|
|
Line 2,619: |
Line 2,619: |
| of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward | | of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward |
| in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea) | | in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea) |
| from the pars iridica retince. | | from the pars iridica retince. |
| | |
| | |
| ==CHAPTER XVII THE EAR==
| |
| | |
| | |
| The organ of hearing is divided into three parts—the external,
| |
| middle, and internal ear.
| |
| | |
| | |
| External Ear.
| |
| | |
| The external ear consists of the auricle (or pinna) and the external
| |
| auditory meatus. The former has been already described (see p. 1294)*
| |
| The external auditory meatus extends from the bottom of the
| |
| concha to the membrana tympani, and is about 1 inch in length.
| |
| It consists of two parts—outer, or cartilaginous, and inner, or osseous.
| |
| The cartilaginous part, which is also fibrous, is about J inch in length,
| |
| and the osseous part, which lies within the petrous portion of the
| |
| temporal bone, is about § inch long. The widest part of the meatus
| |
| is its orifice, which is oval, the long measurement being vertica .
| |
| The narrowest part is situated in its osseous portion, about T mch
| |
| from the tympanic membrane, and it is known as the isthmus. There
| |
| is another constriction of the canal situated near the deep end of t e
| |
| cartilaginous part, and produced by a projection which is placed
| |
| antero-inferiorly. The chief direction of the canal is inwards and
| |
| slightly forwards. At first it is also inclined upwards, then backwards,
| |
| | |
| and finally downwards. . ,
| |
| | |
| The cartilaginous part is continuous with the cartilage of the auricle,
| |
| and is attached to the external auditory process of the temporal bone.
| |
| Its cartilage is folded so as to form a deep groove which is open at its
| |
| upper and back part, the cartilaginous deficiency being completed
| |
| by fibrous tissue. In the anterior wall of the cartilaginous part are
| |
| two clefts (called the fissures of Santorini ) which are occupied by fibrous
| |
| Ssuf In important and close inferior relation of the cartilaginous
| |
| | |
| meatus is the parotid gland (see Fig. 1027). ,
| |
| | |
| The osseous part has been described in connection with the temporal
| |
| hone (d IQ4) At its deep end there is a narrow groove, called the
| |
| sulcus tvmianicus, which forms about five-sixths of a circle, the
| |
| | |
| deficiency being placed superiorly, at the V^femporaf^The
| |
| rinp- ic completed by the squamous part of the temporal bone, me
| |
| | |
| tympanic membrane is set obliquely within the tympanic sulcus
| |
| being inclined in such a way that its front part is nearer the nudd
| |
| line of the body than its back, and its lower part nearer the middle
| |
| line than the upper. The floor and anterior wall of the meatus
| |
| consequently longer than the roof and posterior wall.
| |
| | |
| ^ 1671
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1672
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| The meatus is lined with skin, which is continuous with that of
| |
| the auricle. In the osseous part of the canal the skin is very thin,
| |
| and is provided with vascular papillae, but is destitute of glands and
| |
| hairs.. It is reflected over the outer surface of the membrana tympani,
| |
| of which it forms the outer layer. In the cartilaginous part of the canal
| |
| the skin is thicker, and is provided with hairs, connected with the
| |
| follicles of which are sebaceous glands. In addition to these there are
| |
| convoluted tubular glands, similar in structure to sweat-glands, and
| |
| called the ceruminous glands, which secrete the ear-wax.
| |
| | |
| Blood-supply.—The arteries are derived from the posterior auricular
| |
| of the external carotid, the deep auricular of the first part of the maxil
| |
| | |
| Upper Part ofHelix
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lateral Ligament of the Malleus
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| Incus
| |
| | |
| | |
| Semicircular Canals
| |
| | |
| | |
| Concha
| |
| | |
| | |
| External Auditory
| |
| Meatus
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Malleus
| |
| Vestibule
| |
| __ Cochlea
| |
| x , Tympanum
| |
| | |
| Tensor Tympani Muscle
| |
| | |
| Apex of Pet. Portion
| |
| of Temporal Bone
| |
| | |
| _Anterior Lig. of
| |
| | |
| the Malleus
| |
| | |
| -Internal Carotid
| |
| | |
| Artery
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lobule
| |
| | |
| Pharyngotympanic Tube
| |
| | |
| | |
| Parotid Gland
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tip of Styloid Process of
| |
| Temporal Bone
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tympanic Membrane
| |
| | |
| Iug. 1027. General View of the Right Organ of Hearing (after
| |
| | |
| Hirschfeld and Leveill£).
| |
| | |
| The external ear and middle ear are seen in section.
| |
| | |
| | |
| iary, and the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal.
| |
| The veins follow the course of the arteries.
| |
| | |
| Lymphatics. These pass to the mastoid glands and to the preauricular lymphatic glands.
| |
| | |
| Nerves. The auriculo-temporal nerve gives two branches to the
| |
| meatus, upper and lower, which enter it by passing between the
| |
| cartilaginous and osseous walls. The upper branch supplies the skin
| |
| covering the upper part of the membrana tympani, while the auricular
| |
| branch (Arnold s nerve) of the vagus supplies that of the osseous
| |
| part of the canal in its lower and back part, and also that covering
| |
| the lower part of the membrana tympani.
| |
| | |
| Early Condition of the Meatus.—At birth the osseous part of the
| |
| | |
| canal is represented by the tympanic annulus and a small portion of
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1673
| |
| | |
| the squamous part of the temporal bone. It is connected by fibrous
| |
| tissue to the cartilaginous framework of the auricle, and within this
| |
| fibrous tissue the osseous canal is formed by two outgrowths from the
| |
| tympanic annulus.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Middle Ear.
| |
| | |
| I he middle ear, or tympanum, is an irregular space within the
| |
| petrous part of the temporal bone, which lies between the membrana
| |
| tympani externally and the outer osseous wall of the internal ear or
| |
| labyrinth internally. It is lined with mucous membrane, and it
| |
| communicates with the naso-pharynx by means of the pharyngotympanic tube, through which it receives air. It has three parts:
| |
| (1) the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani; (2) the attic, or epitympanic recess; and (3) the tympanic or mastoid antrum.
| |
| | |
| The tympanum proper (or cavum tympani) is situated between the
| |
| tympanic membrane and the outer wall of the internal ear. Its
| |
| contents are as follows:
| |
| | |
| 1. A chain of ossicles (malleus,
| |
| | |
| incus, and stapes), with
| |
| their ligaments.
| |
| | |
| 2. Muscles.
| |
| | |
| The vertical and antero-posterior diameters (inclusive of the attic)
| |
| are fully \ inch. The transverse measurement is from | to £ inch,
| |
| except opposite the centre of the membrana tympani, where it is
| |
| only T V inch, and the shape of its cavity may, perhaps, be visualized
| |
| by likening a cast of it to a biconcave disc about the size of a threepenny piece.
| |
| | |
| The tympanic cavity has six walls—lateral, medial, roof, floor,
| |
| anterior, and posterior.
| |
| | |
| The lateral wall is formed chiefly by the tympanic membrane,
| |
| which has the handle of the malleus fixed to it, and slightly by the
| |
| tympanic annulus, within the circumference of which there is a groove,
| |
| called the tympanic sulcus, in which the membrane is set. The tympanic annulus and sulcus are interrupted superiorly by a notch, called
| |
| the tympanic notch. In front of the tympanic annulus is the open,
| |
| inner extremity of the squamo-tympanic fissure, which lodges the
| |
| processus gracilis of the malleus, and transmits the tympanic branch
| |
| of the internal maxillary artery. At the inner end of the fissure is
| |
| the opening of the iter chordce anterius, by which the chorda tympani
| |
| nerve leaves the tympanum.
| |
| | |
| The (medial) wall (see Fig. 1028) separates the tympanum from the
| |
| internal ear or labyrinth. It is very irregular, and is formed by the
| |
| following parts :
| |
| | |
| 1 The fenestra vestibuli. 3 - The promontory.
| |
| | |
| 2. Projection of the facial canal. 4 - The fenestra cochleae.
| |
| | |
| 5. The sinus tympani.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 3. Nerves.
| |
| | |
| 4. Bloodvessels.
| |
| | |
| 5. Air.
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| ^74
| |
| | |
| | |
| The fenestra vestibuli is situated in a depression, called the fossa
| |
| ovalis, at the upper part of the inner wall, and it leads into the cavity
| |
| of the vestibule. It is irregularly oval, and is elongated from before
| |
| backwards. It is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes, and the
| |
| annular ligament which connects the circumference of the foot-piece
| |
| to the margin of the opening, the margin being covered by cartilage.
| |
| | |
| The projection of the facial canal lies above the fenestra ovalis.
| |
| The canal, which contains the facial nerve, is here directed backwards,
| |
| and has walls of a paper-like thinness.
| |
| | |
| The promontory is seen below the fossa ovalis, between it and the
| |
| fossa rotunda, and slightly in front of both. It is a rounded promin
| |
| | |
| Mastoid
| |
| | |
| Antrum
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Sinus Tympam Outlet of Facial Canal at
| |
| Stylo-mastoid Foramen
| |
| | |
| kiG. 1028. Section through the Petrous and Mastoid Portions of the
| |
| Temporal Bone, showing the Tympanum and Mastoid Cells.
| |
| | |
| ence made by the first turn of the cochlea, and is grooved by the nerves
| |
| of the tympanic plexus.
| |
| | |
| The fenestra cochlese is situated in a funnel-shaped depression
| |
| called the fossa rotunda, below and behind the promontory. It leads
| |
| into the scala tympani of the cochlea, and in the recent state is closed
| |
| by the secondary membrane of the tympanum.
| |
| | |
| 1 he sinus tympani is a depression behind the promontory, and
| |
| between the fossa ovalis and fossa rotunda. In close relation to this
| |
| is the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal.
| |
| | |
| The roof of the tympanum is a thin plate of bone, called the tegmen
| |
| tympani, which forms part of the anterior surface of the petrous part
| |
| of the temporal bone.
| |
| | |
| The floor, narrower than the roof, is a thin plate of bone which
| |
| separates the tympanum from the jugular fossa.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1675
| |
| | |
| | |
| The anterior wall is narrow, owing to the descent of the roof, and
| |
| the inclination towards each other of the outer and inner walls. In
| |
| it are the openings of two canals, the upper of which lodges the tensor
| |
| tympani muscle, whilst the lower is the osseous part of the pharyngotympanic tube. The two orifices are separated by the margin of the
| |
| processus cochleariformis. The carotid canal lies just in front of the
| |
| lower part of the anterior wall.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1029.—Diagrammatic Outline of Tympanum and Associated
| |
| | |
| Recesses.
| |
| | |
| | |
| The posterior wall is formed by the anterior or tympanic surface
| |
| of the petrous part of the temporal bone. From above downwards
| |
| the following parts are seen: (1) the opening of the mastoid antrum,
| |
| which communicates with the attic of the tympanum, or epitympanic
| |
| recess; (2) a depression called the fossa incudis, receiving the short
| |
| process of the incus* (3) a small conical projection, called the pyramid,
| |
| at the summit of which is an opening for the tendon of the stapedius
| |
| muscle (posteriorly the canal within the pyramid, which contains the
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Mastoid Antrum
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lateral Semicirc.C. ~ *
| |
| Pyramid •
| |
| Sinus Tympanum —
| |
| | |
| | |
| -Epitympanic Recess
| |
| | |
| -Site of Geniculate Ganglion
| |
| | |
| Fenestra Vestibuli
| |
| | |
| Promontory
| |
| | |
| Fenestra Cochleae
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fir jo^o_ Diagram to show Course and Relations of Facial Canal on
| |
| | |
| ' 'the Medial and Posterior Walls of the Tympanum.
| |
| | |
| | |
| stapedius muscle, passes downwards in the posterior wall of the
| |
| tympanum, and communicates with the descending part of the canal
| |
| which contains the facial nerve; this explains how the branch of that
| |
| nerve to the stapedius reaches the muscle); and (4) the iter chordae
| |
| | |
| posterius, for the chorda tympani nerve. .
| |
| | |
| Tympanic Membrane.-This is the membrane which closes the
| |
| inner extremity of the external auditory meatus. It is situated on
| |
| the outer wall of the tympanum, of which it forms the chief part, and
| |
| it is set for the most part in the sulcus tympamcus, which marks the
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1676
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| inner surface of the tympanic annulus. Superiorly, however, where
| |
| the ring is wanting, the membrane is attached to the tympanic notch
| |
| (of Rivinus). This part of it is thinner and looser than the rest, and
| |
| is called the membrana flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane. The
| |
| attachment of the membrana tympani to the sulcus is by a thickened
| |
| ring of fibres, called the annulus fibrosus. This annulus passes from
| |
| the extremities of the notch to the short process of the malleus in the
| |
| form of two bands, the anterior and lateral ligaments of the malleus,
| |
| which form the lower boundary of the membrana flaccida. The membrane is set obliquely in the tympanic sulcus, so that its lower part
| |
| forms an acute angle with the floor of the meatus externus, and its
| |
| upper part an obtuse angle with the roof of the passage.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Superior Ligament of Malleus
| |
| | |
| | |
| Head of Malleus
| |
| Insertion of Tensor Tympani
| |
| | |
| Chorda Tympani Nerve
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pharyngo-tympanic
| |
| Tube
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Superior Ligament of Incus
| |
| Body of Incus
| |
| | |
| Attic of Tympanum
| |
| | |
| ^ Short Process of
| |
| Incus
| |
| | |
| L ’\ST ^Posterior Liga^ ment of Incus
| |
| | |
| s ^_Long Process of
| |
| | |
| | |
| _Processus Orbicu
| |
| 1 & • laris of Incus
| |
| | |
| y ' 0 _Handle of Malleus
| |
| | |
| —
| |
| | |
| _Membrana Tympani
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1031.—The Right Membrana Tympani, Malleus, and Incus
| |
| (Internal, Posterior, and Superior View) (Spalteholz).
| |
| | |
| | |
| The tympanic membrane is somewhat oval. In the vertical
| |
| direction it measures about 10 mm., and horizontally from 8 to 9 mm.
| |
| The handle of the malleus lies between the mucous and fibrous layers
| |
| of the membrane, and descends to a point a little below its centre,
| |
| where it ends in a small knob, from which the radiating fibres of the
| |
| membrane proceed. This knob is firmly attached, and, being directed
| |
| inwards, the membrane is consequently drawn inwards at that point,
| |
| and its outer surface presents a slight conical depression, the deepest
| |
| part of which is called the umbo.
| |
| | |
| Structure.— The membrane consists of three layers—external,
| |
| middle, and internal.
| |
| | |
| The external or cutaneous layer is very thin, and is derived from
| |
| the skin of the external meatus. It contains no glands, is freely provided with bloodvessels and nerves, and is covered by stratified
| |
| squamous epithelium.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1677
| |
| | |
| The middle or fibrous layer forms the proper substance of the
| |
| membrane, and consists of fibrous tissue. The fibres are radial and
| |
| circular. The radial fibres lie beneath the cutaneous layer, and radiate
| |
| from the handle of the malleus to the annulus fibrosus. The circular
| |
| fibres are deep to the radial fibres, and are most numerous towards the
| |
| circumference of the membrane. Both sets of fibres are absent from
| |
| the membrana flaccida.
| |
| | |
| The internal or mucous layer is continuous with the mucous membrane of the tympanum, and is covered by a single layer of squamous
| |
| epithelium.
| |
| | |
| The membrana flaccida, pars flaccida, or Shrapnell’s membrane, has
| |
| cutaneous and mucous layers only. These are united by connective
| |
| tissue, which is so loosely arranged that the membrane is flaccid. This
| |
| part is very liable to perforation.
| |
| | |
| Cone of Light.—Extending from the knob, in which the handle of
| |
| the malleus terminates, downwards and inwards to the antero-inferior
| |
| margin of the membrana tympani there is seen a specially bright
| |
| reflection, triangular in outline, with the apex towards the umbo.
| |
| This is called the cone of light.
| |
| | |
| Arterial Supply of the Tympanic Membrane.—(1) Deep auricular
| |
| branch of the maxillary artery. This vessel, which passes through the
| |
| anterior wall of the external meatus, supplies the cutaneous layer. It
| |
| descends from the skin of the roof of the meatus along the course of the
| |
| handle of the malleus to the umbo, where it divides into branches
| |
| which radiate towards the circumference of the membrane. (2) The
| |
| stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior auricular; and (3) the tympanic
| |
| branch of the maxillary. The former artery enters the tympanum from
| |
| the facial canal, and the latter through the squamo-tympanic fissure.
| |
| Branches from them supply the mucous layer, and form an anastomotic
| |
| ring around the circumference of the membrane. The fibrous layer
| |
| receives its arterial supply from the vessels of the cutaneous and
| |
| mucous layers.
| |
| | |
| The veins join the external and internal jugular.
| |
| | |
| Nerve-supply.—(1) The auriculo-temporal of the mandibular, (2) the
| |
| auricular branch of the vagus, and (3) branches from the tympanic
| |
| plexus.
| |
| | |
| Secondary Membrane of the Tympanum.—This membrane closes
| |
| the fenestra cochleae on the inner wall of the tympanum, and separates
| |
| the tympanic cavity from the scala tympani of the cochlea. It is
| |
| concave towards the tympanum, and, like the membrana tympani,
| |
| consists of three layers. The external layer is formed by the tympanic
| |
| mucous membrane; the middle layer is fibrous; and the internal layer is
| |
| formed by the lining membrane of the cochlea.
| |
| | |
| The mastoid antrum and mastoid air-cells are described with the
| |
| temporal bone on p. 188, while the Eustachian or pharyngo-tympanic
| |
| tube is dealt with on p. 1378.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1678
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lateral Process
| |
| Long Process
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Ant.
| |
| | |
| Process
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plandie
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1032.—The Malleus.
| |
| | |
| 1. anterior view; 2, posterior view.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ossicles of the Tympanum.
| |
| | |
| The tympanum contains three small bones, arranged in the form
| |
| of a chain which extends from the membrana tympani to the fenestra
| |
| vestibuli. The bones are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. The
| |
| malleus is related to the membrana tympani, the stapes to the fenestra,
| |
| and the incus occupies an intermediate position between these two.
