Talk:Musculoskeletal System - Cartilage Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 28) Embryology Musculoskeletal System - Cartilage Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Cartilage_Development |
2019
Atsuta Y, Tomizawa RR, Levin M & Tabin CJ. (2019). L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 regulates chondrogenesis during limb development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 116, 21592-21601. PMID: 31591237 DOI.
Abstract All cells, including nonexcitable cells, maintain a discrete transmembrane potential (V mem), and have the capacity to modulate V mem and respond to their own and neighbors' changes in V mem Spatiotemporal variations have been described in developing embryonic tissues and in some cases have been implicated in influencing developmental processes. Yet, how such changes in V mem are converted into intracellular inputs that in turn regulate developmental gene expression and coordinate patterned tissue formation, has remained elusive. Here we document that the V mem of limb mesenchyme switches from a hyperpolarized to depolarized state during early chondrocyte differentiation. This change in V mem increases intracellular Ca2+ signaling through Ca2+ influx, via CaV1.2, 1 of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). We find that CaV1.2 activity is essential for chondrogenesis in the developing limbs. Pharmacological inhibition by an L-type VGCC specific blocker, or limb-specific deletion of CaV1.2, down-regulates expression of genes essential for chondrocyte differentiation, including Sox9, Col2a1, and Agc1, and thus disturbs proper cartilage formation. The Ca2+-dependent transcription factor NFATc1, which is a known major transducer of intracellular Ca2+ signaling, partly rescues Sox9 expression. These data reveal instructive roles of CaV1.2 in limb development, and more generally expand our understanding of how modulation of membrane potential is used as a mechanism of developmental regulation. KEYWORDS: calcium channel; chondrogenesis; limb development; membrane potential PMID: 31591237 PMCID: PMC6815189 [Available on 2020-04-07] DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908981116
2018
Lin28a overexpression reveals the role of Erk signaling in articular cartilage development
Development. 2018 Aug 2;145(15). pii: dev162594. doi: 10.1242/dev.162594.
Kobayashi T1, Kozlova A2.
Abstract
Adult articular cartilage shows limited tissue turnover, and therefore development of the proper structure of articular cartilage is crucial for life-long joint function. However, the mechanism by which the articular cartilage structure is developmentally regulated is poorly understood. In this study, we show evidence that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk1/2) in articular chondrocyte progenitors during developmental stages control articular cartilage thickness. We found that overexpression of Lin28a, an RNA-binding protein that regulates organismal growth and metabolism, in articular chondrocyte progenitor cells upregulated Erk signaling and increased articular cartilage thickness. Overexpression of a constitutively active Kras mimicked Lin28a overexpression, and inhibition of Erk signaling during embryonic stages normalized the cartilage phenotype of both Kras- and Lin28a-overexpressing mice. These results suggest that articular cartilage thickness is mainly determined during the process of embryonic synovial joint development, which is positively regulated by Erk signaling. KEYWORDS: Articular cartilage; Erk; Kras; Lin28; MicroRNA; Osteoarthritis; let-7 PMID: 30042178 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162594
2015
Long-term expandable SOX9+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from human pluripotent stem cells
Stem Cell Reports. 2015 Apr 14;4(4):712-26. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.012. Epub 2015 Mar 26.
Umeda K1, Oda H2, Yan Q1, Matthias N1, Zhao J1, Davis BR1, Nakayama N3.
Abstract
Here we report the successful generation and long-term expansion of SOX9-expressing CD271(+)PDGFRα(+)CD73(+) chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from the PAX3/SOX10/FOXD3-expressing MIXL1(-)CD271(hi)PDGFRα(lo)CD73(-) neural crest-like progeny of human pluripotent stem cells in a chemically defined medium supplemented with Nodal/Activin/transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) inhibitor and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). When "primed" with TGFβ, such cells efficiently formed translucent cartilage particles, which were completely mineralized in 12 weeks in immunocompromized mice. The ectomesenchymal cells were expandable without loss of chondrogenic potential for at least 16 passages. They maintained normal karyotype for at least 10 passages and expressed genes representing embryonic progenitors (SOX4/12, LIN28A/B), cranial mesenchyme (ALX1/3/4), and chondroprogenitors (SOX9, COL2A1) of neural crest origin (SOX8/9, NGFR, NES). Ectomesenchyme is a source of many craniofacial bone and cartilage structures. The method we describe for obtaining a large quantity of human ectomesenchymal cells will help to model craniofacial disorders in vitro and potentially provide cells for the repair of craniofacial damage. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID 25818812
Fibroblast growth factor and canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling cooperate in suppression of chondrocyte differentiation in experimental models of FGFR signaling in cartilage
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Jan 2. pii: S0925-4439(14)00414-1. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.020. [Epub ahead of print]
Buchtova M1, Oralova V2, Aklian A3, Masek J4, Vesela I5, Ouyang Z6, Obadalova T7, Konecna Z7, Spoustova T4, Pospisilova T4, Matula P8, Varecha M7, Balek L4, Gudernova I7, Jelinkova I7, Duran I9, Cervenkova I7, Murakami S6, Kozubik A10, Dvorak P7, Bryja V10, Krejci P11.
