Talk:Embryology Statistics
Finland
Finnish developmental biology - Sulo Toivonen, Lauri Saxén, Jorma Wartiovaara, Tapani Vainio and Anto Leikola collected water lizard eggs in Kallvik in the early 1960's to study the development of their embryos.
Korea
Prevalence of birth defects in korean livebirths, 2005-2006
J Korean Med Sci. 2012 Oct;27(10):1233-40. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.10.1233. Epub 2012 Oct 2.
Kim MA, Yee NH, Choi JS, Choi JY, Seo K. Source Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Abstract
We investigated the livebirths prevalence and occurrence pattern of birth defects in Korea. After the survey on birth defects was done in 2,348 medical institutions around the nation, the birth defect prevalence of livebirths in 2005-2006 was calculated. This study was based on the medical insurance claims database of the National Health Insurance Corporation. The number of livebirths in Korea was 883,184 from 2005-2006, and 25,335 cases of birth defects were notified to our study, equivalent to a prevalence of 286.9 per 10,000 livebirths. Anomalies of the circulatory system were the most common defects, accounting for 43.4% of birth defects with a prevalence of 124.5 per 10,000 livebirths. It was followed by the musculoskeletal system anomalies, the digestive system anomalies, and the urinary system anomalies. The five major birth defects based on the ranking of prevalence were atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, hydronephrosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and cleft lip/palate. Birth defects in livebirths were associated with a high proportion of low birthweight, prematurity, multiple births and advanced maternal age. The prevalence of birth defects in Korea is similar to or lower than those reported in developed countries. Our study suggests baseline data to explain the current status of birth defects and to establish a registry system of birth defects in Korea.
PMID 23091323
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Population |
18,613,087 |
270,311,756 |
58,970,119 |
82,079,454 |
1,236,914,658 |
984,003,683 |
Age structure | ||||||
0-14 years: |
21% |
22% |
19% |
16% |
26% |
34% |
15-64 years: |
66% |
66% |
65% |
68% |
68% |
61% |
65 years +: |
13% |
12% |
16% |
16% |
6% |
5% |
Population growth rate |
0.93% |
0.87% |
0.25% |
0.02% |
0.83% |
1.71% |
Birth rate |
13.47 |
14.4 |
12.01 |
8.84 |
15.73 |
25.91 |
Death rate |
6.89 |
8.8 |
10.72 |
10.77 |
6.99 |
8.69 |
Sex ratio (male(s)/female) | ||||||
at birth: |
1.06 |
1.05 |
1.05 |
2.08 |
1.15 |
1.05 |
under 15 years: |
1.05 |
1.05 |
1.05 |
1.06 |
1.13 |
1.06 |
15-64 years: |
1.02 |
0.99 |
1.01 |
1.05 |
1.07 |
1.08 |
65 years +: |
0.77 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.59 |
0.88 |
1.04 |
Infant mortality rate |
5.26 |
6.44 |
5.87 |
5.2 |
45.46 |
63.14 |
Life expectancy at birth (years) | ||||||
total population: |
79.89 |
76.13 |
77.19 |
76.99 |
69.59 |
62.9 |
male: |
76.95 |
72.85 |
74.57 |
73.83 |
68.32 |
62.11 |
female: |
82.98 |
79.58 |
79.96 |
80.33 |
71.06 |
63.73 |
Total fertility rate (children born/woman) |
1.82 |
2.07 |
1.7 |
1.25 |
1.8 |
3.24 |
World Population (version 1)
Rank | Country | Population |
1 | China | 1,336,718,015 |
2 | India | 1,189,172,906 |
3 | United States | 313,232,044 |
4 | Indonesia | 245,613,043 |
5 | Brazil | 203,429,773 |
6 | Pakistan | 187,342,721 |
7 | Bangladesh | 158,570,535 |
8 | Nigeria | 155,215,573 |
9 | Russia | 138,739,892 |
10 | Japan | 126,475,664 |
11 | Mexico | 113,724,226 |