| |
| | |
| The malleus is so named from its resemblance to a hammer. It is
| |
| composed of a head, neck, handle, and two processes, long and short.
| |
| | |
| T 2 The head is the upper, enlarged,
| |
| | |
| Facet for incus rounded end. Posteriorly it has
| |
| | |
| a saddle-shaped facet, directed
| |
| obliquely downwards and inwards,
| |
| for articulation with the incus in a
| |
| synovial joint. The neck is the
| |
| constricted part below the head.
| |
| The handle (; manubrium) is directed
| |
| downwards, inwards, and backwards
| |
| from the neck; it is compressed
| |
| from before backwards, slightly
| |
| curved, and ends in a knob. It
| |
| lies between the fibrous and mucous layers of the membrana tympani,
| |
| descending to a point a little below the centre of the membrane. It
| |
| is firmly attached to the fibrous layer by its periosteum. The tensor
| |
| tympani muscle is inserted into the inner part close to its root. The
| |
| long or anterior process (processus gracilis ), which is slender, springs
| |
| from the front of the neck, and is directed forwards and downwards to
| |
| the petro-tympanic fissure, where it is embedded in fibres which form
| |
| part of the anterior ligament of the malleus, and connect it to the
| |
| margins of the fissure. The long process is in the adult for the most
| |
| part replaced by fibrous tissue except close to the neck of the malleus.
| |
| In early life it is continuous with Meckel’s cartilage. The short or
| |
| lateral process is situated immediately below the long process. It is
| |
| directed laterally to the upper part of the
| |
| membrana tympani, with which it is connected by the annulus fibrosus. It is also
| |
| connected with the extremities of the notch
| |
| by the anterior and posterior malleolar
| |
| ligaments.
| |
| | |
| Ihe incus resembles an anvil. It consists
| |
| of a body and two processes—short and
| |
| | |
| long. The body is thick, somewhat four- ^ ~ Head ° f Sta fu
| |
| | |
| sided, and laterally compressed. Anteriorly y^ 08 '
| |
| | |
| it presents a saddle-shaped articular surface
| |
| | |
| for the head of the malleus, with which it forms a synovial joint.
| |
| The short process is directed backwards, is tipped with cartilage, and
| |
| articulates with the fossa incudis on the posterior wall of the tympanum. The long process is directed downwards and medially, behind
| |
| | |
| | |
| Facet
| |
| | |
| for Malleus
| |
| | |
| / Short Process
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Long Process
| |
| | |
| | |
| '*■' Lentiform Nodule for
| |
| Head of Stapes
| |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1679
| |
| | |
| | |
| and parallel to the handle of the malleus. Its lower extremity is bent
| |
| inwards, and becomes narrowed into a neck, upon which is placed a
| |
| disc-like knob of bone, called the os orbiculare, which is covered by
| |
| cartilage for articulation with the head of the stapes. In early life,
| |
| and up to the sixth month of intra-uterine life, this process forms a
| |
| separate ossicle.
| |
| | |
| The stapes resembles a stirrup. It has a head, neck, two crura,
| |
| and a foot-piece or base. The head is directed laterally, is concave
| |
| and covered by cartilage, and articulates with the processus lenticularis
| |
| of the incus. The neck is the constricted part which lies immediately
| |
| internal to the head. Posteriorly it gives
| |
| insertion to the stapedius muscle. The
| |
| crura are anterior and posterior respectively,
| |
| and spring from the neck. They diverge as
| |
| they pass inwards, and are attached to the
| |
| foot-piece near its extremities. The anterior
| |
| crus is straighter and shorter than the
| |
| | |
| posterior. The foot-piece or base is some- Malleus
| |
| what oval, is directed medially, and occupies incus,,
| |
| the fenestra ovalis, which it almost completely fills; its circumference is covered by
| |
| cartilage, being attached to the margins of
| |
| the fenestra by annular ligamentous fibres. Stapes-
| |
| The arch formed by the crura and foot-piece _ ~
| |
| | |
| is occupied by a delicate membrane, which tympanic Os
| |
| is attached to a slight groove on the inner sicles in Position.
| |
| aspect of the arch.
| |
| | |
| Development of the Tympanic Ossicles— The malleus and incus are usually
| |
| regarded as being developed from the proximal end of Meckel’s cartilage,
| |
| which forms the cartilaginous bar of the first or mandibular arch. According to
| |
| some authorities, however, the incus is developed from the hyoid bar. The stapes
| |
| is developed from the dorsal part of the hyoid bar of the second visceral arch.
| |
| | |
| Ligaments of the Ossicles.—The synovial joints between the malleus
| |
| and incus and between the incus and stapes are provided with thin
| |
| capsular ligaments. The ligaments which connect the ossicles to the
| |
| walls of the tympanic cavity are five in number, three of them belonging
| |
| to the malleus, one to the incus, and one to the stapes.
| |
| | |
| The ligaments of the malleus are anterior, lateral, posterior, and
| |
| superior. The anterior ligament is arranged as a fibrous band which
| |
| extends from the root of the long process to the petro-tympanic fissure,
| |
| through which it passes to be attached to the spine of the sphenoid
| |
| bone. The lateral ligament (or malleolar fold) extends from the
| |
| short process to the anterior extremity of the tympanic notch. The
| |
| posterior ligament extends from the short process to the posterior
| |
| extremity of the notch. The superior ligament extends from the head
| |
| of the malleus to the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess.
| |
| | |
| The ligament of the incus connects the short process, near its
| |
| posterior extremity, to the fossa incudis.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| i68o
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| The annular ligament of the stapes connects the circumference of
| |
| the foot-piece, which is covered by cartilage, to the margin of the
| |
| fenestra vestibuli, which is also covered by cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Muscles of the tympanum are the tensor tympani and the stapedius.
| |
| | |
| Tensor Tympani— Origin .—(i) The cartilaginous part of the
| |
| pharyngo-tympanic tube; (2) the apex of the petrous part of the
| |
| temporal bone; and (3) the wall of the osseous canal through which
| |
| the muscle passes.
| |
| | |
| Insertion, —The medial aspect of the handle of the malleus close to
| |
| its root.
| |
| | |
| Nerve-supply.—A branch from the otic ganglion, and through it
| |
| from the internal pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the
| |
| fifth cranial nerve.
| |
| | |
| The muscle consists of a fleshy belly, about inch long, and a
| |
| delicate tendon. In passing backwards to the tympanum it lies in a
| |
| canal, the entrance to which is situated within the petro-squamous
| |
| angle of the temporal bone. The canal is placed above the osseous
| |
| part of the tube, from which it is separated by the processus cochlearifor mis. On entering the tympanum the tendon of the muscle bends
| |
| sharply over the edge of the processus cochleariformis, and then passes
| |
| laterally to reach its insertion. The tendon forms very nearly a
| |
| right angle with the fleshly belly.
| |
| | |
| Action. —To render tense the membrana tympani by drawing
| |
| inwards the handle of the malleus, and along with it the membrane.
| |
| | |
| Stapedius Origin. —The wall of the canal within the pyramid, and
| |
| of the continuation of this canal in front of the descending part of the
| |
| facial canal.
| |
| | |
| The tendon emerges from the canal within the pyramid through a
| |
| small orifice on the apex.
| |
| | |
| Insertion. —The posterior aspect of the neck of the stapes.
| |
| | |
| Nerve-supply. —The facial nerve.
| |
| | |
| Action. To draw the head of the stapes backwards. The result
| |
| is that the front part of the foot-piece of the stapes is tilted away
| |
| | |
| from the vestibule, and its back part is pressed inwards towards the
| |
| vestibule.
| |
| | |
| Movements of the Ossicles.—The malleus and incus both act as
| |
| levers of the first kind, the fulcra of which are represented by an axis
| |
| passing backwards from the slender process of the malleus. When a
| |
| sound-wave presses the tympanic membrane inward, the handle of the
| |
| malleus travels inward with it, and the head of the malleus, or short
| |
| arm of the lever, moves outward. The upper part, or short arm of
| |
| the incus lever, must move out too, since it is attached to the head
| |
| of the malleus, and the long process moves inward, thus pressing the
| |
| | |
| stapes into the fenestra ovalis and compressing the perilymph in the
| |
| cochlea.
| |
| | |
| Ihe secondary membrane of the tympanum, stretched across the
| |
| fenestra rotunda, is bulged outward by the perilymph, thus allowing
| |
| vibrations to travel through that fluid.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1681
| |
| | |
| Mucous Membrane of the Tympanum.—The tympanic mucous
| |
| membrane is continuous anteriorly with that of the naso-pharynx
| |
| through the pharyngo-tympanic (or Eustachian) tube. Posteriorly it is
| |
| prolonged into the mastoid antrum, and thence into the mastoid cells.
| |
| It forms the internal layer of the tympanic membrane, and the external
| |
| layer of the secondary membrane of the tympanum. It also furnishes
| |
| sheaths for the tendons of the tensor tympani and stepedius muscles,
| |
| and for the chorda tympani nerve. Two folds extend downwards from
| |
| the roof of the attic or epitympanic recess, one in front of and the other
| |
| behind the superior ligament of the malleus. The former is connected
| |
| with the head of the malleus, and the latter (sometimes described as
| |
| the superior ligament of the incus) with the incus.
| |
| | |
| Attic or Epitympanic Recess and its Pouches.—The part of the
| |
| tympanic cavity which lies above the level of the upper margin of the
| |
| tympanic membrane is called the attic or epitympanic recess, as distinguished from the atrium or tympanum proper. It contains the
| |
| head and neck of the malleus, and the body and short process of the
| |
| incus. These divide it incompletely into two compartments—outer
| |
| and inner. The outer attic is subdivided into two pouches—superior
| |
| and inferior. The superior pouch is partially separated from the
| |
| inner attic by the two mucous folds which have been already referred
| |
| to as descending from the roof of the attic in front of and behind the
| |
| superior ligament of the malleus. The inferior pouch of the outer attic
| |
| is known as the pouch of Prussak. It is bounded laterally by the
| |
| membrana flaccida, superiorly by the lateral ligament of the malleus,
| |
| which partially separates it from the superior pouch, and internally
| |
| by the neck of the malleus. The pouch communicates posteriorly
| |
| with the tympanic cavity by an opening which is situated a little above
| |
| the level of the bottom of the pouch. If fluid, therefore, should
| |
| accumulate in Prussak’s pouch, it may readily lead to perforation of
| |
| the membrana flaccida.
| |
| | |
| Two other pouches are present—namely, the anterior and posterior
| |
| recesses or pouches of Troltsch. These lie one in front of and the other
| |
| behind the handle of the malleus, and are produced by the fold of
| |
| mucous membrane which invests the chorda tympani nerve.
| |
| | |
| The tympanic mucous membrane is covered for the most part by
| |
| columnar ciliated epithelium, except over the ossicles and membrana
| |
| tympani, where the epithelium consists of a single layer of squamous,
| |
| non-ciliated cells.
| |
| | |
| The tympanic or mastoid antrum is supplementary to the tympanum proper, or cavum tympani, behind which it is situated. It
| |
| communicates by a large irregular opening with the attic, and is
| |
| lined with mucous membrane, which is continuous with that of the
| |
| attic and cavum tympani. Opening from the antrum there are the
| |
| mastoid cells, which are lined with mucous membrane, continuous
| |
| with that of the antrum.
| |
| | |
| The average measurements of the antrum are as follows: vertical,
| |
| about Q millimetres; antero-posterior, about n millimetres; and
| |
| | |
| 106
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1682
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| transverse, about 8 millimetres. The roof is formed by the thin
| |
| tegmen tympani, which enters into the formation of the middle fossa
| |
| of the base of the skull, and is consequently related to the temporal
| |
| lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges. The genu and descending
| |
| limb of the sigmoid sinus lie behind the antrum, and a little farther
| |
| back is the cerebullum. The facial nerve, as it traverses the descending part of its canal, lies in the posterior wall of the cavum tympani,
| |
| close to the medial wall and in front of the mastoid antrum. This
| |
| part of the nerve is on a plane anterior to the mastoid process, and is
| |
| nearly flush with the opening of the antrum. The ampulla of the
| |
| lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear gives rise to a slight
| |
| eminence on the medial wall at its anterior part.
| |
| | |
| The lateral wall corresponds on the surface with the area of the
| |
| suprameatal triangle of Macewen, and is formed by the postmeatal
| |
| plate of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. For a description
| |
| of this triangle, which is the region selected for mastoidectomy , and also
| |
| for the mastoid cells, see the description of the temporal bone.
| |
| | |
| Summary of Important Structures closely related to the Mastoid Antrum.
| |
| | |
| 1. Temporal lobe of cerebrum and its meninges (roof).
| |
| | |
| 2. Genu and descending limb of sigmoid sinus, and farther back the cerebellum (posterior wall).
| |
| | |
| 3 - Facial nerve (posterior wall of cavum tympani, close to medial wall and
| |
| nearly flush with antral opening).
| |
| | |
| 4 - Lateral semicircular canal (anterior part of medial wall).
| |
| | |
| The upper part of the antrum communicates, as stated, with the
| |
| attic of the cavum tympani, but the lower part is shut off by bone from
| |
| the cavity of the cavum tympani.
| |
| | |
| The mucous membrane of the mastoid antrum is continuous with
| |
| that which lines the mastoid cells. Anteriorly it is also continuous
| |
| with the mucous membrane of the attic and cavum tympani or tympanum proper. The mucous membrane of the cavum tympani is
| |
| continuous anteriorly with that of the pharyngo-tympanic tube, and
| |
| the mucous membrane of the tube is continuous with that of the
| |
| naso-pharynx. This extensive and continuous tract of mucous
| |
| membrane is covered by columnar ciliated epithelium except in the
| |
| following regions: (1) the promontory; (2) the tympanic ossicles;
| |
| (3) the tympanic membrane; (4) the mastoid antrum; and (5) the
| |
| mastoid cells. In these regions the epithelium consists of a single
| |
| layer of squamous, non-ciliated cells.
| |
| | |
| It is of considerable importance to note that micro-organisms
| |
| may pass from the naso-pharynx through the tube into the cavum
| |
| tympani and attic, and thence into the mastoid antrum and mastoid
| |
| cells. Purulent affections of these regions may therefore readily be
| |
| caused in this manner. Such affections may subsequently involve
| |
| (1) the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and its meninges, (2) the genu
| |
| and descending limb of the sigmoid sinus, and (3) the internal ear or
| |
| labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1683
| |
| | |
| Arteries of the Tympanum. —The principal arteries are: (1) the tympanic
| |
| branch of the maxillary, and (2) the stylo-mastoid branch of the posterior
| |
| auricular. The tympanic artery enters through the petro-tympanic fissure, and
| |
| supplies the membrana tympani and front part of the tympanum. The stylomastoid artery enters the facial canal through the stylo-mastoid foramen, and
| |
| passes from the descending part of the canal into the tympanum. It supplies
| |
| the back part of the cavity and the mastoid cells, and it forms, with the tympanic
| |
| artery, a ring round the circumference of the membrana tympani.
| |
| | |
| In addition to the foregoing two arteries, the following three arteries enter
| |
| the tympanic cavity: (1) the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal, which
| |
| enters from the facial canal, into which it passes through the hiatus; (2) the
| |
| tympanic branch of the ascending pharyngeal, which accompanies the nerve
| |
| through the tympanic canaliculus; and (3) the tympanic branch of the internal
| |
| carotid, which enters by a minute foramen on the posterior wall of the ascending
| |
| part of the carotid canal in company with a sympathetic twig from the carotid
| |
| plexus.
| |
| | |
| The veins of the tympanum pass to the pterygoid plexus, the superior petrosal
| |
| sinus, the internal jugular vein, and the pharyngeal plexus.
| |
| | |
| Nerves of the tympanum are described on pp. 1325 and 1400.
| |
| | |
| Internal Ear.
| |
| | |
| The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, and
| |
| is known as the labyrinth from its remarkable complexity. It consists
| |
| of two parts—namely, the osseous labyrinth and the membranous
| |
| labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| Osseous Labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| The osseous labyrinth is a cavity situated within the petrous part
| |
| of the temporal bone, and is divided into three parts—namely, the
| |
| vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. These divisions
| |
| are lined with a delicate periosteum, between which and the contained
| |
| membranous labyrinth there is a clear fluid, called the perilymph.
| |
| | |
| Vestibule.—The vestibule is the central division of the osseous
| |
| labyrinth. The semicircular canals lie behind it, and the cochlea is
| |
| situated in front of it. In the lateral wall is the fenestra vestibuii, which
| |
| is occupied by the foot-piece of the stapes and its annular ligament.
| |
| The medial wall has anteriorly a depression called the fovea spherica
| |
| or spherical recess, which corresponds to the lamina cribrosa at the
| |
| deep end of the meatus auditorius internus. It is pierced by apertures
| |
| for the passage of filaments of the auditory nerve to the saccule.
| |
| Behind and above the fovea spherica there is a ridge, called the vestibular crest, which lies obliquely. Posteriorly it bifurcates, and
| |
| between its two divisions there is a small depression, called the cochlear
| |
| recess, in which are openings for nerve filaments to the canalis cochlese.
| |
| Anteriorly it becomes somewhat triangular, and forms a pyramid,
| |
| which is pierced by nerves to the utricle.
| |
| | |
| The roof of the vestibule, behind and above the crista vestibuii,
| |
| has an oval depression, called the elliptical recess, which encroaches on
| |
| the inner wall and lodges the recess of the utricle. It is pierced by
| |
| nerves to the ampulke of the superior and external semicircular canals.
| |
| Below the fovea elliptica is the opening of the aqueduct of the vesti
| |
| | |
| 1684
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| bule, which leads to the posterior surface of the petrous part of the
| |
| temporal bone about J inch external to the orifice of the meatus
| |
| auditorius internus. It transmits the ductus endolymphaticus and
| |
| a minute vein.
| |
| | |
| Anteriorly the vestibule communicates with the scala vestibuli
| |
| of the cochlea, and posteriorly are the five openings of the semicircular
| |
| canals.
