang EJ, Pleasure SJ.
Abstract
Brain pericytes play a critical role in blood vessel stability and blood-brain barrier maturation. Despite this, how brain pericytes function in these different capacities is only beginning to be understood. Here we show that the forkhead transcription factor Foxc1 is expressed by brain pericytes during development and is critical for pericyte regulation of vascular development in the fetal brain. Conditional deletion of Foxc1 from pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells leads to late-gestation cerebral micro-hemorrhages as well as pericyte and endothelial cell hyperplasia due to increased proliferation of both cell types. Conditional Foxc1 mutants do not have widespread defects in BBB maturation, though focal breakdown of BBB integrity is observed in large, dysplastic vessels. qPCR profiling of brain microvessels isolated from conditional mutants showed alterations in pericyte-expressed proteoglycans while other genes previously implicated in pericyte-endothelial cell interactions were unchanged. Collectively these data point towards an important role for Foxc1 in certain brain pericyte functions (e.g. vessel morphogenesis) but not others (e.g. barriergenesis). KEYWORDS: Angiogenesis; Blood brain barrier; Neurovascular development; Pericyte; foxc1
PMID 23862012
2012
The human brain intracerebral microvascular system: development and structure
Front Neuroanat. 2012 Sep 13;6:38. eCollection 2012.
Marín-Padilla M1.
Abstract
The capillary from the meningeal inner pial lamella play a crucial role in the development and structural organization of the cerebral cortex extrinsic and intrinsic microvascular compartments. Only pial capillaries are capable of perforating through the cortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM) to enter into the nervous tissue, although incapable of perforating the membrane to exit the brain. Circulatory dynamics and functional demands determine which capillaries become arterial and which capillaries become venous. The perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries is a complex process characterized by three fundamental stages: (1) pial capillary contact with the EGLM with fusion of vascular and glial basal laminae at the contact site, (2) endothelial cell filopodium penetration through the fussed laminae with the formation of a funnel between them that accompanies it into the nervous tissue while remaining open to the meningeal interstitium and, (3) penetration of the whole capillary carrying the open funnel with it and establishing an extravascular Virchow-Robin Compartment (V-RC) that maintains the perforating vessel extrinsic (outside) the nervous tissue through its entire length. The V-RC is walled internally by the vascular basal lamina and externally by the basal lamina of joined glial cells endfeet. The VRC outer glial wall appear as an extension of the cortex superficial EGLM. All the perforating vessels within the V-RCs constitute the cerebral cortex extrinsic microvascular compartment. These perforating vessels are the only one capable of responding to inflammatory insults. The V-RC remains open (for life) to the meningeal interstitium permitting the exchanges of fluid and of cells between brain and meninges. The V-RC function as the brain sole drainage (prelymphatic) system in both physiological as well as pathological situations. During cortical development, capillaries emerge from the perforating vessels, by endothelial cells growing sprouts analogous to their angiogenesis, entering into their corresponding V-RCs. These new capillaries to enter into the nervous tissue must perforate through the V-RC outer glial wall, a process analogous to the original perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries. These emerging capillaries are incapable of reentering the V-RCs and/or perforating vessels. As the new capillary enters into the nervous tissue, it becomes surrounded by glial endfeet and carries a single basal lamina (possibly glial). Capillaries emerging from contiguous perforators establish an anastomotic plexus between them, by mechanisms still poorly understood. The capillaries of this anastomotic plexus constitute the cerebral cortex intrinsic microvascular compartment and together constitute the so-called blood-brain-barrier. The intrinsic capillaries are changing and readapting continuously, by both active angiogenesis and reabsorption, to the gray matter neurons developmental and functional needs. The brain intrinsic capillaries are among the most active microvessels of the human body. Unresolved developmental and functional aspects concerning the cerebral cortex intrinsic capillary plexus need to be further investigated. KEYWORDS: EGLM; endothelial cell filopodium; human brain; intracerebral microvascular system; meningeal inner pial lamella
PMID 22993505
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnana.2012.00038/abstract
1979
Light and electron microscopic observations on the development of the blood vascular system of the human brain
J Anat. 1979 May;128(Pt 3):461-77. Allsopp G, Gamble HJ.
Abstract
The development of the blood vascular system of the human fetal brain was examined by both light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy the brains of human embryos and fetuses ranging in size from 8.5 to 70 mm crown-rump length have been studied in serial sections, usually of the whole embryo or fetus. In the smallest specimens the whole brain was encapsulated by a very dense vascular plexus. From this, perforating offshoots passed to or from the substance of the brain, while other connexions were effected with neighbouring arterial and venous channels. These latter vessels were never more mature than capillaries, and their status only recognizable by their location and ultimately by their connexions with the heart. The neopallial part of the cerebral hemisphere was later than all other parts of the brain in receiving vessels perforating its substances. There is some evidence, however, that the cellular basis of a blood vascular supply was present in this part of the brain before lumina and blood cells appeared. The cerebral cortex of fetuses ranging from 50 to 100 mm crown-rump length was examined. Both the extrinsic and intrinsic vessels of the cortex were never more mature than capillaries; occasionally a capillary was seen to penetrate the cortex from the surrounding pial investment. Within the developing cerebral cortex blind ending solid endothelial sprouts were identified, as well as 'seamless' capillaries.
PMID 468705