12 | Philippines | 101,833,938 |
13 | Ethiopia | 90,873,739 |
14 | Vietnam | 90,549,390 |
15 | Egypt | 82,079,636 |
16 | Germany | 81,471,834 |
17 | Turkey | 78,785,548 |
18 | Iran | 77,891,220 |
19 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 71,712,867 |
20 | Thailand | 66,720,153 |
21 | France | 65,312,249 |
22 | United Kingdom | 62,698,362 |
23 | Italy | 61,016,804 |
24 | Burma | 53,999,804 |
25 | South Africa | 49,004,031 |
26 | Korea, South | 48,754,657 |
27 | Spain | 46,754,784 |
28 | Ukraine | 45,134,707 |
29 | Sudan | 45,047,502 |
30 | Colombia | 44,725,543 |
31 | Tanzania | 42,746,620 |
32 | Argentina | 41,769,726 |
33 | Kenya | 41,070,934 |
34 | Poland | 38,441,588 |
35 | Algeria | 34,994,937 |
36 | Uganda | 34,612,250 |
37 | Canada | 34,030,589 |
38 | Morocco | 31,968,361 |
39 | Iraq | 30,399,572 |
40 | Afghanistan | 29,835,392 |
41 | Nepal | 29,391,883 |
42 | Peru | 29,248,943 |
43 | Malaysia | 28,728,607 |
44 | Uzbekistan | 28,128,600 |
45 | Venezuela | 27,635,743 |
46 | Saudi Arabia | 26,131,703 |
47 | Ghana | 24,791,073 |
48 | Korea, North | 24,457,492 |
49 | Yemen | 24,133,492 |
50 | Taiwan | 23,071,779 |
51 | Mozambique | 22,948,858 |
52 | Syria | 22,517,750 |
53 | Madagascar | 21,926,221 |
54 | Romania | 21,904,551 |
55 | Australia | 21,766,711 |
56 | Cote d'Ivoire | 21,504,162 |
57 | Sri Lanka | 21,283,913 |
58 | Cameroon | 19,711,291 |
59 | Chile | 16,888,760 |
60 | Netherlands | 16,847,007 |
61 | Burkina Faso | 16,751,455 |
62 | Niger | 16,468,886 |
63 | Malawi | 15,879,252 |
64 | Kazakhstan | 15,522,373 |
65 | Ecuador | 15,007,343 |
66 | Cambodia | 14,701,717 |
67 | Mali | 14,159,904 |
68 | Zambia | 13,881,336 |
69 | Guatemala | 13,824,463 |
70 | Angola | 13,338,541 |
71 | Senegal | 12,643,799 |
72 | Zimbabwe | 12,084,304 |
73 | Rwanda | 11,370,425 |
74 | Cuba | 11,087,330 |
75 | Portugal | 10,760,305 |
76 | Greece | 10,760,136 |
77 | Chad | 10,758,945 |
78 | Tunisia | 10,629,186 |
79 | Guinea | 10,601,009 |
80 | Belgium | 10,431,477 |
81 | Burundi | 10,216,190 |
82 | Czech Republic | 10,190,213 |
83 | Bolivia | 10,118,683 |
84 | Hungary | 9,976,062 |
85 | Dominican Republic | 9,956,648 |
86 | Somalia | 9,925,640 |
87 | Haiti | 9,719,932 |
88 | Belarus | 9,577,552 |
89 | Benin | 9,325,032 |
90 | Sweden | 9,088,728 |
91 | Azerbaijan | 8,372,373 |
92 | Austria | 8,217,280 |
93 | Honduras | 8,143,564 |
94 | Switzerland | 7,639,961 |
95 | Tajikistan | 7,627,200 |
96 | Israel | 7,473,052 |
97 | Serbia | 7,310,555 |
98 | Hong Kong | 7,122,508 |
99 | Bulgaria | 7,093,635 |
100 | Togo | 6,771,993 |
101 | Libya | 6,597,960 |
102 | Jordan | 6,508,271 |
103 | Laos | 6,477,211 |
104 | Paraguay | 6,459,058 |
105 | Papua New Guinea | 6,187,591 |
106 | El Salvador | 6,071,774 |
107 | Eritrea | 5,939,484 |
108 | Nicaragua | 5,666,301 |
109 | Kyrgyzstan | 5,587,443 |
110 | Denmark | 5,529,888 |
111 | Slovakia | 5,477,038 |
112 | Sierra Leone | 5,363,669 |
113 | Finland | 5,259,250 |
114 | United Arab Emirates | 5,148,664 |
115 | Turkmenistan | 4,997,503 |
116 | Central African Republic | 4,950,027 |
117 | Singapore | 4,740,737 |
118 | Norway | 4,691,849 |
119 | Ireland | 4,670,976 |
120 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,622,163 |
121 | Georgia | 4,585,874 |
122 | Costa Rica | 4,576,562 |
123 | Croatia | 4,483,804 |
124 | Moldova | 4,314,377 |
125 | New Zealand | 4,290,347 |
126 | Congo, Republic of the | 4,243,929 |
127 | Lebanon | 4,143,101 |
128 | Puerto Rico | 3,989,133 |
129 | Liberia | 3,786,764 |
130 | Lithuania | 3,535,547 |
131 | Panama | 3,460,462 |