| |
| | |
| Semicircular Canals.—The osseous semicircular canals are situated
| |
| behind the vestibule. They are three in number—superior, posterior,
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cupola of Cochlea
| |
| Petrous part of Tern- 5
| |
| | |
| poral Bone
| |
| | |
| | |
| Facial Canal
| |
| A
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Superior Semicircular Canal
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fenestra Vestibuli
| |
| | |
| Lateral Semicircular
| |
| Canal
| |
| | |
| | |
| Posterior Semicircular
| |
| Canal
| |
| | |
| Vestibule
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fenestra Cochleae
| |
| | |
| | |
| _ Superior Semicircular Canal
| |
| | |
| | |
| Inner Wall of Canal '
| |
| of Cochlea
| |
| | |
| Helicotrema
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lamina Spiralis
| |
| | |
| | |
| Crus Commune of Sup. and
| |
| Post. SemicircularCanals
| |
| | |
| | |
| Posterior Semicircular
| |
| Canal
| |
| | |
| Lateral Semicircular
| |
| Canal
| |
| Elliptical Recess
| |
| \ Crista Vestibuli
| |
| Spherical Recess
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1 \ .
| |
| | |
| 1 '
| |
| | |
| > Orifice of Aqueductus Vestibuli
| |
| Recessus Cochlearis
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fenestra Cochleae
| |
| Scala T.ympani Scala Vestibuli
| |
| | |
| Fig. 1035. —The Osseous Labyrinth of the Left Side (Lateral View).
| |
| A, entire; B opened (Hirschfeld and Leveille; B, modified).
| |
| | |
| | |
| and lateral—and they open into the vestibule by five circular apertures,
| |
| the contiguous ends of the superior and posterior canals having a
| |
| common orifice. Each canal forms about two-thirds of a circle, and
| |
| each presents at one end an enlargement, called the ampulla. The
| |
| superior semicircular canal occupies a vertical position, and lies transversely as regards the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal
| |
| bone, giving rise to the eminentia arcuata on its superior surface.
| |
| Its ampullary end (antero-external) opens independently into the upper
| |
| part of the vestibule above the ampullary orifice of the external canal.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1685
| |
| | |
| | |
| Its non-ampullary end unites with the non-ampullary end of the
| |
| posterior canal to form the crus commune, and the two open by a
| |
| common orifice into the vestibule. The posterior semicircular canal
| |
| arches backwards towards the posterior surface of the pars petrosa,
| |
| with which it is almost parallel, and, like the superior, it occupies a
| |
| vertical position. Its ampullary end (inferior) opens independently
| |
| into the lower and back part of the vestibule, and its non-ampullary
| |
| end, as just stated, joins that of the superior canal. The lateral
| |
| semicircular canal arches outwards, and occupies a horizontal position.
| |
| Its extremities are independent of those of the other two canals,
| |
| and they open by separate apertures into the upper and back part
| |
| of the vestibule. Its ampullary end is in front.
| |
| | |
| Cochlea.—The osseous cochlea is situated in front of the vestibule.
| |
| It consists of a tube coiled spirally upon itself, like a snail s shell,
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1036. _Median Section of the Left Osseous Cochlea of Man
| |
| | |
| from Apex to Base (Arnold).
| |
| | |
| | |
| S.V. Scala Vestibuli
| |
| S.T. Scala Tympani
| |
| | |
| | |
| L.S.O. Lamina Spiralis Ossea
| |
| C.C. Central Canal of Modiolus
| |
| | |
| | |
| M.A.I. Internal Auditory Meatus
| |
| | |
| | |
| and is conical. Its base is opposite the lamina cribrosa at the deep
| |
| end of the meatus auditorius interims; and its apex, known as the
| |
| cupola is directed outwards and slightly forwards towards the canal
| |
| which contains the tensor tympani muscle. Its length from base to
| |
| apex is about i inch. It consists of (1) a winding tube, called the
| |
| spiral canal of the cochlea ; (2) a central pillar, called the modiolus,
| |
| round which the spiral canal turns; and (3) a thin plate of bone, called
| |
| the osseous spiral lamina, which winds spirally round the modiolus
| |
| and projects into the spiral canal of the cochlea. . .
| |
| | |
| The spiral canal of the cochlea (cochlear canal or tube) winds round
| |
| the modiolus which forms its inner wall. It describes two and threenuarter turns, and its basal turn or coil gives rise to the promontory on
| |
| the inner wall of the tympanum. At the cupola it ends in a blind
| |
| extremity. It gradually diminishes in size from base to cupola; its
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| i686
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| length is about 32 millimetres; and its diameter is about 2 millimetres
| |
| at the base, where it is greatest.
| |
| | |
| The modiolus is the central pillar round which the spiral canal of
| |
| the cochlea turns, and it forms the inner wall of that canal. It commences at the cochlear area of the lamina cribosa at the deep end of the
| |
| internal auditory meatus, and extends almost to the cupola, gradually
| |
| tapering. It is traversed by minute canals for branches of the cochlear
| |
| division of the auditory nerve. One of these canals occupies the
| |
| centre of the modiolus, and is called the central canal of the modiolus.
| |
| This canal begins at the foramen centrale of the cochlear area of the
| |
| lamina cribrosa, and it transmits the nerve-filaments for the apical
| |
| coil. The other canals, which have no special name, commence at
| |
| the tractus spiralis foraminosus of the cochlear area of the lamina
| |
| cribrosa, and they transmit the nerve-filaments for the other coils—
| |
| middle and basal. At successive levels these canals change their
| |
| direction, and pass outwards to the attached margin of the lamina
| |
| spiralis, to be presently described. Here they coalesce and form a
| |
| winding canal, called the spiral canal of the modiolus, which lodges
| |
| the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. From this canal secondary
| |
| canals for nerve-filaments pass into the lamina spiralis.
| |
| | |
| The osseous spiral lamina is a thin plate of bone, which winds
| |
| spirally round the modiolus, to which it is attached. It projects from
| |
| the modiolus into the spiral canal of the cochlea throughout the windings
| |
| of the latter, and it extends for about half-way towards the outer wall
| |
| of the cochlear canal. It divides that canal incompletely into two
| |
| passages or scalar —an upper or scala vestibuli, and a lower or scala
| |
| tympani, the commencement of which is at the fenestra cochleae.
| |
| Close to the cupola the lamina spiralis terminates in a hook-like process,
| |
| called the hamulus. The spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone,
| |
| between which there are canals for nerve-filaments, these canals being
| |
| offsets of the spiral canal of the modiolus, which, as has been said,
| |
| contains the spiral ganglion or ganglion of Corti. They extend to the
| |
| free margin of the spiral lamina. The free margin of the lamina
| |
| spiralis is, in the recent state, attached to the outer wall of the spiral
| |
| canal of the cochlea by means of the basilar membrane or basilar
| |
| lamina, and the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are now completely
| |
| separated, except in the region of the hamulus, where they communicate
| |
| through an opening, called the helicotrema.
| |
| | |
| The lamina cribrosa, at the deep end of the internal auditory
| |
| meatus, will be found described in connection with the temporal
| |
| bone (p. 190).
| |
| | |
| At the lower end of the scala tympani is the upper opening of the
| |
| aqueductus cochleae, which passes downwards and medially to the
| |
| posterior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It transmits
| |
| a small vein to the inferior petrosal sinus, and establishes a communication between the scala tympani and the subarachnoid space.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1687
| |
| | |
| | |
| Membranous Labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| The membranous labyrinth is situated within the osseous labyrinth,
| |
| and its constituent parts receive the terminal branches of the auditory
| |
| nerve. It is separated from the periosteal lining of the osseous labyrinth by the perilymph, and it contains the fluid known as the endolymph. In the case of the vestibule and the osseous semicircular
| |
| canals the. membranous labyrinth corresponds more or less with
| |
| them; but in the case of the osseous cochlea it forms part of the septum
| |
| between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli, and contains a passage
| |
| called the membranous canal of the cochlea (ductus cochleae).
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1037. —Diagram of Membranous Labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| Vestibular Part of the Membranous Labyrinth.—The vestibule
| |
| contains two membranous sacs—namely, the utricle and the saccule
| |
| | |
| _which are in close contact, but do not communicate with each other
| |
| | |
| directly. These sacs contain endolymph.
| |
| | |
| The utricle is the larger of the two sacs, and into it the membranous
| |
| semicircular ducts open. It occupies the upper and back part of the
| |
| vestibule, a portion of it, known as the recessus utriculi, lying in the
| |
| fovea elliptica. Near the crista vestibuli the wall of this recess receives
| |
| fibres of the auditory nerve and is thickened, this part of it being called
| |
| the macula utriculi. From the anterior and medial part of the utricle
| |
| a minute canal, called the ductus utriculi («ductus utriculo-saccularis ),
| |
| passes to join the ductus sacculi, and so form the ductus endolymphaticus (see Fig. 1037).
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1688
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| The saccule, which is somewhat oval, lies in front of the utricle,
| |
| and occupies the fovea spherica, where it is near the opening leading
| |
| into the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Through the openings of the
| |
| fovea spherica it receives filaments of the auditory nerve, and this
| |
| portion of the saccule, being thickened, is known as the macula sacculi.
| |
| Interiorly the saccule is connected with a small canal, called the
| |
| ductus reuniens, which opens into the canal of the cochlea, or ductus
| |
| cochlearis, not far from its closed vestibular end. From the posterior
| |
| part of the saccule a minute canal, called the ductus sacculi, passes off,
| |
| which is soon joined by the ductus utriculi, and so the ductus endolymphaticus is formed. This latter duct traverses the aqueductus
| |
| vestibuli, and, having reached the posterior surface of the petrous
| |
| part of the temporal bone, it ends in a small blind dilatation, called the
| |
| saccus endolymphaticus , which lies beneath the dura mater. The saccule
| |
| and utricle are thus indirectly connected by means of the ductus sacculi
| |
| and ductus utriculi; and the saccule communicates with the ductus
| |
| cochlearis by means of the ductus reuniens.
| |
| | |
| Semicircular Ducts.—The membranous semicircular ducts correspond in outline to the osseous semicircular canals, within which they
| |
| lie; they form about two-thirds of a circle, and each has an ampulla
| |
| at one end, which is situated within the ampulla of the osseous canal.
| |
| They are elliptical in transverse section, and open into the utricle by
| |
| five orifices, the non-ampullated ends of the superior and posterior
| |
| canals being united, so that these two open by a common orifice
| |
| forming the crus commune. The convex wall of each canal is attached
| |
| to the periosteal lining of the osseous canal, whilst the concave wall is
| |
| practically free from the osseous wall, and is bathed by the perilymph.
| |
| These canals contain endolymph.
| |
| | |
| Structure.—The walls of the utricle, saccule, and membranous
| |
| semicircular canals consist of three layers: an outer or fibrous layer,
| |
| which is vascular; a middle layer, or membrana propria, which is translucent; and an inner or epithelial layer. In each ampulla the middle
| |
| layer, or membrana propria, projects into the cavity of the canal from
| |
| the peripheral wall, this projecting part being known as the septum
| |
| transversum. It partially divides the interior of the ampulla into two
| |
| compartments, and its free margin, which is covered by the auditory
| |
| epithelium, is called the crista acustica or ampullaris. The epithelial
| |
| layer consists of a single stratum of squamous cells, except in those
| |
| regions to which the filaments of the auditory nerve are distributed. These regions are as follows: (i) the macula (acustica)
| |
| utriculi; (2) the macula (acustica) sacculi; and (3) the crista of each
| |
| ampulla.
| |
| | |
| The macula utriculi is the thickened part of the antero-inferior wall
| |
| of the recessus utriculi, and is lined with auditory epithelium. The
| |
| macula is covered by calcareous particles, called otoconia, which
| |
| consist of crystals of calcium carbonate. The macula sacculi is the
| |
| thickened part of the anterior wall of the saccule, and is also lined with
| |
| auditory epithelium covered by otoconia. The crista ampullaris, as
| |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1689
| |
| | |
| | |
| we have seen, is the free margin of the septum trailsversum in each
| |
| ampulla, and is covered by auditory epithelium.
| |
| | |
| The auditory epithelium is of the columnar variety, and consists of
| |
| two kinds of cells, auditory and sustentacular. The auditory cells are
| |
| nucleated, and each is provided at its free extremity with a slender,
| |
| tapering, hair-like filament, which projects into the cavity. These
| |
| filaments are sometimes spoken of collectively as auditory hairs, and
| |
| the cells are hence called hair-cells. Their deep extremities fall short
| |
| of the membrana propria. The sustentacular cells lie between the haircells, and are elongated and nucleated. Their deep extremities are
| |
| attached to the membrana propria, and their free extremities give rise
| |
| to a kind of limiting membrane. The auditory nerve-fibres pierce
| |
| the membrana propria, and, having lost their medullary sheaths, the
| |
| axons end in arborizations round the deep ends of the auditory or
| |
| hair cells.
| |
| | |
| Superior Semicircular Duct
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lateral Semicircular Duct i
| |
| | |
| | |
| Posterior Semicircular Duct
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Facial Nerve
| |
| | |
| | |
| Crus Commune of Superior and
| |
| ' l Posterior Semicircular Ducts
| |
| | |
| j r Ampulla
| |
| | |
| _ l Nerve to Ampulla
| |
| Nerve to Utricle
| |
| ~ . Nerve to Saccule
| |
| _ Cochlear Nerve
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1038. —The Membranous Semicircular Ducts, showing the Distribution of the Branches of the Auditory Nerve to their Ampullae
| |
| | |
| (Breschet).
| |
| | |
| Membranous Cochlea.—The membranous cochlea is situated within
| |
| the osseous cochlea, and fills the gap which is left by the lamina
| |
| spiralis. It consists of two membranes, the basilar membrane and the
| |
| vestibular membrane (membrane of Reissner, Fig. 1040), which enclose
| |
| between them the ductus cochlearis, or scala media. 1 he osseous
| |
| cochlea in the recent state is therefore divided into three spiral
| |
| passages—the scala tympani, the scala vestibuli, and the ductus
| |
| cochlearis. The scala vestibuli is continuous with the scala tympani
| |
| at the cupola through an aperture, called the helicotrema ; and at the
| |
| base of the cochlea it opens upon the anterior wall of the vestibule.
| |
| The scala tympani begins at the fenestra cochleae, and in the recent
| |
| state is separated from the tympanic cavity by the secondary membrane of the tympanum. The scala media, or ductus cochlearis,
| |
| communicates near its lower end with the saccule by means of the ductus
| |
| reuniens. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph,
| |
| which is continuous with the perilymph of the vestibule and osseous
| |
| semicircular canals. The scala media contains endolymph, which is
| |
| continuous with that of the saccule,
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1690
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Basilar Membrane.—The basilar membrane extends from the free
| |
| margin of the lamina spiralis to the crista basilaris, or lower part of
| |
| the spiral ligament, a thickening of the periosteum of that part of the
| |
| outer wall of the cochlea which forms the outer wall of the scala media,
| |
| or ductus cochlearis. It separates the ductus cochlearis from the scala
| |
| tympani, and is divisible into two zones, inner and outer. The inner
| |
| is called the zona arcuata, and supports the spiral organ. The outer
| |
| is known as the zona pectinata, and extends from the foot-plates of
| |
| the outer rods of this organ to the crista basilaris. The basilar membrane consists of a homogeneous membrana propria, with fibres embedded in it, the fibres being most numerous in the zona pectinata.
| |
| | |
| Vestibular Membrane, or Membrane of Reissner.—This is a delicate
| |
| membrane which extends from the upper surface of the lamina spiralis
| |
| a short distance from its free margin to the outer wall of the cochlea,
| |
| where it is attached to the periosteum a little above the outer attachment of the basilar membrane. It separates the cochlear duct from the
| |
| scala vestibuli, and consists of very delicate connective tissue lined on
| |
| each side with a single layer of squamous epithelium.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Osseous Spiral Lamina
| |
| | |
| | |
| Vestibular Membrane
| |
| Basilar Membiane
| |
| | |
| | |
| Scala Vestibuli
| |
| | |
| Ductus Cochlearis
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sc' NYll ESy/: ,'-.;
| |
| | |
| | Scala Tympan*
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1039.
| |
| | |
| | |
| -Vertical Section of the Cochlea of a Fcetal Calf, showing
| |
| THE SCALAE AND MODIOLUS (KoLLIKER).
| |
| | |
| | |
| The scala media, or ductus cochlearis, is situated between the
| |
| basilar membrane and the vestibular membrane. It is triangular in
| |
| transverse section, and has a roof, an outer wall, and a floor. The
| |
| roof is formed by the vestibular membrane (see Fig. 1040). The
| |
| outer wall is the wall of the cochlea and its periosteum, between the
| |
| external attachments of the basilar membrane and the vestibular
| |
| membrane. The periosteum in this region is much thickened, and
| |
| forms the spiral ligament of the cochlea, the lower part of which gives
| |
| rise to the crista basilaris. The floor is formed by the basilar membrane, and a part of the upper surface of the lamina spiralis. It has
| |
| been seen that the basilar membrane separates the ductus cochlearis
| |
| from the scala tympani. The ductus ends above in a closed extremity
| |
| at the cupola, and it has a similar ending at the base of the cochlea.
| |
| Near its lower blind extremity it receives the ductus reuniens, by
| |
| which it communicates with the saccule.
| |
| | |
| It has just been shown that part of the floor of the cochlear duct
| |
| is formed by some of the lamina spiralis. In the recent state it is
| |
| of some thickness, which is due to a thickening of its periosteal
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1691
| |
| | |
| | |
| covering. This fibrous thickening forms the limbus laminae spiralis
| |
| (see Fig. 1040).
| |
| | |
| Its outer margin is crescentic, the deep notch being called the sulcus lamince
| |
| spiralis. The sulcus has two lips, upper and lower. The upper is called the
| |
| labium vestibulare, the upper surface of which is marked by several interlacing
| |
| prominences and grooves. At the free margin of this labium the prominences
| |
| assume the form of tooth-like projections, which are known as the auditory
| |
| teeth. The lower lip of the sulcus is called the labium tympanicum. It is continued into the basilar membrane, and is perforated by a great number of apertures
| |
| for the branches of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
| |
| | |
| Spiral Organ (of Corti).—Over the upper surface of the inner part
| |
| (zona arcuata) of the basilar membrane the epithelium undergoes
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 1040.—The Organ of Corti (Wiedersheim, after Lavdowsky).