Abstract
Aberrant fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling disturbs chondrocyte differentiation in skeletal dysplasia, but the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Recently, FGF was found to activate canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in chondrocytes via Erk MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation of WNT co-receptor Lrp6. Here, we explore the cellular consequences of such a signaling interaction. WNT enhanced the FGF-mediated suppression of chondrocyte differentiation in mouse limb bud micromass and limb organ cultures, leading to inhibition of cartilage nodule formation in micromass cultures, and suppression of growth in cultured limbs. Simultaneous activation of the FGF and WNT/β-catenin pathways resulted in loss of chondrocyte extracellular matrix, expression of genes typical for mineralized tissues and alteration of cellular shape. WNT enhanced the FGF-mediated downregulation of chondrocyte proteoglycan and collagen extracellular matrix via inhibition of matrix synthesis and induction of proteinases involved in matrix degradation. Expression of genes regulating RhoA GTPase pathway was induced by FGF in cooperation with WNT, and inhibition of the RhoA signaling rescued the FGF/WNT-mediated changes in chondrocyte cellular shape. Our results suggest that aberrant FGF signaling cooperates with WNT/β-catenin in suppression of chondrocyte differentiation. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V. KEYWORDS: Cartilage; Chondrocyte; Differentiation; FGFR3; Fibroblast growth factor receptor; WNT
PMID 25558817
2013
CCN2: a master regulator of the genesis of bone and cartilage
J Cell Commun Signal. 2013 Aug;7(3):191-201. doi: 10.1007/s12079-013-0204-8.
Takigawa M.
Abstract
CCN family member 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), has been suggested to be an endochondral ossification genetic factor that has been termed "ecogenin", because in vitro studies revealed that CCN2 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and vascular endothelial cells, all of which play important roles in endochondral ossification. In addition to its action toward these three types of cells, CCN2 was recently found to promote the formation of osteoclasts in vitro, which cells play an important role in the replacement of cartilage by bone during endochondral ossification, thus strengthening the "ecogenin" hypothesis. For confirmation of this hypothesis, transgenic mice over-expressing CCN2 in cartilage were generated. The results proved the hypothesis; i.e., the over-expression of CCN2 in cartilage stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, resulting in the promotion of endochondral ossification. In addition to its "ecogenin" action, CCN2 had earlier been shown to promote the differentiation of various cartilage cells including articular cartilage cells. In accordance with these findings, cartilage-specific overexpression of CCN2 in the transgenic mice was shown to protect against the development of osteoarthritic changes in aging articular cartilage. Thus, CCN2 may also play a role as an anti-aging (chondroprotective) factor, stabilizing articular cartilage. CCN2 also had been shown to promote intramembranous ossification, regenerate cartilage and bone, and induce angiogenesis in vivo. For understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying such multifunctional actions, yeast two-hybrid analysis, protein array analysis, solid-phase binding assay, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis have been used to search for binding partners of CCN2. ECMs such as fibronectin and aggrecan, growth factors including BMPs and FGF2 and their receptors such as FGFR1 and 2 and RANK, as well as CCN family members themselves, were shown to bind to CCN2. Regarding the interaction of CCN2 with some of them, various binding modules in the CCN2 molecule have been identified. Therefore, the numerous biological actions of CCN2 would depend on what kinds of binding partners and what levels of them are present in the microenvironment of different types of cells, as well as on the state of differentiation of these cells. Through this mechanism, CCN2 would orchestrate various signaling pathways, acting as a signal conductor to promote harmonized skeletal growth and regeneration.
PMID 23794334
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709051
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12079-013-0204-8
2010
SOX9 determines RUNX2 transactivity by directing intracellular degradation
J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Dec;25(12):2404-13. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.174. Epub 2010 Jun 30.
Cheng A, Genever PG.
Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom. ac555@york.ac.uk Abstract Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation is controlled by the cooperative activity of a network of signaling mechanisms. Among these, RUNX2 and SOX9 are the major transcription factors for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively. Their expression is overlapped both temporally and spatially during embryogenesis. Here we have demonstrated that RUNX2 and SOX9 physically interact in intact cells and have confirmed that SOX9 can inhibit the transactivation of RUNX2. In addition, RUNX2 exerts reciprocal inhibition on SOX9 transactivity. In analyses of the mechanism by which SOX9 regulated RUNX2 function, we demonstrated that SOX9 induced a dose-dependent degradation of RUNX2. Although RUNX2 is normally degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, we found that SOX9-mediated degradation was proteasome-independent but phosphorylation-dependent and required the presence of the RUNX2 C-terminal domain, which contains a nuclear matrix targeting sequence (NMTS). Furthermore, SOX9 was able to decrease the level of ubiquitinated RUNX2 and direct RUNX2 to the lysosome for degradation. SOX9 also preferentially directed β-catenin, an intracellular mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, for lysosomal breakdown. Consequently, the mechanisms by which SOX9 regulates RUNX2 function may underlie broader signaling pathways that can influence osteochondrogenesis and mesenchymal fate.
Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. PMID: 20593410
The transcription factor Znf219 regulates chondrocyte differentiation by assembling a transcription factory with Sox9
J Cell Sci. 2010 Oct 12.
Takigawa Y, Hata K, Muramatsu S, Amano K, Ono K, Wakabayashi M, Matsuda A, Takada K, Nishimura R, Yoneda T.
Abstract Sox9 is an essential transcription factor for chondrogenesis by regulating the expression of chondrogenic genes. However, its regulatory mechanism is not fully understood. To address this, we attempted to identify the transcriptional partners of Sox9 by screening the cDNA library of the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 using the collagen 2α1 (Col2α1) gene promoter fused to a luciferase reporter gene. One of the positive clones encoded the Znf219 gene. Whole mount in situ hybridization experiments indicated that Znf219 mRNA was specifically expressed in the developing limb buds where Col2α1 and Sox9 were strongly expressed. Znf219 markedly enhanced the transcriptional activity of Sox9 on the Col2a1 gene promoter. In addition, Znf219 is physically associated with Sox9 and is colocalized with Sox9 in the nucleus. We also found that overexpression of Znf219 profoundly increased Sox9-induced mRNA expression of Col2a1, aggrecan and Col11a2. Consistently, knockdown of Znf219 decreased the Sox9-induced mRNA expression of these genes. Furthermore, a dominant-negative mutant Znf219 inhibited Bmp2-induced chondrocyte differentiation. Our results suggest that Znf219 plays an important role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation as a transcriptional partner of Sox9.
PMID: 20940257
Expression of cartilage developmental genes in Hoxc8- and Hoxd4-transgenic mice
Kruger C, Kappen C. PLoS One. 2010 Feb 2;5(2):e8978. PMID: 20126390
The control of chondrogenesis
J Cell Biochem. 2006 Jan 1;97(1):33-44.
Goldring MB, Tsuchimochi K, Ijiri K. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mgoldrin@bidmc.harvard.edu
Abstract Chondrogenesis is the earliest phase of skeletal development, involving mesenchymal cell recruitment and migration, condensation of progenitors, and chondrocyte differentiation, and maturation and resulting in the formation of cartilage and bone during endochondral ossification. This process is controlled exquisitely by cellular interactions with the surrounding matrix, growth and differentiation factors, and other environmental factors that initiate or suppress cellular signaling pathways and transcription of specific genes in a temporal-spatial manner. Vertebrate limb development is controlled by interacting patterning systems involving prominently the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and hedgehog pathways. Both positive and negative signaling kinases and transcription factors, such as Sox9 and Runx2, and interactions among them determine whether the differentiated chondrocytes remain within cartilage elements in articular joints or undergo hypertrophic maturation prior to ossification. The latter process requires extracellular matrix remodeling and vascularization controlled by mechanisms that are not understood completely. Recent work has revealed novel roles for mediators such as GADD45beta, transcription factors of the Dlx, bHLH, leucine zipper, and AP-1 families, and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway that interact at different stages during chondrogenesis. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16215986
The life cycle of chondrocytes in the developing skeleton
Arthritis Res. 2002;4(2):94-106. Epub 2001 Nov 8.
Shum L, Nuckolls G. Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases/NIH, 6 Center Drive, Bldg 6 Rm 324, Bethesda, MD 20892-2745, USA.
Abstract Cartilage serves multiple functions in the developing embryo and in postnatal life. Genetic mutations affecting cartilage development are relatively common and lead to skeletal malformations, dysfunction or increased susceptibility to disease or injury. Characterization of these mutations and investigation of the molecular pathways in which these genes function have contributed to an understanding of the mechanisms regulating skeletal patterning, chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and joint formation. Extracellular growth and differentiation factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factors, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, extracellular matrix components, and members of the hedgehog and Wnt families provide important signals for the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Transduction of these signals within the developing mesenchymal cells and chondrocytes results in changes in gene expression mediated by transcription factors including Smads, Msx2, Sox9, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and core-binding factor alpha 1. Further investigation of the interactions of these signaling pathways will contribute to an understanding of cartilage growth and development, and will allow for the development of strategies for the early detection, prevention and treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the skeleton.
PMID: 11879545 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11879545