132 | Uruguay | 3,308,535 |
133 | Mauritania | 3,281,634 |
134 | Mongolia | 3,133,318 |
135 | Oman | 3,027,959 |
136 | Albania | 2,994,667 |
137 | Armenia | 2,967,975 |
138 | Jamaica | 2,868,380 |
139 | Kuwait | 2,595,628 |
140 | West Bank | 2,568,555 |
141 | Latvia | 2,204,708 |
142 | Namibia | 2,147,585 |
143 | Macedonia | 2,077,328 |
144 | Botswana | 2,065,398 |
145 | Slovenia | 2,000,092 |
146 | Lesotho | 1,924,886 |
147 | Kosovo | 1,825,632 |
148 | Gambia, The | 1,797,860 |
149 | Gaza Strip | 1,657,155 |
150 | Guinea-Bissau | 1,596,677 |
151 | Gabon | 1,576,665 |
152 | Swaziland | 1,370,424 |
153 | Mauritius | 1,303,717 |
154 | Estonia | 1,282,963 |
155 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1,227,505 |
156 | Bahrain | 1,214,705 |
157 | Timor-Leste | 1,177,834 |
158 | Cyprus | 1,120,489 |
159 | Fiji | 883,125 |
160 | Qatar | 848,016 |
161 | Comoros | 794,683 |
162 | Djibouti | 757,074 |
163 | Guyana | 744,768 |
164 | Bhutan | 708,427 |
165 | Equatorial Guinea | 668,225 |
166 | Montenegro | 661,807 |
167 | Macau | 573,003 |
168 | Solomon Islands | 571,890 |
169 | Cape Verde | 516,100 |
170 | Western Sahara | 507,160 |
171 | Luxembourg | 503,302 |
172 | Suriname | 491,989 |
173 | Malta | 408,333 |
174 | Brunei | 401,890 |
175 | Maldives | 394,999 |
176 | Belize | 321,115 |
177 | Bahamas, The | 313,312 |
178 | Iceland | 311,058 |
179 | French Polynesia | 294,935 |
180 | Barbados | 286,705 |
181 | New Caledonia | 256,275 |
182 | Vanuatu | 224,564 |
183 | Samoa | 193,161 |
184 | Sao Tome and Principe | 179,506 |
185 | Saint Lucia | 161,557 |
186 | Curacao | 142,180 |
187 | Virgin Islands | 109,666 |
188 | Grenada | 108,419 |
189 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 106,836 |
190 | Aruba | 106,113 |
191 | Tonga | 105,916 |
192 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 103,869 |
193 | Kiribati | 100,743 |
194 | Jersey | 94,161 |
195 | Seychelles | 89,188 |
196 | Antigua and Barbuda | 87,884 |
197 | Andorra | 84,825 |
198 | Isle of Man | 84,655 |
199 | Dominica | 72,969 |
200 | Bermuda | 68,679 |
201 | American Samoa | 67,242 |
202 | Marshall Islands | 67,182 |
203 | Guernsey | 65,068 |
204 | Greenland | 57,670 |
205 | Cayman Islands | 51,384 |
206 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 50,314 |
207 | Faroe Islands | 49,267 |
208 | Northern Mariana Islands | 46,050 |
209 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 44,819 |
210 | Sint Maarten | 37,429 |
211 | Liechtenstein | 35,236 |
212 | San Marino | 31,817 |
213 | Saint Martin | 30,615 |
214 | Monaco | 30,539 |
215 | Gibraltar | 28,956 |
216 | British Virgin Islands | 25,383 |
217 | Palau | 20,956 |
218 | Akrotiri | 15,700 |
219 | Dhekelia | 15,700 |
220 | Wallis and Futuna | 15,398 |
221 | Anguilla | 15,094 |
222 | Cook Islands | 11,124 |
223 | Tuvalu | 10,544 |
224 | Nauru | 9,322 |
225 | Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha | 7,700 |
226 | Saint Barthelemy | 7,367 |
227 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 5,888 |
228 | Montserrat | 5,140 |
229 | Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | 3,140 |
230 | Norfolk Island | 2,169 |
231 | Svalbard | 2,019 |
232 | Christmas Island | 1,402 |
233 | Tokelau | 1,384 |
234 | Niue | 1,311 |
235 | Holy See (Vatican City) | 832 |
236 | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 596 |
237 | Pitcairn Islands | 48 |
Terms
- absolute risk - measures the probability of an event or outcome occurring in the study group, comparison of two or more groups can use the term absolute risk reduction.