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1. Spiral Ligament
| |
| | |
| 2. Limbus
| |
| | |
| 3. Sulcus Spiralis
| |
| | |
| 4. Inner Rod of Corti
| |
| | |
| 5. Outer Rod of Corti
| |
| | |
| 6. Tunnel of Corti
| |
| | |
| 7. Phalangeal Process of Outer Rod
| |
| | |
| 8. Inner Hair-cells
| |
| | |
| | |
| 9. Outer Hair-cells
| |
| | |
| 10. Cells of Deiters
| |
| | |
| 11. Lamina Reticularis
| |
| | |
| 12. Cells of Hensen
| |
| | |
| 13. Cells o Claudius
| |
| | |
| 14. Spiral Ganglion
| |
| | |
| 15. Cochlear Nerve
| |
| | |
| 16. Nerve-fibres to Hair-cells
| |
| | |
| | |
| remarkable modification, and gives rise to the spiral organ or organ
| |
| of Corti. The constituent parts of this very complicated organ are as
| |
| | |
| follows:
| |
| | |
| 1 The rods of Corti. 4. The cells of Hensen and of Claudius.
| |
| | |
| 2 The auditory or hair cells. 5 - The lamina reticularis.
| |
| | |
| 3! The cells of Deiters. 6. The membrana tectona.
| |
| | |
| The rods of Corti are arranged in two rows, inner and outer (see
| |
| Fig 1041). Each rod consists of a foot-plate or base, an intermediate
| |
| portion, and a head. The foot-plate, which is expanded, rests upon
| |
| the zona arcuata of the basilar membrane, and the foot-plates of the
| |
| inner rods are separated from those of the outer rods by a slight
| |
| interval. As the rods rise the intermediate portions of the inner and
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1692
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| outer rods incline towards each other, and the heads of the two sets
| |
| of rods come into contact. In this manner a triangular tunnel is
| |
| enclosed between the two sets of rods and the basilar membrane,
| |
| which is called the tunnel of Corti. This extends along the entire
| |
| length of the ductus cochlearis.
| |
| | |
| | |
| phalangeal
| |
| | |
| PROCESS
| |
| | |
| | |
| IfSNER ROD
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| BASILAR. MEMBRANE
| |
| | |
| | |
| The inner rods are more numerous than the outer, there being from
| |
| 5,000 to 6,000 of the former and about 4,000 of the latter. They
| |
| incline upwards and outwards. The head of each has a concavity on
| |
| its outer side, above and below which there is a projecting portion, so
| |
| | |
| that it resembles the upper extremity
| |
| of the ulna, with its great sigmoid
| |
| cavity and olecranon and coronoid
| |
| processes. The concavity on the head
| |
| of the inner rod receives the round
| |
| head of the outer rod. Finally, the
| |
| tic. 1041. A Pair of Rods of inner rods are shorter than the outer.
| |
| Corti from the Rabbit’s Coch- The ou + pr rn d<? lpcc nnmprrmQ
| |
| | |
| lea (Side View, highly mag- An ? ouler * oas j ^ re . Aess nui ? e 5 , 0US
| |
| | |
| nified) (Schafer, in Quain’s ? nd lon § er than the inner, and they
| |
| | |
| ‘Anatomy’). ~ incline upwards and inwards. The
| |
| | |
| head of each is divisible into two
| |
| parts—inner and outer. Ihe inner part is round, and is received
| |
| mto the concavity on the outer aspect of the head of the inner rod.
| |
| The outer part is prolonged into a beak-like projection, called the
| |
| phalangeal process, which forms part of the lamina reticularis, to be
| |
| presently described.
| |
| | |
| The auditory or hair cells are arranged in two sets—inner and
| |
| outer. Ihe inner hair-cells lie internal to the row of inner rods, and
| |
| form a single row. They are from 3,000 to in number. Their
| |
| | |
| free extremities, which lie close to the heads of the inner rods, are each
| |
| provided with a tuft of short, hair-like filaments. The deep, nucleated
| |
| ends of the cells are related to the terminal arborizations of nervefibres. Internal to the row of inner hair-cells there are two or more
| |
| rows of columnar cells, which are continuous with the columnar
| |
| epithelium of the sulcus spiralis laminae. The outer hair-cells are
| |
| disposed in three or four rows external to the outer row of rods. They
| |
| are much more numerous than the inner hair-cells. Their free extremities, like those of the inner cells, are each provided with a tuft
| |
| of short, hair-like filaments, and their deep, nucleated ends are related
| |
| to the terminal arborizations of nerve-fibres.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1 he cells of Deiters, which are sustentacular, are situated between
| |
| the rows of outer hair-cells. Each cell is nucleated and contains a
| |
| slender filament, known as the sustentacular filament or phalangeal
| |
| process. This filament is attached by its base to the basilar membrane, and is prolonged into the tapering upper end of the cell. It
| |
| terminates in an expansion, which forms a phalanx of the lamina
| |
| reticularis, to be presently described.
| |
| | |
| The cells of Hensen are disposed as a continuous layer external
| |
| to the lamina reticularis.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR 1693
| |
| | |
| External to the cells of Hensen there are the cubical or columnar
| |
| cells of Claudius: these are merely an epithelial lining layer.
| |
| | |
| The reticular lamina extends between the heads of the rods of
| |
| Corti and the cells of Hensen. It consists of phalanges, which are
| |
| arranged in two (or more) rows—inner and outer. The phalanges of
| |
| the inner row are formed by the phalangeal processes of the heads of the
| |
| outer rods of Corti. The phalanges of the outer row (or rows) are
| |
| formed by the phalangeal processes of the cells of Deiters. Between
| |
| the phalanges there are openings through which the outer ends of
| |
| the outer hair-cells, with their crescentic tufts of hair-like filaments,
| |
| project.
| |
| | |
| The membrana tectoria, or membrane of Corti, which is elastic,
| |
| is the most superficial structure in connection with the spiral organ.
| |
| It extends from the limbus spiralis near, and external to, the attachment of the vestibular membrane to the region of the outer hair-cells.
| |
| It covers (1) the limbus laminae spiralis; (2) the labium vestibulare,
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| - Hehcotrema
| |
| | |
| | |
| Scala Vestibuli
| |
| | |
| | |
| Membranous Spiral
| |
| Lamina
| |
| | |
| | |
| Scala Tympani
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| Expansion of Cochlear Nerve
| |
| | |
| Fig. 1042.—Section of the Cochlea, showing the Distribution of the
| |
| Cochlea Branch of the Auditory Nerve (magnified) (Hirschfeld
| |
| and Reveille).
| |
| | |
| and the auditory teeth; (3) the sulcus laminae spiralis; (4) the inner
| |
| hair-cells; (5) the inner and outer rods of Corti; (6) the cells of Deiters;
| |
| and (7) the lamina reticularis.
| |
| | |
| Auditory Nerve.—The auditory nerve, within the meatus auditorius
| |
| internus, breaks up into two divisions—vestibular and cochlear.
| |
| | |
| The vestibular nerve, as it traverses the meatus auditorius internus, has a gangliform enlargement, the vestibular ganglion, and
| |
| divides into three branches. These enter the vestibule through the
| |
| foramina in the superior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa at the
| |
| deep end of the internal meatus. They are distributed to the macula
| |
| utriculi and to the cristae acusticas of the ampullae of the superior
| |
| and external semicircular canals.
| |
| | |
| The cochlear nerve in the meatus auditorius internus divides into
| |
| two branches—one to the macula sacculi, and the other to the crista
| |
| of the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal. The filaments of
| |
| the former, which has a gangliform enlargement, pass through the foramina in the inferior vestibular area of the lamina cribrosa, and the
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1694
| |
| | |
| latter passes through the foramen singulare in the lamina cribrosa.
| |
| The cochlear nerve, having parted with these two branches, breaks
| |
| up into filaments which pass through the foramina of the cochlear
| |
| area of the lamina cribrosa, and so reach the base of the modiolus
| |
| of the cochlea. They traverse the canals of the modiolus, from which
| |
| they pass into the canals between the two layers of the lamina spiralis.
| |
| In doing so they have to cross the spiral canal of the modiolus, which
| |
| is situated close to the attached margin of the lamina spiralis. This
| |
| canal contains a ganglion, called the spiral ganglion, which follows
| |
| the windings of the canal, and contains bipolar nerve-cells. As the
| |
| auditory fibres pass from the canals of the modiolus into those of
| |
| the lamina spiralis the course of each fibre is probably interrupted
| |
| by a bipolar cell of the spiral ganglion. The nerve-fibres, leaving
| |
| these bipolar cells, traverse the canals between the two layers of the
| |
| lamina spiralis. Having lost their medullary sheaths, they pass
| |
| through the foramina of the labium tympanicum on the outer margin
| |
| of the limbus spiralis, and enter the basilar membrane, where they
| |
| end in arborizations which are connected with the inner and outer
| |
| hair-cells.
| |
| | |
| Blood-supply of the Labyrinth.—The labyrinth derives its blood
| |
| from the internal auditory, which is a branch of the basilar artery
| |
| or of the anterior inferior cerebellar. The vessel traverses the meatus
| |
| auditorius internus, and divides at its deep end into two branches—
| |
| vestibular and cochlear. The vestibular artery supplies the utricle,
| |
| saccule, and semicircular canals, and the cochlear artery supplies the
| |
| cochlea.
| |
| | |
| The veins of the labyrinth ultimately join to form one vessel, called
| |
| the internal auditory vein, which opens into the inferior petrosal
| |
| sinus. The aqueductus cochleae and the aqueductus vestibuli each
| |
| transmit a vein; that which passes through the former joins the inferior
| |
| petrosal sinus or the bulb of the internal jugular vein, and that which
| |
| passes through the latter opens into the superior petrosal sinus.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development of the Ear.
| |
| | |
| Internal Ear—Membranous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is
| |
| developed from the surface ectoderm in a manner similar to the development
| |
| of the crystalline lens. Over a circumscribed area, corresponding to the upper
| |
| end of the first visceral cleft, and upon the side of the hind-brain, the ectoderm
| |
| becomes thickened and invaginated. A depression is thus formed, which is
| |
| called the auditory pit. This pit becomes deepened, its mouth becomes constricted, and its lips, coming together, unite. The auditory pit then becomes
| |
| transformed into a closed sac, called the auditory or otic vesicle, or otocyst.
| |
| The auditory vesicle now becomes isolated from the surface ectoderm, and sinks
| |
| into the adjacent mesoderm, taking up a position close to the side of the hindbrain.
| |
| | |
| The auditory vesicle, which is at first almost spherical, soon becomes pyriform, this being due to the formation of a process, called the recess of the labyrinth
| |
| or vestibule, which is prolonged from its dorsal wall. As this process lengthens
| |
| it gives rise to the ductus endolymphaticus, which occupies the aqueductus
| |
| vestibuli of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The expanded terminal
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1695
| |
| | |
| part of the ductus endolymphaticus is called the saccus endolymphaticus, and it
| |
| lies underneath the dura mater. The ventral aspect of the vesicle gives off a
| |
| tapering diverticulum, which gives rise to the ductus cochlearis, or scala media,
| |
| of the cochlea. This duct describes a bend, within which lies the cochlear
| |
| ganglion of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve. As the duct elongates
| |
| it continues to bend in a spiral manner, and so the ductus cochlearis is formed.
| |
| The cochlear ganglion elongates, and follows the spiral turns of the duct, from
| |
| which circumstance the ganglion is known as the ganglion spirale.
| |
| | |
| The three semicircular ducts are developed from the upper or cephalic part
| |
| of the auditory vesicle, this part representing the future utricle. This portion
| |
| of the vesicle presents two folds—vertical and horizontal. From the vertical
| |
| fold the superior and posterior semicircular canals are formed, whilst the horizontal fold gives rise to the lateral semicircular canal.
| |
| | |
| The auditory vesicle now becomes transversely constricted, and is divided
| |
| into two sacs—large and small. The large sac is called the utricle, from which
| |
| the semicircular ducts have just been developed. The small sac is called the
| |
| saccule, from which the ductus cochlearis has been developed. The portion
| |
| of this duct which communicates with the saccule becomes constricted, and
| |
| forms the canalis reuniens of Hensen.
| |
| | |
| The constriction which completely divides the auditory vesicle into utricle
| |
| and saccule also involves the vesicular end of the ductus endolymphaticus, and
| |
| divides it into two ducts, called the ductus utriculi and ductus sacculi. This
| |
| arrangement constitutes the only communication which now exists between the
| |
| utricle and the saccule.
| |
| | |
| As stated, the cochlear ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division
| |
| of the auditory nerve lies within the spiral turns of the ductus cochlearis. As
| |
| the osseous cochlea becomes formed, the ganglion spirale comes to occupy the
| |
| spiral canal of the modiolus. The vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division
| |
| of the auditory nerve lies in the internal auditory meatus after the completion
| |
| of ossification.
| |
| | |
| The membranous labyrinth, hitherto considered, is entirely epithelial.
| |
| Certain of its epithelial cells undergo important specializations to fit them for
| |
| sensorial purposes. These cells form six groups in definite regions. These groups
| |
| are as follows: (1) The crista acustica ampullaris, of which there are three, one in
| |
| the ampulla of each of the three epithelial semicircular canals; (4) the macula
| |
| (1 acustica) utriculi’, (5) the macula ( acustica) sacculi', and (6) the spiral organ {of
| |
| Corti), specialized from the epithelial ductus cochlearis. The groups connected
| |
| with the ampullae of the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule, receive
| |
| their nerve-fibres from the vestibular ganglion of the vestibular division of the
| |
| auditory nerve. The organ of Corti receives its nerve-fibres from the cochlear
| |
| ganglion, or ganglion spirale, of the cochlear division of the auditory nerve.
| |
| | |
| Osseous Labyrinth. —The membranous labyrinth is surrounded by mesodermic
| |
| tissue, which becomes disposed in four layers. These layers, from within outwards,
| |
| may be spoken of as (1) the connective-tissue layer, (2) the gelatinous layer,
| |
| (3) the perichondrial layer, and (4) the cartilaginous layer. The connectivetissue layer forms the connective tissue of the various parts of the epithelial
| |
| labyrinth. The fibrous tissue of the gelatinous layer acquires vacuoles, and gives
| |
| place to the various perilymphatic spaces, which contain a fluid called the perilymph. In the case of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani alone
| |
| contain perilymph, the cochlear duct containing endolymph. The perichondrial
| |
| layer forms the lining perichondrium of the periotic cartilaginous capsule, and
| |
| subsequently becomes the lining periosteum of the osseous labyrinth. The
| |
| cartilaginous layer forms the periotic cartilaginous capsule, which undergoes
| |
| ossification, and gives rise, amongst other parts, to the osseous labyrinth, which
| |
| jg q£ i ar ger size than the membranous labyrinth. The osseous semicircular canals
| |
| conform in shape to the membranous semicircular ducts, but are of larger size.
| |
| The osseous vestibule differs from the membranous vestibule in being a single
| |
| osseous case, whereas its contents are the utricle and the saccule.
| |
| | |
| Whilst the perilymph lies external to the membranous labyrinth, the interior
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1696
| |
| | |
| | |
| A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
| |
| | |
| | |
| of the semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, and scala media contain endolymph,
| |
| the latter being in communication with the saccule by means of the canal is
| |
| reuniens.
| |
| | |
| The middle ear or tympanum and pharyngo-tympanic tube (see p. 73 et seq.)
| |
| | |
| are developed from the tubo-tympartic recess of the pharynx. This is the widest
| |
| part of the early pharynx, opposite the second and third arches, and by the
| |
| time the embryo has reached the second month of development the recess is
| |
| definitely indicated; it projects laterally with its contained cavity, compressed
| |
| dorso-ventrally, widely open into the general pharyngeal cavity. Its roof
| |
| supports the otic capsule, while the outer parts of the first two visceral grooves
| |
| are seen in its floor, with the second arch between them. It is bounded in
| |
| front by the first arch, and caudally by the third arch. The first lateral pouch,
| |
| on its lateral edge, is in contact with the persistent upper end of the first outer
| |
| groove; the second pouch, which has lost contact, is at its postero-lateral angle.
| |
| The recess deepens, and the third arch grows forward, cutting off the outer part
| |
| of the cavity from the pharynx and narrowing the anterior part, which still
| |
| remains continuous with the pharynx; the outer and larger part is the early
| |
| tympanum, and the constricted front portion becomes the tube.
| |
| | |
| The otic capsule enlarges and chondrifies, and as it grows depresses the
| |
| inner part of the tympanum, slightly rotating it, so that its former roof now
| |
| becomes its inner wall, applied to the surface of the capsule. Its floor, also
| |
| rotated, now slopes downwards and medially, and is in close relation with the
| |
| meatal plate, a cellular ingrowth from the upper end of the first outer groove;
| |
| this has grown in below the tympanum, and by a later process of hollowing
| |
| forms the ectodermal lining of the outer meatus and membrane.
| |
| | |
| Meckel’s cartilage develops in the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore
| |
| antero-lateral to the recess, in front of the position of the first pouch. It sends
| |
| an extension over the pouch to invade the second arch area behind this, passing
| |
| under the floor between the endoderm and the meatal plate; this extension forms
| |
| the basis of the tympanic membrane and the manubrium, and its upper part probably also forms the incus. The hyoid bar (Reichert’s cartilage), the bar of the
| |
| second arch, is behind this, immediately in front of the second pouch; an exten
| |
| sion from its upper end over the roof gives rise to the stapes. The stapes becomes
| |
| associated with the cartilaginous capsule, which has enlarged considerably; the
| |
| enlargement extends postero-laterally, and leads to the fusion of Reichert’s bar
| |
| with the capsule (tympano-hyal) and the position of the remnant of the second
| |
| pouch in the fossula rotunda (fenestra cochleae).
| |
| | |
| The chorda tympani crosses the first pouch; the level of the early tympanum
| |
| might roughly be taken as extending up to this nerve. The higher level of the
| |
| adult cavity is attained by a later extension. In the early condition of the
| |
| tympanum, the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda tympani nerve lie embedded
| |
| in the mesodermic tissue which intervenes between the epithelial or mucous
| |
| roof of the membranous tympanum and its osseous roof. This mesodermic
| |
| tissue disappears, and the mucous (originally epithelial) lining of the tympanum
| |
| now comes into direct contact with the malleus, incus, stapes, and chorda
| |
| tympani nerve, all of which it encloses within folds. Though these structures
| |
| apparently lie within the tympanic cavity, this is not their actual position. They
| |
| are really outside the cavity, inasmuch as they lie external to the mucous lining of
| |
| the cavity. This may be illustrated by stating that the handle or manubrium
| |
| of the malleus and the chorda tympani nerve do not lie in the tympanic cavity,
| |
| but are placed between the middle, or fibrous, layer and the internal, or mucous,
| |
| layer of the membrana tympani.
| |
| | |
| External Ear.— AThe external ear consists of (1) the external auditory meatus,
| |
| including the membrana tympani, and (2) the pinna.
| |
| | |
| The external auditory meatus is developed from the upper part of the first
| |
| external or ectodermic furrow, which corresponds in position to the first
| |
| internal visceral cleft.
| |
| | |
| The membrana tympani is developed from the closing membrane which
| |
| separates the first internal visceral cleft from the first external ectodermic furrow.
| |
| | |
| | |
| THE EAR
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1697
| |
| | |
| This closing membrane is a trilaminar structure. Its inner layer consists of
| |
| entoderm; its middle layer of mesoderm; and its outer layer of ectoderm. The
| |
| membrana tympani, which is developed from it, is therefore trilaminar. The
| |
| outer layer is ectodermic, and is continuous with the cuticular lining of the external
| |
| auditory meatus; the middle layer is mesodermic, or fibrous; and the inner layer
| |
| is entodermic, or mucous, and is continuous with the mucous lining of the
| |
| tympanic cavity.
| |
| | |
| The component parts of the pinna are developed from six projections, consisting of mesoderm, covered by ectoderm. These appear on the upper ends
| |
| of the first and second visceral arches, where these bound the upper part of
| |
| the first external ectodermic furrow, which gives rise to the external auditory
| |
| meatus. The helix is developed from two of these tubercles, and each of the
| |
| other four gives rise to the antihelix, tragus, antitragus, and lobule. The mesodermic tissue of the projections becomes differentiated into connective tissue
| |
| and cartilage, and the ectoderm covers these.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 107
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Terms still in common use, though now ‘discardedare included in this list,
| |
| with a certain number of proper names coming in the same category.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Abdomen, a word of uncertain derivation, but possibly from abdo,
| |
| I hide or conceal.
| |
| | |
| Aberrant, wandering from the normal
| |
| source.
| |
| | |
| Acervulus, a little heap.
| |
| | |
| Acervulus cerebri, brain-sand.
| |
| | |
| Acetabulum, a vessel for holding
| |
| vinegar; a juggler’s cup. But
| |
| used by Pliny to signify hipsocket.
| |
| | |
| Acinus, any juicy berry with stones
| |
| — e.g., the grape; the kernel in the
| |
| berry.
| |
| | |
| Acrocephalous, having a pointed or
| |
| conical head.
| |
| | |
| Acromion, the point or summit of
| |
| the shoulder.
| |
| | |
| Acusticus, a, um, pertaining to sound,
| |
| or to the sense of hearing.
| |
| | |
| Adamantoblast, enamel germ cell.
| |
| | |
| Adductor canal, subsartorial canal.
| |
| | |
| Adenoid, glandular.
| |
| | |
| Aditus, an approach or access.
| |
| | |
| Adrenal, near to the kidney.
| |
| | |
| Advehens, carrying to.
| |
| | |
| Afferent, carrying to.
| |
| | |
| Agger, a mound or rampart.
| |
| | |
| Agminated, disposed in columns.
| |
| | |
| Ala, a wing.
| |
| | |
| Ala cinera, vagal triangle.
| |
| | |
| Albicans, white.
| |
| | |
| Albuginea, whitish.
| |
| | |
| Alcock’s canal, pudendal canal.
| |
| | |
| Allantois, sausage-like.
| |
| | |
| Alveolus, a little trough.
| |
| | |
| Alveus, a trough.
| |
| | |
| Amacrine, without a long fibre.
| |
| | |
| Ambiguus, dark, obscure.
| |
| | |
| Ameloblast, enamel germ.
| |
| | |
| Ammonis, cornu, horn of Ammon,
| |
| who was represented as having
| |
| the head of a ram.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Amphiarthrosis, literally, articulation on both sides. Secondary
| |
| cartilaginous joint (fibro-cartilage).
| |
| | |
| Ampulla, a flask.
| |
| | |
| Amygdala, an almond.
| |
| | |
| Anastomosis, literally, an outlet; the
| |
| communication of branches of
| |
| vessels with one another.
| |
| | |
| Anconeus, pertaining to the elbow.
| |
| | |
| Ankylosis, bony union between two
| |
| bones which are normally separate.
| |
| | |
| Annulus, a little ring.
| |
| | |
| Ansa, a handle, loop, or brace.
| |
| | |
| Ansa cervicis, ansa hypoglossi.
| |
| | |
| Anserinus, pertaining to a goose.
| |
| | |
| Antecubital, in front of the elbow.
| |
| | |
| Antibrachium, forearm.
| |
| | |
| Anticubital fossa, cubital fossa.
| |
| | |
| Anticus, in front, anterior.
| |
| | |
| Antinion, opposite to the inion.
| |
| | |
| Antrum, a cave or cavity.
| |
| | |
| Antrum of Highmore, maxillary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Antrum, mastoid, tympanic antrum.
| |
| | |
| Anus, a ring.
| |
| | |
| Aorta, literally, the lower end of the
| |
| trachea; a carrier.
| |
| | |
| Apertura piriformis, anterior aspect
| |
| of nose.
| |
| | |
| Aponeurosis, an expansion from a
| |
| tendon.
| |
| | |
| Aponeurosis, lumbar, lumbar fascia.
| |
| | |
| Aponeurosis, pharyngeal, pharyngobasilar fascia.
| |
| | |
| Apophysis (‘ grow from ’), a process
| |
| or swelling on a bone.
| |
| | |
| Appendix ventriculi laryngis, saccule.
| |
| | |
| Aqueductus cerebri, aqueduct of
| |
| | |
| | |
| mid-brain.
| |
| | |
| Aqueductus Fallopii, facial canal.
| |
| Arachnoid, like a spider’s web.
| |
| | |
| 1698
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY 1699
| |
| | |
| | |
| Arantii, corpus, nodule (in cusps of
| |
| aortic and pulmonary valves).
| |
| | |
| Archenteron, primitive intestine.
| |
| | |
| Arcuatus, curved.
| |
| | |
| Area acustica, vestibular area.
| |
| | |
| Areola, a small open place.
| |
| | |
| Arnold’s ganglion, otic ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Arnold’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
| |
| | |
| Artery, literally, an air vessel; the
| |
| trachea was known as the arteria
| |
| aspera; a bloodvessel which carries
| |
| the blood from the heart.
| |
| | |
| Arthrodia, from the Greek word
| |
| meaning * a joint ’; applied to a
| |
| gliding joint.
| |
| | |
| Arthrosis, plane joint.
| |
| | |
| Arytenoid, pitcher-like.
| |
| | |
| Ascending frontal convolution, precentral convolution.
| |
| | |
| Ascending parietal convolution, postcentral convolution.
| |
| | |
| Aspera, rough.
| |
| | |
| Asterion, a star.
| |
| | |
| Astragalus, the ankle-bone; a die
| |
| (pi. dice); talus.
| |
| | |
| Atlas, a support; refers to Atlas,
| |
| who carried the earth on his
| |
| neck.
| |
| | |
| Atresia, imperforation.
| |
| | |
| Atrium, the hall in a Roman house.
| |
| | |
| Attic, epitympanic recess.
| |
| | |
| Attollens, raising up, elevating.
| |
| | |
| Attrahens, drawing to or towards.
| |
| | |
| Auditory, pertaining to the organ, or
| |
| sense, of hearing.
| |
| | |
| Auerbach’s plexus, myenteric plexus.
| |
| | |
| Auricle, the external ear.
| |
| | |
| Auricle (O.T.), atrium (heart).
| |
| | |
| Auricular appendix (O.T.), auricle.
| |
| | |
| Azygos, without a pair, single.
| |
| | |
| Bacillary, pertaining to a small staff
| |
| or rod.
| |
| | |
| Balanus, an acorn.
| |
| | |
| Barba, a beard.
| |
| | |
| Bartholin’s duct (great duct of Rivini),
| |
| | |
| principal sublingual duct.
| |
| | |
| Basilar, belonging to the base.
| |
| | |
| Basilic, royal, important.
| |
| | |
| Basion, base.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Bechterew, nucleus of, superior
| |
| vestibular nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Bell, nerve of, nerve to serratus
| |
| anterior.
| |
| | |
| Bellini, ducts of, terminal collecting
| |
| tubules of kidney.
| |
| | |
| Biceps, having two heads.
| |
| | |
| Bicornis, two-horned.
| |
| | |
| Bicuspid (teeth), pre-molar.
| |
| | |
| Bigelow, Y-shaped ligament of, iliofemoral ligament.
| |
| | |
| Biventer, having two bellies.
| |
| | |
| Bowman’s capsule, capsule of glomerulus.
| |
| | |
| Bowman’s membrane, anterior elastic lamina of cornea.
| |
| | |
| Brachium, the arm.
| |
| | |
| Brachium conjunctivum, superior
| |
| cerebellar peduncle.
| |
| | |
| Brachium pontis, middle cerebellar
| |
| peduncle.
| |
| | |
| Brachycephalic, short-headed.
| |
| | |
| Bregma, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ to moisten/
| |
| | |
| Broca, area of, parolfactory area.
| |
| | |
| Broca, band of, diagonal band.
| |
| | |
| Bronchiole, a little bronchus.
| |
| | |
| Bronchus, literally, a draught; the
| |
| windpipe.
| |
| | |
| Bryant’s triangle, (1) horizontal line
| |
| from anterior superior spine;
| |
| (2) vertical line from top of great
| |
| trochanter; (3) line joining anterior superior spine to top of
| |
| great trochanter.
| |
| | |
| Bubonocele, a variety of tumour in
| |
| the groin.
| |
| | |
| Buccinator, a trumpeter.
| |
| | |
| Bulla, a knob; a bubble.
| |
| | |
| Burdach, fasciculus of, fasciculus
| |
| cuneatus.
| |
| | |
| Burns, falciform process of (ligament
| |
| of Hey), superior cornu of saphenous opening.
| |
| | |
| Burns’ space, suprasternal space.
| |
| | |
| Bursa, a sac containing fluid.
| |
| | |
| Bursa omentalis, lesser sac.
| |
| | |
| Cacumen, tip, peak, or end.
| |
| | |
| Caecum, blind.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1700
| |
| | |
| Caeruleus, dark blue.
| |
| | |
| Calamus, a reed-pen.
| |
| | |
| Calcaneum, the heel.
| |
| | |
| Calcar, a spur.
| |
| | |
| Calcination, reduction to a powder
| |
| (or line) by heat.
| |
| | |
| Calcis, of the heel.
| |
| | |
| Calix, a cup or goblet.
| |
| | |
| Callosal convolution, gyrus cinguli.
| |
| | |
| Calloso-marginal fissure, sulcus cinguli.
| |
| | |
| Callosum, hard, thick.
| |
| | |
| Calvaria ( calva , the bald scalp), the
| |
| upper part of the skull.
| |
| | |
| Canalis reuniens, ductus reuniens.
| |
| | |
| Cancellated, lattice-formed, reticulated.
| |
| | |
| Canthus, the angle of the eye.
| |
| | |
| Capillary, pertaining to the hair;
| |
| a vessel of hair-like minuteness.
| |
| | |
| Capitellum, a small head.
| |
| | |
| Capsular, suprarenal.
| |
| | |
| Caput gallinaginis, urethral crest.
| |
| | |
| Caput medusae, varicose veins radiating from umbilicus in portal
| |
| obstruction.
| |
| | |
| Cardia, the opening of the stomach;
| |
| the heart.
| |
| | |
| Cardiac, pertaining to the heart
| |
| (originally to the stomach).
| |
| | |
| Cardinal, principal or chief.
| |
| | |
| Carina, a keel.
| |
| | |
| Carneae, pertaining to flesh.
| |
| | |
| Carotid, stupefying; or perhaps from
| |
| two Greek words meaning ‘ head ’
| |
| and ‘ ear.’
| |
| | |
| Carpus, the wrist.
| |
| | |
| Cartilages, alar, lower lateral cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Cartilages, lateral, upper lateral cartilage (of nose).
| |
| | |
| Cartilages, Santorini, of, corniculate
| |
| cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Cartilages, Wrisberg, of, cuneiform
| |
| cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Caruncula, a little piece of flesh.
| |
| | |
| Caruncula sublingualis, sublingual
| |
| papilla.
| |
| | |
| Carunculae myrtiformes, carunculae
| |
| hymenales.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cauda, a tail.
| |
| | |
| Caudate, tailed.
| |
| | |
| Caudate lobe (O.T.), tail of caudate
| |
| lobe.
| |
| | |
| Cavernous, full of hollows or cavities.
| |
| | |
| Centimetre (cm.), § of an English
| |
| inch.
| |
| | |
| Cephalic, pertaining to the head.
| |
| Cerato, horny.
| |
| | |
| Ceruminous, pertaining to wax.
| |
| Chiasma, two lines placed like an X.
| |
| Choana, a funnel.
| |
| | |
| Choanse, posterior apertures of nose.
| |
| Choledochus, bile-receiving.
| |
| Chondral, pertaining to cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Choroid (Chorioid), like skin.
| |
| Cinereus, ash-coloured.
| |
| | |
| Cingulum, a small girdle.
| |
| Circumflexus, bent around.
| |
| Circumvallate papillae, vallate papillae.
| |
| | |
| Cisterna, a cistern or reservoir.
| |
| Clarke, posterior vesicular column of,
| |
| | |
| thoracic (dorsal) nucleus.
| |
| Claustrum, a bulwark, barrier, or
| |
| inclosure.
| |
| | |
| Clava, a club; gracile tubercle.
| |
| Clavicle, from clavis, a key, or possibly a hoop-stick.
| |
| | |
| Cleido-, pertaining to the clavicle.
| |
| Clinoid, like the knob of a bedpost.
| |
| Clitoris, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ I shut up ’ or ‘ enclose.’
| |
| | |
| Clivus, a slope.
| |
| | |
| Cloaca, a sewer or drain.
| |
| | |
| Coccyx, a cuckoo.
| |
| | |
| Cochlea, a snail.
| |
| | |
| Cochlea, membranous, duct of cochlea.
| |
| | |
| Cochleariformis, spoon-like.
| |
| | |
| Coeliac, pertaining to the belly.
| |
| Colliculus, a little hill.
| |
| | |
| Colliculus, quadrigeminal body.
| |
| Colliculus seminalis, urethral crest.
| |
| Colon, the great gut.
| |
| | |
| Columns, rectal (Morgagni), anal
| |
| columns.
| |
| | |
| Comes, a companion.
| |
| | |
| Comma tract, semilunar tract.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Complexus, literally, folded together;
| |
| encompassing.
| |
| | |
| Concatenatae, chained together.
| |
| Concatenate glands, deep cervical
| |
| (lymph) glands.
| |
| | |
| Concha, a shell.
| |
| | |
| Condyle (‘ knuckle ’), a small round
| |
| prominence covered by cartilage.
| |
| Coni vasculosi, lobules of epididymis.
| |
| Conjunctiva, connecting.
| |
| Conniventes, winking or blinking.
| |
| Conoid, cone-like.
| |
| | |
| Conoid tubercle, coracoid tuberosity.
| |
| Conus arteriosus, infundibulum.
| |
| Conus elasticus, crico-vocal membrane.
| |
| | |
| Convoluta, rolled together.
| |
| | |
| Coracoid, like a crow or raven.
| |
| | |
| Cord, vocal, false, vestibular folds.
| |
| Cord, vocal, true, vocal fold.
| |
| Cordiform, heart-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Cords (gangliated, lumbo-sacral,
| |
| etc.), trunks.
| |
| | |
| Cornea, horny.
| |
| | |
| Corniculum, a little horn.
| |
| | |
| Cornu ammonis, hippocampus.
| |
| Coronal, literally, pertaining to a
| |
| crown; transverse.
| |
| | |
| Coronary, encircling.
| |
| | |
| Coronoid, like a crooked beak.
| |
| Corpora albicantia (brain), corpora
| |
| mamillaria.
| |
| | |
| Corpus (of long bone), shaft.
| |
| | |
| Corpus adiposum buccae, buccal pad.
| |
| Corpus arantii, nodule (aortic and
| |
| pulmonary valves).
| |
| | |
| Corpus cavernosum penis, corpus
| |
| cavernosum.
| |
| | |
| Corpus cavernosum urethrae, corpus
| |
| spongiosum.
| |
| | |
| Corrugator, a wrinkler.
| |
| | |
| Cortex, the bark or outer covering.
| |
| Costal, pertaining to a rib.
| |
| | |
| Cotyloid, cup-like.
| |
| | |
| Cowper’s gland, bulbo-urethral gland.
| |
| Coxa, the hip.
| |
| | |
| Cranium, the skull.
| |
| | |
| Crassum, thick, dense, or bulky.
| |
| Cremaster, a suspender.
| |
| | |
| Cribriform, sieve-like.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1701
| |
| | |
| Cribrosa, perforated with sieve-like
| |
| pores.
| |
| | |
| Cricoid, like a ring.
| |
| | |
| Crista tuberculi majoris, lateral lip
| |
| of bicipital groove.
| |
| | |
| Crista tuberculi minoris, medial lip
| |
| of bicipital groove.
| |
| | |
| Crucial, pertaining to, or shaped like,
| |
| a cross.
| |
| | |
| Crural, pertaining to the leg.
| |
| | |
| Crural canal, femoral canal.
| |
| | |
| Crural ring, femoral ring.
| |
| | |
| Crural septum, femoral septum.
| |
| | |
| Crus, cerebral peduncle.
| |
| | |
| Crusta, basis pedunculi.
| |
| | |
| Cryptorchismus, concealment of the
| |
| testis.
| |
| | |
| Cryptozygous, hidden arches.
| |
| | |
| Cubitum, the elbow.