- absolute risk reduction - difference in the risk of an event occurring between two groups in a study.
- applicability - extent the results of a study or review can be applied to the target population for a clinical guideline.
- bias - influences on a study that can lead to invalid conclusions about a treatment or intervention.
- blinding or masking - The practice of keeping the investigators or subjects of a study ignorant of the group to which a subject has been assigned.
- causal relationship - describes the relationship between two variables whenever it can be established that one causes the other.
- Cochrane Collaboration - international organisation that find, appraise and review randomised controlled trials. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews contains regularly updated reviews on a variety of health issues and is available electronically as part of the Cochrane Library.
- Cochrane Library - a regularly updated collection of evidence-based medicine databases including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (reviews of randomised controlled trials prepared by the Cochrane Collaboration).
- cohort study - group (cohort) of patients progress over time in order to measure outcomes such as disease or mortality rates and make comparisons according to the treatments or interventions that patients received.
- co-morbidity - co-existence of a disease or diseases in the people being studied in addition to the health problem that is the subject of the study.
- confidence interval - expressing certainty about the findings from a study using statistical techniques.
- control group - group recruited into a study that receives no treatment, a treatment of known effect, or a placebo (dummy treatment).
- double blind study - neither the subject (patient) nor the observer (investigator/clinician) is aware of which treatment or intervention the subject is receiving. The purpose of blinding is to protect against bias.
- efficacy - extent to which a specific treatment or intervention, under ideally controlled conditions has a beneficial effect on the course or outcome of disease compared to no treatment or other routine care.
- elective - clinical procedures that are regarded as advantageous to the patient but not urgent.
- epidemiology - study of diseases within a population, covering the causes and means of prevention.
- extrapolation - application of research evidence based on studies of a specific population to another population with similar characteristics.
- gold standard - procedure, measurement or method that is widely accepted as being the best available.
- guideline - systematically developed tool (recommendation) which describes aspects of a patient’s condition and the care to be given.
- internal validity - the integrity of a study design.
- meta analysis - a collection of independent studies are pooled, using statistical techniques to synthesise their findings into a single estimate of an effect.
- odds ratio - a way of representing probability, have become widely used in reports of clinical studies.
- outcome - end result of care and treatment and/ or rehabilitation, outcomes to measure should be determined before a study begins.
- peer review - review by those with similar interests and expertise to the people who produced the study findings or recommendations.
- prospective study - when subjects are followed up over a period of time with future events recorded as they happen. This contrasts with studies that are retrospective.
- P value - probability of whether an effect can be regarded as statistically significant or not, by convention where the value of p is below 0.05 (less than 5%) the result is seen as statistically significant.
- qualitative research - generates non-numerical data, used in focus groups and in depth interviews.
- quantitative research - generates numerical data or data that can be converted into numbers, as in clinical trials.
- randomised controlled trial - study where people are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group.
- relative risk - (risk ratio) represents the ratio of the risk of a given event or outcome in one group of compared to another group.
- reliability - method of measurement that consistently gives the same results.
- retrospective study - deals with the present/ past and does not involve studying future events, contrasts with studies that are prospective.
- risk ratio - risk of an undesirable outcome occurring in experimental group compared with a comparison (control) group. Relative risk is sometimes used as a synonym of risk ratio.
- sample - subjects selected from a target population for study recruitment. Sampling refers to the way participants are selected for inclusion in a study.
- selection bias - characteristics of sample differ from those of the wider population from which the sample has been drawn or the systematic differences between comparison groups in terms of prognosis or responsiveness to treatment.
- statistical power - ability to demonstrate an association or causal relationship between two variables, given that an association exists.
- survey - study in which information is systematically collected from people (usually from a sample within a defined population).
- systematic review - evidence from scientific studies has been identified, appraised and synthesised in a methodical way according to predetermined criteria.
- target population - people to whom recommendations are intended to apply based on age, disease state, and or social background.
- validity - assessing how well a tool or instrument measures what it is intended to measure.