| |
| | |
| Cucullaris, pertaining to a cowl or
| |
| hood.
| |
| | |
| Culmen, the top or summit.
| |
| | |
| Cuneate, wedge-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Cuneiform bone (hand), triquetrum.
| |
| | |
| Cuneus, a wedge.
| |
| | |
| Cupola, a dome.
| |
| | |
| Cymba, a boat or skiff.
| |
| | |
| Cystic, pertaining to the gall-bladder.
| |
| The condition of a thin-walled
| |
| swelling containing fluid or semifluid.
| |
| | |
| Cytoplasm, formative yolk; protoplasm in a cell.
| |
| | |
| Dacryon, a tear.
| |
| | |
| Dartos, skinned or flayed.
| |
| | |
| Deciduous, falling away.
| |
| | |
| Decussation of lemnisci (fillet), sensory decussation.
| |
| | |
| Deferens, carrying away.
| |
| | |
| Deiters, nucleus of, lateral vestibular
| |
| nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Dens, odontoid process.
| |
| | |
| Dens serotinus, wisdom tooth.
| |
| | |
| Dentate fascia, dentate gyrus.
| |
| | |
| Descemet’s membrane, posterior elastic lamina of cornea.
| |
| | |
| Detrusor, from detrudo, I drive away.
| |
| | |
| Deutoplasm, literally, wet plasm;
| |
| nutritive yolk.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1702
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Dia-, through or between.
| |
| | |
| Diaphragm, a partition.
| |
| | |
| Diaphysis grow between ’), the
| |
| shaft of a bone, or the part which
| |
| grows between the epiphyses.
| |
| | |
| Diarthrosis, an ‘ apart ’ joint— i.e.,
| |
| a ‘ free ’ joint (the articular surfaces being free to play upon each
| |
| other); synovial joint.
| |
| | |
| Diencephalon, the ’tween-brain or
| |
| inter-brain; thalamencephalon.
| |
| | |
| Digastric, having two bellies.
| |
| | |
| Diploe, a doubling.
| |
| | |
| Discus proligerus, cumulus ovaricus.
| |
| | |
| Diverticulum, from diverto, ‘ I separate/ or ‘ part/ or ‘ go a different
| |
| way.’
| |
| | |
| Dolichocephalic, long-headed.
| |
| | |
| Dorsal, pertaining to the back
| |
| aspect.
| |
| | |
| Dorsum, the back.
| |
| | |
| Douglas, pouch of, recto-uterine or
| |
| recto-vaginal pouch.
| |
| | |
| Douglas, semilunar fold of, arcuate
| |
| line.
| |
| | |
| Duct, nasal, naso-lacrimal duct.
| |
| | |
| Ductus deferens, vas deferens.
| |
| | |
| Ductus perilymphaticus, aqueduct of
| |
| cochlea.
| |
| | |
| Duodenum, twelve (probably fingerbreadths) .
| |
| | |
| Ebur, -oris, ivory.
| |
| | |
| Eburnea, pertaining to ivory.
| |
| | |
| Ectopia, a displacement.
| |
| | |
| Efferent, carrying out.
| |
| | |
| Embolif ormis, beak-shaped or wedgeshaped.
| |
| | |
| Emissary, sent out.
| |
| | |
| Emulgent, milking, straining out.
| |
| | |
| Enarthrosis, ball-and-socket joint.
| |
| | |
| Encephalon, the contents of the head
| |
| or skull.
| |
| | |
| Endocardium, ‘ within the heart ’;
| |
| the lining membrane of the cardiac
| |
| chambers.
| |
| | |
| Endognathion, literally, inner jaw.
| |
| | |
| Endosteum, ‘ within a bone ’; the
| |
| medullary membrane.
| |
| | |
| Ensiform, sword-like.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ensiform process, xiphoid process.
| |
| | |
| Entomion, a notch.
| |
| | |
| Ependyma, from Greek words meaning ' clothing upon/
| |
| | |
| Ephippium, a saddle.
| |
| | |
| Epi-, upon or over, above.
| |
| | |
| Epicardium, upon the heart.
| |
| | |
| Epididymis, upon the testicle.
| |
| | |
| Epiglottis, cushion of, tubercle of
| |
| epiglottis.
| |
| | |
| Epiotic, upon or over the ear.
| |
| | |
| Epiphysis (‘ grow upon ’); a process
| |
| of a bone which has a secondary
| |
| centre of ossification.
| |
| | |
| Epiploon, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ to float upon/
| |
| | |
| Epipteric, upon a wing.
| |
| | |
| Epipteric bone, sutural bone at
| |
| pterion.
| |
| | |
| Epistropheus, axis.
| |
| | |
| Epoophoron, above the egg-bearing
| |
| organ.
| |
| | |
| Erythroblast, red (cell) germ.
| |
| | |
| Ethmoid, like a strainer.
| |
| | |
| Eustachian cushion, tubal elevation.
| |
| | |
| Eustachian spine (of medial pterygoid plate), processus tubarius.
| |
| | |
| Eustachian tube, pharyngo-tympanic
| |
| tube.
| |
| | |
| Eustachian valve, valve of inferior
| |
| | |
| vena cava.
| |
| | |
| Exognathion, literally, outer jaw.
| |
| | |
| Exomphalos, out of the navel.
| |
| | |
| Facet (French, facette, a little face),
| |
| a small plane surface, usually
| |
| articular.
| |
| | |
| Falciform, sickle-like.
| |
| | |
| Fallopian tube, uterine tube.
| |
| | |
| Falx, a sickle.
| |
| | |
| Falx aponeurotica inguinalis, conjoint tendon.
| |
| | |
| Fascia, a bandage, or a bundle of
| |
| reeds.
| |
| | |
| Fascia bulbi, fascial sheath of eyeball.
| |
| | |
| Fascia, Camper’s, superficial layer of
| |
| superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall.
| |
| | |
| Fascia, Colies’, deep layer of superficial fascia of perineum.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1703
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fascia, coraco-clavicular, clavi-pec
| |
| toral fascia.
| |
| | |
| Fascia infundibular, internal spermatic fascia.
| |
| | |
| Fascia intercolumnar, external spermatic fascia.
| |
| | |
| Fascia, Scarpa’s, deep layer of superficial fascia of anterior abdominal
| |
| wall.
| |
| | |
| Fascia, Sibson’s, suprapleural membrane.
| |
| | |
| Fasciculus, a small bundle.
| |
| | |
| Fasciola cinerea, splenial gyrus.
| |
| | |
| Fastigium, a roof.
| |
| | |
| Fauces, the throat.
| |
| | |
| Fauces, anterior pillar, glosso-palatine arch.
| |
| | |
| Fauces, posterior pillar, pharyngopalatine arch.
| |
| | |
| Fel, the gall-bladder.
| |
| | |
| Femur, the thigh.
| |
| | |
| Fenestra, an opening, a window.
| |
| | |
| Fenestra ovalis, fenestra vestibuli.
| |
| | |
| Fenestra rotunda, fenestra cochleae.
| |
| | |
| Ferruginea, pertaining to iron-rust.
| |
| | |
| Fibula, a buckle, clasp, or brace.
| |
| | |
| Fillet, lemniscus.
| |
| | |
| Filum, a thread.
| |
| | |
| Fimbria, a fringe.
| |
| | |
| Fimbriatum, fringed.
| |
| | |
| Fissure, a cleft or slit.
| |
| | |
| Fistula, .a pipe or tube.
| |
| | |
| Flechsig, tract of, posterior spinocerebellar tract.
| |
| | |
| Flocculus, a little lock of wool.
| |
| | |
| Fold, bloodless (Treves), ileo-caecal
| |
| fold.
| |
| | |
| Fold, ileo-colic, vascular fold of
| |
| caecum.
| |
| | |
| Fold, recto-vesical, sacro-genital fold.
| |
| | |
| Follicle, a small bag or sac.
| |
| | |
| Fontana, spaces of, spaces of iridocorneal angle.
| |
| | |
| Fontanelle, a small spring.
| |
| | |
| Foramen, an aperture or a hole.
| |
| | |
| Forceps, a claw of a beetle.
| |
| | |
| Fornicatus, pertaining to an arch.
| |
| | |
| Fornix, an arch or a vault.
| |
| | |
| Fossa, a ditch or trench.
| |
| | |
| Fossa, antecubital, cubital.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fossa ovalis, saphenous opening.
| |
| | |
| Fossa, rhomboid, floor of fourth
| |
| ventricle.
| |
| | |
| Fossa, spheno-maxillary, pterygopalatine fossa.
| |
| | |
| Fourchette, a fork.
| |
| | |
| Fovea, a small pit.
| |
| | |
| Foveola, a very small pit.
| |
| | |
| Frenulum, a small bridle.
| |
| | |
| Frenum, a bridle.
| |
| | |
| Frontal, pertaining to the forehead.
| |
| | |
| Frontal spine (of frontal), nasal spine.
| |
| | |
| Fundiform, sling-like.
| |
| | |
| Funicular, pertaining to a cord.
| |
| | |
| Funiculus, a slender rope, a cord.
| |
| | |
| Furcalis, pertaining to a two-pronged
| |
| fork.
| |
| | |
| Furcula, a small two-pronged fork.
| |
| | |
| Fusca, dark or dusky.
| |
| | |
| Galactophorous, milk-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Galea, a helmet.
| |
| | |
| Galea aponeurotica, epicranial aponeurosis.
| |
| | |
| Galen, great vein of, great cerebral
| |
| vein.
| |
| | |
| Galen, veins of, internal cerebral
| |
| veins.
| |
| | |
| Gallinaginis, of a woodcock.
| |
| | |
| Gallus, a cock.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, a swelling or excrescence.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, aortico-renal, lower part
| |
| of coeliac ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, Gasserian, trigeminal ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, jugular (O.T.), superior
| |
| ganglion of ninth.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, jugular (B.N.A.), superior
| |
| ganglion of tenth.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, lenticular, ciliary ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, Meckel’s, spheno-palatine
| |
| ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion nodosum (B.N.A.), inferior ganglion of tenth.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, ophthalmic, ciliary ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, petrous (O.T. and B.N.A.),
| |
| | |
| inferior ganglion of ninth.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, semilunar, trigeminal ganglion.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1704
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ganglion, stellate, first thoracic
| |
| ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, submaxillary, submandibular ganglion.
| |
| | |
| Gartner’s duct, duct of epoophoron.
| |
| Gastric, pertaining to the stomach.
| |
| | |
| Gastrocnemius, the belly of the
| |
| leg.
| |
| | |
| Gemellus, paired or double.
| |
| | |
| Geminus, twin or twofold.
| |
| | |
| Geniculate, knee-like.
| |
| | |
| Genio-, pertaining to the chin.
| |
| Gennari, stria of, visual stria.
| |
| | |
| Genu, the knee.
| |
| | |
| Gerota’s capsule, renal fascia.
| |
| Giacomini, banderella or frenulum,
| |
| tail of dentate gyrus.
| |
| | |
| Gimbernat’s ligament, pectineal part
| |
| of inguinal ligament.
| |
| | |
| Ginglymus, a hinge.
| |
| | |
| Ginglymus, hinge-joint.
| |
| | |
| Giraldes, organ of, paradidymis.
| |
| Glabella, without hair; smooth.
| |
| Gladiolus, a small sword.
| |
| | |
| Gladiolus, body of sternum.
| |
| | |
| Gland, Bartholin’s, greater vestibular
| |
| gland.
| |
| | |
| Gland, Cowper’s, bulbo-urethral
| |
| gland.
| |
| | |
| Glenoid, like a shallow socket.
| |
| Glisson’s capsule, hepato-biliary capsule.
| |
| | |
| Globosus, round or spherical.
| |
| Globus, a globe or sphere.
| |
| Glomerulus, a small ball of thread.
| |
| Glosso-, pertaining to the tongue.
| |
| Glottis, the mouthpiece of a flute.
| |
| Gluteal, pertaining to the buttock.
| |
| | |
| Gnathic, pertaining to the jaw.
| |
| Gnathion, the jaw.
| |
| | |
| Gomphosis, a bolting together.
| |
| Gonion, an angle.
| |
| | |
| Gracilis, slender.
| |
| | |
| Grisea, grey.
| |
| | |
| Gubernaculum, a rudder.
| |
| | |
| Gula, the gullet.
| |
| | |
| Gustatory, pertaining to taste.
| |
| Guttural, pertaining to the throat.
| |
| Gyrus, a circle; a crook.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Habenula, a small thong or rein.
| |
| Hsemorrhoidal, associated with
| |
| haemorrhoids.
| |
| | |
| Hallux, the great toe.
| |
| | |
| Ham, a thing bent or crooked.
| |
| Hamular, hook-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Harmonia, a fitting together.
| |
| Hartmann’s pouch, sacculation at
| |
| junction of neck and body of gallbladder.
| |
| | |
| Hassall, corpuscles of (thymus), concentric corpuscles.
| |
| | |
| Haustrum, a machine for drawing
| |
| water.
| |
| | |
| Heister’s valves, spiral valve.
| |
| Helicine, spiral.
| |
| | |
| Helicotrema, hole of a spiral.
| |
| | |
| Helix, a coil or spiral.
| |
| | |
| Hepar, the liver.
| |
| | |
| Hepatic, pertaining to the liver.
| |
| Hernia, a sprout; a rupture.
| |
| Hesselbach’s triangle, inguinal triangle.
| |
| | |
| Hiatus, a gap.
| |
| | |
| Hiatus Fallopii, hiatus for superficial
| |
| petrosal nerve.
| |
| | |
| Highmore, antrum of, maxillary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Hilum, a little thing; a trifle.
| |
| | |
| Hippocampus, a seahorse.
| |
| Hippocampus major, hippocampus.
| |
| Hippocampus minor, calcar avis.
| |
| Hircina, pertaining to a goat.
| |
| | |
| His, bundle of, atrio-ventricular
| |
| bundle.
| |
| | |
| Homodynamic]
| |
| | |
| Homogenesis see Chapter I.
| |
| Homologous )
| |
| | |
| Houston’s valves, horizontal folds of
| |
| rectum.
| |
| | |
| Huguier, canal of, anterior canaliculus for chorda tympani.
| |
| | |
| Humerus, the upper part of the arm;
| |
| the shoulder.
| |
| | |
| Hunter’s canal, subsartorial canal.
| |
| Hyaline, glassv.
| |
| | |
| Hyaloid, like glass.
| |
| | |
| Hydatid, a watery vesicle.
| |
| | |
| Hydrocele, a watery tumour.
| |
| | |
| Hymen, the marriage deity.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1705
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hyoid, like the Greek letter upsilon.
| |
| | |
| Hypo-, beneath or under.
| |
| | |
| Hypophysis, ‘ grow beneath.’
| |
| | |
| Hypothenar, beneath the palm of the
| |
| hand.
| |
| | |
| Ileum, implying twists or coils.
| |
| | |
| Ilium, literally of the soft parts—
| |
| i.e., of the flank; os ilium, the bone
| |
| of the flank.
| |
| | |
| Ima, lowest.
| |
| | |
| Impar, dissimilar (in number), unequal.
| |
| | |
| Incisivus, cutting into.
| |
| | |
| Incisura jugularis, suprasternal notch.
| |
| | |
| Incisura scapularis, suprascapular
| |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Incisura semilunaris (ulna), trochlear
| |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Infundibulum, a funnel.
| |
| | |
| Inguinal, pertaining to the groin.
| |
| | |
| Inion, literally, the occiput.
| |
| | |
| Innominatum, unnamed.
| |
| | |
| Insula, an island.
| |
| | |
| Intercalary, inserted.
| |
| | |
| Internodium, the space between two
| |
| knots or joints.
| |
| | |
| Interparietal bone, membranous part
| |
| of occipital as a separate bone.
| |
| | |
| Interpositum, placed between.
| |
| | |
| Interstitial, belonging to interstices
| |
| or small parts between the main
| |
| parts of bodies.
| |
| | |
| Intertubercular sulcus, bicipital
| |
| groove.
| |
| | |
| Intumescentia, enlargement (spinal
| |
| cord).
| |
| | |
| Iris, the rainbow.
| |
| | |
| Ischiatic, pertaining to the hip.
| |
| | |
| Ischium, the hip.
| |
| | |
| Isthmus, faucium, oro-pharyngeal
| |
| isthmus.
| |
| | |
| Isthmus rhombencephali, upper constricted end of fourth ventricle.
| |
| | |
| Iter, a passage or road.
| |
| | |
| Jacobson, cartilage of, sub-vomerine
| |
| cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Jacobson, organ of, vomero-nasal
| |
| organ.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Jacobson’s nerve, tympanic nerve.
| |
| | |
| Jejunum, empty or hungry.
| |
| | |
| Jugal, yolking.
| |
| | |
| Jugular, pertaining to the throat.
| |
| | |
| Jugular notch (B.N.A.), suprasternal
| |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Jugum, a yolk.
| |
| | |
| Kerckring, ossicle, occasional centre
| |
| in posterior margin of foramen
| |
| magnum.
| |
| | |
| Key and Retzius, foramina of
| |
| | |
| (Luschka), lateral apertures of
| |
| fourth ventricle.
| |
| | |
| Kobelt’s tubes, epoophoron.
| |
| | |
| Labbe, vein of, inferior anastomotic
| |
| vein (connects superficial middle
| |
| cerebral with transverse sinus).
| |
| | |
| Labrum, a basin.
| |
| | |
| Lacertus fibrosus, bicipital aponeurosis.
| |
| | |
| Laciniosum, full of folds, indented,
| |
| jagged.
| |
| | |
| Lacrimal, pertaining to tears.
| |
| | |
| Lacteal, pertaining to milk.
| |
| | |
| Lactiferous, milk-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Lacuna, a hollow or cavity.
| |
| | |
| Lacunee (of sagittal sinus), lacunae
| |
| laterales.
| |
| | |
| Lacunar, pertaining to a hollow or
| |
| gap.
| |
| | |
| Lacunar ligament, pectineal part of
| |
| inguinal ligament.
| |
| | |
| Lamella, a small plate.
| |
| | |
| Lamina, a plate.
| |
| | |
| Lamina cinerea, lamina terminalis.
| |
| | |
| Lamina cribrosa, medial boundary
| |
| of internal auditory meatus.
| |
| | |
| Lamina papyracea, orbital plate of
| |
| ethmoid.
| |
| | |
| Lamina quadrigemina, tectum.
| |
| | |
| Lateral, on the side of. Used in
| |
| reference to the sagittal plane of
| |
| the body.
| |
| | |
| Lateral mass (ethmoid), labyrinth.
| |
| | |
| Lateral sinus, transverse sinus.
| |
| | |
| Latissimus, broadest.
| |
| | |
| Latum, broad.
| |
| | |
| Lemniscus, a ribbon.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1706
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Leptorhine, having small narrow
| |
| nostrils.
| |
| | |
| Levator, a lifter or raiser.
| |
| | |
| Lien, the spleen.
| |
| | |
| Lieno-, pertaining to the spleen.
| |
| Ligament, a band or bandage.
| |
| | |
| Ligula, a little tongue.
| |
| | |
| Limbic lobe, gyrus fornicatus.
| |
| Limbous, pertaining to a border.
| |
| Limbus, a border.
| |
| | |
| Limbus fossae ovalis (or limbus
| |
| ovalis), annulus ovalis.
| |
| | |
| Limen, a threshold.
| |
| | |
| Linea, a line.
| |
| | |
| Lines, oblique (tibia), soleal line.
| |
| Lines, oblique internal (jaw), mylohyoid line.
| |
| | |
| Lines (occiput), nuchal lines.
| |
| | |
| Lines, popliteal, soleal line.
| |
| | |
| Lingual, pertaining to the tongue.
| |
| Lingula, a little tongue.
| |
| | |
| Lister’s tubercle, dorsal tubercle of
| |
| radius.
| |
| | |
| Longissimus, longest.
| |
| | |
| Longitudinal sinus, sagittal sinus.
| |
| Lower, tubercle of, intervenous
| |
| tubercle (heart).
| |
| | |
| Lumbar, pertaining to the loin.
| |
| Lumbricalis, like an earth-worm.
| |
| Lunar, pertaining to the moon.
| |
| Lunula, a little moon; a crescent.
| |
| Luteum, of a yellow colour.
| |
| | |
| Luys’ nucleus, subthalamic body.
| |
| Lymphatic, from lympha, pure or
| |
| spring water; lymph.
| |
| | |
| Lyra, a lyre; hippocampal commissure.
| |
| | |
| McBurney’s point (base of appendix),
| |
| | |
| junction of lower and middle
| |
| thirds of spino-umbilical line.
| |
| Macula, a spot.
| |
| | |
| Magendie, foramen, median aperture
| |
| of fourth ventricle.
| |
| | |
| Magnum, os, capitate bone.
| |
| | |
| Malar, pertaining to the cheek.
| |
| | |
| Malar bone, zygomatic bone.
| |
| Malleolus, a small hammer or mallet.
| |
| | |
| Malleus, a hammer or mallet.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mamma, a breast or pap.
| |
| | |
| Mammilla, a little breast or pap.
| |
| Properly spelt mamilla.
| |
| | |
| Mandible, the chewing bone— i.e.,
| |
| lower jaw.
| |
| | |
| Manubrium, a handle or hilt.
| |
| | |
| Marshall, oblique vein, oblique vein
| |
| of left atrium.
| |
| | |
| Massa intermedia, interthalamic
| |
| | |
| connexus.
| |
| | |
| Masseter, the chewing muscle.
| |
| | |
| Mastoid, breast- or pap-like (nipplelike).
| |
| | |
| Maxilla, jaw.
| |
| | |
| Meatus (pi. Meatfis), a passage or
| |
| canal.
| |
| | |
| Meckel’s cave, cavum trigeminale.
| |
| | |
| Meckel’s diverticulum, diverticulum
| |
| ilei.
| |
| | |
| Mediastinum, standing in the middle;
| |
| a partition.
| |
| | |
| Medulla, marrow.
| |
| | |
| Megacephalic, having a large head.
| |
| | |
| Megaseme, having a large index.
| |
| | |
| Meibomian glands, tarsal glands.
| |
| | |
| Meissner’s plexus, plexus of the submucosa.
| |
| | |
| Membrane, costo-coracoid, clavi
| |
| pectoral fascia.
| |
| | |
| Meninges, membranes.
| |
| | |
| Meniscus, a crescent.
| |
| | |
| Meniscus (knee), semilunar cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Mental, pertaining to the chin.
| |
| | |
| Mesaticephalic, having a head with
| |
| an index of mean value.
| |
| | |
| Mesencephalon, the mid-brain.
| |
| | |
| Mesentery, in the middle of, or
| |
| among, the intestines.
| |
| | |
| Mesial, nearer to the sagittal plane
| |
| of the body.
| |
| | |
| Meso-, in the midst of. In compounds usually implies a structure
| |
| like a mesentery, a peritoneal attachment fold.
| |
| | |
| Mesocephalic, pertaining to a head
| |
| of mean capacity.
| |
| | |
| Mesogastrium=meso- (q.v.) and
| |
| stomach.
| |
| | |
| Mesognathion, middle jaw.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mesometrium=meso- [q-v.) and
| |
| womb.
| |
| | |
| Mesonephros, mid-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Mesorhine, pertaining to an intermediate nasal index; a condition
| |
| intermediate between broad-nosed
| |
| and narrow-nosed.
| |
| | |
| Mesosalpinx =meso- (q.v.) and tube.
| |
| | |
| Mesoseme, intermediate index.
| |
| | |
| Meta-, after or beyond.
| |
| | |
| Meta-nephros, hind-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Metencephalon, the after-brain.
| |
| | |
| Metopic, pertaining to the forehead.
| |
| | |
| Metopism, persistence of the metopic
| |
| or frontal suture.
| |
| | |
| Microcephalic, pertaining to a small
| |
| head.
| |
| | |
| Microseme, small index.
| |
| | |
| Middle commissure, interthalamic
| |
| connexus.
| |
| | |
| Millimetre (mm.), slightly less than
| |
| 2V of an English inch.
| |
| | |
| Minimae, least, smallest.
| |
| | |
| Mitral, resembling an Asiatic headdress, or mitre.
| |
| | |
| Modiolus, the nave of a wheel.
| |
| | |
| Molar, pertaining to a mill, or to
| |
| grinding.
| |
| | |
| Monro, foramen, interventricular
| |
| foramen.
| |
| | |
| Mons veneris, mons pubis.
| |
| | |
| Montanum, pertaining to a mountain.
| |
| | |
| Monticulus, a small mountain.
| |
| | |
| Morbus, a disease.
| |
| | |
| Muliebris, pertaining to a woman,
| |
| feminine.
| |
| | |
| Miillerian duct, para-mesonephric
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Multangulum majus, os, trapezium.
| |
| | |
| Multifidus, many cleft; divided into
| |
| many parts.
| |
| | |
| Musculo-spiral nerve, radial nerve.
| |
| | |
| Myelencephalon, marrow-brain.
| |
| | |
| Myeloplaxes, marrow-plates.
| |
| | |
| Myentericus, pertaining to the muscular tissue of the bowel.
| |
| | |
| Mylo-, pertaining to a mill.
| |
| | |
| Myocardium, the muscular tissue of
| |
| the heart.
| |
| | |
| Myrtiform, like a myrtle-berry.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1707
| |
| | |
| Nares, posterior, posterior apertures
| |
| of nose.
| |
| | |
| Naris (pi. nares), a nostril.
| |
| | |
| Nasal, pertaining to the nose.
| |
| | |
| Natal, pertaining to the buttock.
| |
| Natis (pi. nates), the buttock.
| |
| Navicular, pertaining to a boat.
| |
| Nephros, a kidney.
| |
| | |
| Neural, pertaining to a nerve.
| |
| Neuroglia, literally ‘ nerve glue.’
| |
| Nictitans, winking.
| |
| | |
| Norma, a rule or measure (aspect).
| |
| Notochord, string or cord of the back.
| |
| Nucha, the nape of the neck.
| |
| | |
| Nuck, canal, vaginal process.
| |
| Nucleus, a kernel.
| |
| | |
| Nuhn, glands, anterior lingual (seromucous) glands.
| |
| | |
| Nymphae, nymphs or goddesses of
| |
| the fountains, woods, trees, etc.;
| |
| labia minora.
| |
| | |
| Obelion, a horizontal line (perhaps
| |
| a little spit).
| |
| | |
| Obex, a bolt; a barrier.
| |
| | |
| Obturator, one who closes or stops
| |
| up.
| |
| | |
| Occipital, pertaining to the back
| |
| part of the head.
| |
| | |
| Odontoblast, a tooth-germ.
| |
| | |
| Odontoid, tooth-like.
| |
| | |
| Odoriferae, carrying odours.
| |
| (Esophagus, food-carrier.
| |
| | |
| Olecranon, head or point of the
| |
| forearm.
| |
| | |
| Olfactory, pertaining to smell.
| |
| Olfactory trigone, olfactory pyramid.
| |
| Olivary, pertaining to an olive.
| |
| Omentum, that which is drawn over.
| |
| | |
| Omentum, gastro - hepatic, lesser
| |
| omentum.
| |
| | |
| Omentum, gastro-splenic, gastrosplenic ligament.
| |
| | |
| Omo-, pertaining to the shoulder.
| |
| Omphalo-, pertaining to the navel.
| |
| Operculum, a cover or lid.
| |
| | |
| Ophryon, the eyebrow.
| |
| | |
| Ophthalmic, pertaining to the eye.
| |
| Opisthion, hinder or rear.
| |
| | |
| Opisthotic, behind the ear.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1708
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Optic, pertaining to sight.
| |
| | |
| Optic thalamus, thalamus.
| |
| | |
| Ora, a border or margin.
| |
| Orthognathous pertaining to a
| |
| straight (non-projecting) jaw.
| |
| | |
| Os incae, interparietal bone.
| |
| | |
| Os japonicum, bi-partite zygomatic
| |
| bone.
| |
| | |
| Os magnum, capitate bone.
| |
| | |
| Os, oris, a mouth.
| |
| | |
| Os, ossis, a bone.
| |
| | |
| Os tincae, external os of uterus.
| |
| Ossicle of Kerckring, occasional
| |
| centre in posterior margin of
| |
| foramen magnum.
| |
| | |
| Osteoblast, bone-germ.
| |
| | |
| Osteoclast, bone-destroyer.
| |
| Osteogenetic, bone-forming.
| |
| | |
| Ostium, a door, entrance, or exit.
| |
| Otic, pertaining to the ear.
| |
| | |
| Otoconia, ear-dust.
| |
| | |
| Otoliths, ear-stones.
| |
| | |
| Ovary, egg-forming organ.
| |
| | |
| Oxyntic, producing acid.
| |
| | |
| Pacchionian bodies, arachnoid granulations.
| |
| | |
| Pacinian corpuscles, lamellated corpuscles.
| |
| | |
| Palatum, the palate.
| |
| | |
| Pallium, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Palmar, pertaining to the palm.
| |
| Palpebra, an eyelid.
| |
| | |
| Pampiniform, tendril-like.
| |
| | |
| Pancreas, literally, all or completely
| |
| flesh.
| |
| | |
| Para-, near, by the side of.
| |
| Paradidymis, near the testis.
| |
| Parametrium, near the womb.
| |
| Parietal, pertaining to a wall.
| |
| Paroophoron, near the egg-bearing
| |
| organ; medial mesonephric tubules.
| |
| | |
| Parbtid, near the ear.
| |
| | |
| Parovarium, epoophoron.
| |
| | |
| Pars intermedia (Wrisberg), sensory
| |
| root of facial nerve.
| |
| | |
| Patella, a small dish; a plate.
| |
| | |
| Pecten, another name for the os
| |
| pubis; a comb.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pectinatus, pertaining to a comb.
| |
| | |
| Pectineal or Pectineus, associated
| |
| with the pecten bone or os pubis.
| |
| | |
| Pectiniform, comb-like.
| |
| | |
| Pectoralis, pertaining to the breast.
| |
| | |
| Peduncle of corpus callosum, paraterminal gyrus.
| |
| | |
| Pelvis, a basin.
| |
| | |
| Penicillus, a painter’s brush or pencil.
| |
| | |
| Penis, a tail, or pendant process.
| |
| | |
| Peri-, around, about, or near.
| |
| | |
| Pericardium, around the heart.
| |
| | |
| Perineum, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I dwell, or am situated,
| |
| around/
| |
| | |
| Perineum, central point of, perineal
| |
| | |
| body.
| |
| | |
| Periosteum, around bone.
| |
| | |
| Periotic, around the ear.
| |
| | |
| Peritoneum, from a Greek word
| |
| meaning ‘ stretched around/
| |
| | |
| Peroneal or Peroneus, ‘ pertaining
| |
| to the peronee/ the Greek name for
| |
| fibula.
| |
| | |
| Petit’s canal, zonular spaces.
| |
| | |
| Petit’s triangle, lumbar triangle.
| |
| | |
| Petrous, rocky.
| |
| | |
| Phalanx, a rank of soldiers.
| |
| | |
| Pharynx, the throat.
| |
| | |
| Phenozygous, having visible arches.
| |
| | |
| Philtrum, a love potion.
| |
| | |
| Phrenic, pertaining to the diaphragm.
| |
| | |
| Pineal, belonging to, or like, a pinenut or pine-cone.
| |
| | |
| Pinna, a kind of shell-fish; a feather
| |
| or wing.
| |
| | |
| Pisiform, like a pea.
| |
| | |
| Pituitary, pertaining to phlegm or
| |
| mucus; hypophysis.
| |
| | |
| Placenta, a flat cake.
| |
| | |
| Plagiocephalous, pertaining to an
| |
| oblique or twisted head.
| |
| | |
| Planta, the sole of the foot.
| |
| | |
| Plantar, pertaining to the sole of the
| |
| foot.
| |
| | |
| Platycnemism, broadness of leg.
| |
| | |
| Platyrhine, having a broad nose.
| |
| | |
| Platysma, a broad sheet.
| |
| | |
| Pleura, a rib.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| iyog
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| i
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plexus, a twining or network.
| |
| | |
| Plexus, Auerbach’s, myenteric plexus.
| |
| Plexus, gulae, cesophageal plexus.
| |
| Plexus, Meissner’s, plexus of the
| |
| submucosa.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plica, a fold.
| |
| | |
| Plica hypogastrica, lateral umbilical
| |
| | |
| | |
| fold.
| |
| | |
| Plica urachi, median umbilical fold.
| |
| Plicae palmatae (uterus), arbor vitae.
| |
| Pneumogastric, pertaining to the
| |
| breathing organs and stomach.
| |
| Pocularis, pertaining to a cup.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pollex, the thumb.
| |
| | |
| Pomum Adami, laryngeal prominence.
| |
| | |
| Pons, a bridge.
| |
| | |
| Popliteal or Popliteus, pertaining to
| |
| the ham.
| |
| | |
| Porta, a gate.
| |
| | |
| Portal, pertaining to a gate.
| |
| | |
| Portio major and minor, sensory and
| |
| motor roots of trigeminal nerve.
| |
| | |
| Postaxiah r , , T
| |
| Preaxial / see Cha P ter L
| |
| | |
| Posterior vesicular column (Clarke),
| |
| thoracic (or dorsal) nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Posticus, posterior.
| |
| | |
| Poupart’s ligament, inguinal liga
| |
| | |
| ment.
| |
| | |
| Primary divisions (of spinal nerves),
| |
| | |
| anterior and posterior rami.
| |
| Proctodaeum, the threshold of the
| |
| | |
| | |
| anus.
| |
| | |
| Prognathous, having a projecting
| |
| lower jaw.
| |
| | |
| Proligerus, bearing offspring; germinating.
| |
| | |
| Pro-nephros, fore-kidney.
| |
| | |
| Pro-otic, before the ear.
| |
| | |
| Prosencephalon, the fore-brain.
| |
| | |
| Prostate, standing before; or, more
| |
| probably, pertaining to a porch
| |
| or vestibule.
| |
| | |
| Psalterium, a psaltery or instrument
| |
| of the lute kind.
| |
| | |
| Psalterium (lyra), hippocampal commissure.
| |
| | |
| Psoas, from a Greek word meaning
| |
| * the muscles of the loins,’ and
| |
| secondarily ‘ the loins themselves.’
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pterion, a wing.
| |
| | |
| Pterotic, pertaining to a wing.
| |
| Pterygoid, wing-like.
| |
| | |
| Pubes, the hair which appears on the
| |
| external genital organs at the age
| |
| of puberty.
| |
| | |
| Pubic, pertaining to the os pubis.
| |
| Pudendal, pertaining to the pudendum.
| |
| | |
| Pudendum, ‘ of which one ought to
| |
| be ashamed.’
| |
| | |
| Pudic, modest or chaste.
| |
| | |
| Pulmo, a lung.
| |
| | |
| Pulmonary, belonging to the lungs.
| |
| Pulvinar, a couch or cushion,
| |
| Putamen, trimmings or clippings.
| |
| Pyloric vestibule, pyloric antrum.
| |
| Pylorus, literally, a gate-keeper.
| |
| Pyriformis, pear-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Quadratus, square.
| |
| | |
| Quadriceps, having four heads.
| |
| Quadrigeminus, fourfold, four.
| |
| | |
| Racemose, pertaining to a cluster of
| |
| grapes; full of clusters; clustering.
| |
| Radius, a staff or rod; the spoke of
| |
| a wheel.
| |
| | |
| Ramus, a branch.
| |
| | |
| Ranine, pertaining to a frog.
| |
| | |
| Raphe, a seam.
| |
| | |
| Receptaculum, a receptacle.
| |
| Receptaculum chyli, cisterna chyli.
| |
| Rectus, straight.
| |
| | |
| Recurrent, running back.
| |
| | |
| Refractory, breaking up.
| |
| | |
| Reil, island of, insula.
| |
| | |
| Ren, a kidney.
| |
| | |
| Restiform, like a rope or cord.
| |
| Restiform body, inferior cerebellar
| |
| peduncle.
| |
| | |
| Rete, a net.
| |
| | |
| Retina, from rete, a net.
| |
| | |
| Retrahens, drawing back.
| |
| | |
| Retzius, cave, retro-pubic space.
| |
| Revehens, carrying back.
| |
| | |
| Rhinencephalon, the ‘ nose ’ or olfactory brain.
| |
| | |
| Rhinion, a nose.
| |
| | |
| Rhombencephalon, the rhomb-brain
| |
| (hind-brain).
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1710
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Rhomboid ligament, costoclavicular
| |
| ligament.
| |
| | |
| Riedel’s lobe, an elongation of lower
| |
| margin of right lobe of liver (due
| |
| to pressure).
| |
| | |
| Rima, a cleft or chink.
| |
| | |
| Risorius, laughing.
| |
| | |
| Rivini, ducts, sublingual ducts.
| |
| | |
| Rolando, fissure, central sulcus.
| |
| | |
| Rostrum, a beak.
| |
| | |
| Rotula, a little wheel.
| |
| | |
| Rugae, wrinkles.
| |
| | |
| Saccus reuniens, sinus venosus
| |
| (heart).
| |
| | |
| Sacrum, sacred; derivation and original meaning very doubtful.
| |
| | |
| Sagittal, pertaining to an arrow;
| |
| antero-posterior.
| |
| | |
| Salpinx, a trumpet or tube.
| |
| | |
| Salvatella, saving, or making well.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, cartilages, corniculate cartilages.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, duct, accessory pancreatic
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Santorini, fissures, clefts in cartilage
| |
| of exterior auditory meatus.
| |
| | |
| Saphenous, apparent, manifest.
| |
| | |
| Sartorius, pertaining to a tailor.
| |
| | |
| Scala, a ladder, flight of steps, or
| |
| staircase.
| |
| | |
| Scala media, duct of cochlea.
| |
| | |
| Scalenus, of unequal sides.
| |
| | |
| Scansorius, of, or for, climbing.
| |
| | |
| Scaphocephalous, having a head like
| |
| a boat.
| |
| | |
| Scaphoid, like a boat.
| |
| | |
| Scapula, a spade; probably from a
| |
| Greek verb meaning ‘ I dig/
| |
| | |
| Scarpa’s triangle, femoral triangle.
| |
| | |
| Schlemm, canal, sinus venosus
| |
| sclerae.
| |
| | |
| Schindylesis, a splitting or cleavage.
| |
| | |
| Sciatic (identical with Ischiatic),
| |
| pertaining to the hip.
| |
| | |
| Sclera, hard.
| |
| | |
| Sclerotic, hard; sclera.
| |
| | |
| Scrobiculus, a little ditch or trench.
| |
| | |
| Scrotum, a skin bag or pouch; a hide
| |
| (probably originally ‘ scortum J ).
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sebaceous, pertaining to grease.
| |
| Sella, a seat; a saddle.
| |
| | |
| Semilunar bone, lunate.
| |
| | |
| Semilunar fold of Douglas, arcuate
| |
| line.
| |
| | |
| Seminalis, pertaining to semen.
| |
| Septum, a fence or barrier.
| |
| | |
| Serotinus, that comes or happens
| |
| late.
| |
| | |
| Serratus, jagged like a saw.
| |
| | |
| Sesamoid, like sesame (a kind of
| |
| grain).
| |
| | |
| Shrapnell’s membrane, flaccid part
| |
| of membrana tympani.
| |
| | |
| Sibson’s fascia, suprapleural membrane.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid, like the Greek letter S
| |
| | |
| (sigma).
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid cavity, greater, trochlear
| |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid cavity, lesser, radial notch.
| |
| Sigmoid cavity (of radius), ulnar
| |
| | |
| notch.
| |
| | |
| Sigmoid notch (mandible), mandibular notch.
| |
| | |
| Sinus, a cavity or hollow.
| |
| | |
| Sinus, Valsalva, of, sinuses of aorta.
| |
| Smegma, a cleanser.
| |
| | |
| Solar, relating to the sun.
| |
| | |
| Solar plexus, coeliac plexus.
| |
| | |
| Soleus, a sole or sandal; a sole-fish.
| |
| Sperma, seed or semen.
| |
| | |
| Spermatic, pertaining to semen.
| |
| Spermatoblast, a seminal bud.
| |
| Spermatozoa (plural), seminal
| |
| animals.
| |
| | |
| Sphenoid, wedge-like.
| |
| Spheno-maxillary fossa, pterygopalatine fossa.
| |
| | |
| Sphenotic, pertaining to the sphenoid
| |
| bone and ear-capsule.
| |
| | |
| Sphincter, binding or closing tight.
| |
| Spigelian lobe, caudate lobe.
| |
| Splanchnic, pertaining to viscera.
| |
| Splenium, a bandage or compress.
| |
| Splenius, pertaining to a bandage.
| |
| Squamous, scaly.
| |
| | |
| Stapes, a stirrup.
| |
| | |
| Stellatum, starry.
| |
| | |
| Stensen’s duct, parotid duct.
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Stephanion, a crown or wreath.
| |
| | |
| Sternebra, a segment of the sternum.
| |
| | |
| Sternum, the breast or chest.
| |
| | |
| Stomata, mouths or pores.
| |
| | |
| Stomatodaeum or Stomodaeum, the
| |
| threshold of the mouth.
| |
| | |
| Stria medullaris, stria habenularis.
| |
| | |
| Striae acusticae, auditory striae.
| |
| | |
| Striae medullares, auditory striae.
| |
| | |
| Styloid, pen-like.
| |
| | |
| Subflava, somewhat yellow.
| |
| | |
| Subiculum, an under layer or support.
| |
| | |
| Submaxillary, submandibular.
| |
| | |
| Substantia gelatinosa (Roland), gelatinous matter.
| |
| | |
| Sudoriferous, sweat-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Sulcus, a furrow.
| |
| | |
| Supercilium, an eyebrow.
| |
| | |
| Supracallosal gyrus, indusium griseum.
| |
| | |
| Sural, pertaining to the calf of the
| |
| leg.
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum, a prop or support.
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum lienis, phrenico-colic
| |
| ligament.
| |
| | |
| Suture, a sewing together, a seam.
| |
| | |
| Sylvius, aqueduct, aqueduct of midbrain.
| |
| | |
| Symphysis, growth together.
| |
| | |
| Syn-, with; together with (union or
| |
| harmony may be implied).
| |
| | |
| Synarthrosis, literally, a * together
| |
| with ' (direct) joint; fibrous joint.
| |
| | |
| Synchondrosis, bound together with
| |
| cartilage; cartilaginous joint.
| |
| | |
| Syndesmosis, bound together with
| |
| bands or bonds.
| |
| | |
| Synovia, resemblance to the white
| |
| of an egg.
| |
| | |
| Taenia, a band or ribbon.
| |
| | |
| Talus, a die (pi. dice); the ankle-bone.
| |
| | |
| Tapetum, a carpet or coverlet.
| |
| | |
| Tarsus, a broad flat surface; the
| |
| instep.
| |
| | |
| Tectorius, pertaining to a cover.
| |
| | |
| Tegmen, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Tegmentum, a covering.
| |
| | |
| Tela, a web.
| |
| | |
| Telencephalon, the end-brain.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1711
| |
| | |
| Temporal, pertaining to the temples
| |
| of the head.
| |
| | |
| Tendo Achillis, tendo calcaneus.
| |
| | |
| Tendon, from tendo, ‘ I stretch.’
| |
| | |
| Tenon’s capsule, fascial sheath of
| |
| eyeball.
| |
| | |
| Tentorium, a tent.
| |
| | |
| Tenuis, slender, small.
| |
| | |
| Teres, rounded.
| |
| | |
| Testis, a witness.
| |
| | |
| Thalamencephalon, the bedchamberbrain, or inter-brain.
| |
| | |
| Thalamus, a bedchamber; a marriage-bed.
| |
| | |
| Thebesian valve, valve of coronary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Thebesian veins, venae cordis minimae.
| |
| | |
| Theca, a cover, case, or sheath.
| |
| | |
| Thenar, the flat of the hand.
| |
| | |
| Thorax, the breast or chest; a breastplate.
| |
| | |
| Thymus, thyme.
| |
| | |
| Thyroid, like a shield.
| |
| | |
| Tibia, a pipe or flute; the shin-bone.
| |
| | |
| Tinea, a small fish, perhaps the tench.
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, palatine, tonsil.
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, pharyngeal, naso-pharyngeal
| |
| tonsil.
| |
| | |
| Torcular, a wine-press (twisting is
| |
| implied).
| |
| | |
| Torcular Herophili, confluens sinuum.
| |
| | |
| Torus, a protuberance.
| |
| | |
| Torus tubarius, tubal elevation.
| |
| | |
| Trabecula, a little beam.
| |
| | |
| Trachea (‘ rough ’), the wind-pipe.
| |
| | |
| Trachelo-, belonging to the neck.
| |
| | |
| Tragus, a goat.
| |
| | |
| Trapezium, a table; a four-sided,
| |
| figure, no two sides of which are
| |
| parallel to one another.
| |
| | |
| Trefoil, having three leaves.
| |
| | |
| Treitz, muscle, suspensory muscle of
| |
| duodenum.
| |
| | |
| Treves, bloodless fold of, ileo-csecal
| |
| fold.
| |
| | |
| Triangular fascia, reflected part of
| |
| inguinal ligament.
| |
| | |
| Triangular fibro-cartilage, articular
| |
| disc.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1712
| |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Triangular ligament, inferior or superficial layer; perineal membrane.
| |
| | |
| Triceps, having three heads.
| |
| | |
| Trigeminus, threefold, triple.
| |
| | |
| Trigdnocephalus, a triangular head.
| |
| | |
| Trigonum, a triangle; triangular.
| |
| | |
| Triquetrum, three-cornered; triangular.
| |
| | |
| Triticea, wheaten, or like a grain of
| |
| wheat.
| |
| | |
| Trochanter, from a Greek verb meaning ‘ I roll, turn, or revolve.'
| |
| | |
| Trochlea, the wheel of a pulley.
| |
| | |
| Trochlear, pulley-shaped.
| |
| | |
| Trochlearthrosis, a pulley-joint.
| |
| | |
| Trochoides, wheel-like.
| |
| | |
| Trolard, vein of, superior anastomotic
| |
| vein.
| |
| | |
| Tuba, a trumpet.
| |
| | |
| Tubarius, pertaining to a trumpet.
| |
| | |
| Tube, auditory, pharyngo-tympanic
| |
| tube.
| |
| | |
| Tube, Eustachian, pharyngo-tympanic tube.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, a small swelling.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, articular, articular eminence.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, greater multangular, of,
| |
| | |
| crest of trapezium.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, Lister’s, dorsal tubercle of
| |
| radius.
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, Lower, of, intervenous
| |
| tubercle (heart).
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, radial, dorsal tubercle of
| |
| radius.
| |
| | |
| Tuberosity, an exaggerated tubercle.
| |
| | |
| Turbinals or turbinate bones, conchse.
| |
| | |
| Turbinate, whirled or coiled; like a
| |
| top.
| |
| | |
| Turbo, a whirl or coil; a top.
| |
| | |
| Turcica, Turkish.
| |
| | |
| Tympanum, a drum.
| |
| | |
| Ulna, the elbow, but more usually
| |
| the forearm.
| |
| | |
| Umbilicus, the navel.
| |
| | |
| Umbo, a boss or knob.
| |
| | |
| Unciform, hook-like.
| |
| | |
| Unciform bone, hamate.
| |
| | |
| Uncinate, furnished with a hook.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ungual, relating to a nail.
| |
| | |
| Unguis, a nail.
| |
| | |
| Unicornis, one-horned.
| |
| | |
| Urachus, urine-holder.
| |
| | |
| Ureter, from a Greek verb meaning
| |
| ‘ I pass urine.'
| |
| | |
| Urethra, the canal by which urine is
| |
| passed.
| |
| | |
| Uriniferous, urine-carrying.
| |
| | |
| Uterus, the womb or matrix.
| |
| | |
| Uterus masculinus, prostatic utricle.
| |
| Utricle, a little womb or matrix.
| |
| Uvea, from uva, a bunch of grapes;
| |
| a cluster.
| |
| | |
| Uvula, a small bunch of grapes.
| |
| | |
| Vagina, a scabbard or sheath.
| |
| | |
| Vagus, strolling about, wandering,
| |
| vagrant.
| |
| | |
| Valgus, bow-legged.
| |
| | |
| Vallecula, a little valley.
| |
| | |
| Vallecula Sylvii, vallecula cerebri.
| |
| Vallum, a rampart.
| |
| | |
| Valsalva, sinuses, sinuses of aorta.
| |
| Valve, bicuspid, left atrio-ventricular
| |
| valve.
| |
| | |
| Valve, Eustachian, valve of inferior
| |
| | |
| vena cava.
| |
| | |
| Valve, ileo-caecal, ileo-colic valve.
| |
| Valve, mitral, left atrio-ventricular
| |
| | |
| valve.
| |
| | |
| Valve, Thebesian, valve of coronary
| |
| sinus.
| |
| | |
| Valve, tricuspid, right atrio-ventricular valve (cusps are anterior
| |
| inferior medial).
| |
| | |
| Valve, Vieussens, superior medullary
| |
| velum.
| |
| | |
| Varus, bent or turned inwards.
| |
| | |
| Vas (pi. vasa), a vessel.
| |
| | |
| Velum, a curtain or veil.
| |
| | |
| Velum interpositum, tela choroidea.
| |
| Velum palatinum, soft palate.
| |
| Veneris, ' of Venus.’
| |
| | |
| Ventral, pertaining to the belly.
| |
| Ventricle of larynx, sinus of larynx.
| |
| Vermiform, like a worm.
| |
| | |
| Vertebra, primarily means a joint,
| |
| but more particularly a joint of
| |
| the spine.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| GLOSSARY
| |
| | |
| | |
| Vertex, the top or crown of the head.
| |
| | |
| Veru, a dart, javelin, or spear.
| |
| | |
| Verumontanum, urethral crest.
| |
| | |
| Vesalii, foramen, emissary sphenoidal
| |
| foramen.
| |
| | |
| Vesica, the urinary bladder.
| |
| | |
| Vesical, pertaining to the urinary
| |
| bladder.
| |
| | |
| Vespertilio, a bat.
| |
| | |
| Vestibular nucleus, principal or
| |
| dorsal; medial nucleus.
| |
| | |
| Vestigial, pertaining to a trace.
| |
| | |
| Vestigium, a trace or vestige.
| |
| | |
| Vibrissa, a stiff hair of the nostril.
| |
| | |
| Vicq d’Azyr, bundle of, mamillothalamic tract.
| |
| | |
| Vidian canal, pterygoid canal.
| |
| | |
| Vidian nerve, nerve of pterygoid
| |
| canal.
| |
| | |
| Vieussens, ansa of, ansa subclavia.
| |
| | |
| Vieussens, valve, superior medullary
| |
| velum.
| |
| | |
| Villus, shaggy hair; a tuft of hair.
| |
| | |
| Vinculum, a band or bond.
| |
| | |
| Vitelline, pertaining to the yolk of
| |
| an egg.
| |
| | |
| Vitellus, the yolk of an egg.
| |
| | |
| Vitreous, like glass, glassy.
| |
| | |
| Vola, the palm of the hand.
| |
| | |
| Volar, pertaining to the palm; palmar, or anterior.
| |
| | |
| Vomer, a ploughshare.
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 7 I 3
| |
| | |
| Vorticosse, full of whirlpools, eddying, coiled.
| |
| | |
| Vulva, a wrapper or covering.
| |
| | |
| Wharton’s duct, submandibular
| |
| duct.
| |
| | |
| Willis, circle of, circulus arteriosus.
| |
| | |
| Winslow, foramen, opening of lesser
| |
| sac.
| |
| | |
| Winslow, ligament, oblique posterior
| |
| ligament of knee.
| |
| | |
| Wirsung, duct, pancreatic duct.
| |
| | |
| Wolffian duct, mesonephric duct.
| |
| | |
| Wood’s muscle, abductor metatarsi
| |
| quinti.
| |
| | |
| Wormian bones, sutural bones.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, cartilage, cuneiform cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, ligament, accessory attachment of lateral semilunar cartilage.
| |
| | |
| Wrisberg, nerve, medial cutaneous
| |
| nerve of arm.
| |
| | |
| Xiphoid, like a sword.
| |
| | |
| Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow, iliofemoral ligament.
| |
| | |
| Zinn, inferior tendon or ligament
| |
| | |
| (eye), lower part of common tendinous ring.
| |
| | |
| Zinn, zonule, ciliary zonule.
| |
| | |
| Zygoma, a yoke.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 108
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Arteries, nerves, ligaments, joints, muscles, and veins are classified under corresponding
| |
| headings. Where a number is given in heavy type, the principal reference is indicated.
| |
| | |
| | |
| Abapical pole of ovum, 25
| |
| Abdomen, 674, 754
| |
| | |
| division into regions, 755
| |
| Abdominal cavity, 756
| |
| pregnancy, 19
| |
| wall, 704
| |
| | |
| landmarks of, 704
| |
| Abducent nerve, 1166, 1447, 1616
| |
| in orbit, 1254
| |
| | |
| Abductor digiti minimi (foot), 646
| |
| (hand), 496
| |
| hallucis, 644
| |
| | |
| ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
| |
| pollicis brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| | |
| Abernethy, fascia of, 854
| |
| Aberrant ductules, 751
| |
| Abnormal definition, 5
| |
| Accessory bile-ducts, 779
| |
| | |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| obturator nerve, 580, 847
| |
| process, 140
| |
| Acervulus cerebri, 1590
| |
| Acetabulum, 340
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 341
| |
| Acrocephaly, 270
| |
| Acromial anastomosis, 443
| |
| Acromion, 296 , 298
| |
| Acromio-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| Acromio-thoracic artery, 426
| |
| Adamantoblasts, 287
| |
| Addison's lines, 755
| |
| Adductor brevis, 577
| |
| hallucis, 649
| |
| longus, 576
| |
| magnus, 577
| |
| minimus, 578
| |
| pollicis, 494, 496
| |
| Adenoids, 1373
| |
| Agger nasi, 214
| |
| Aggregated nodules, 868
| |
| Air-cells, mastoid, i88
| |
| sphenoidal, 199
| |
| Akinesis, 9
| |
| Ala cinerea, 1490
| |
| | |
| of frontal bone, 181
| |
| orbitalis, 273
| |
| of sacrum, 148
| |
| temporalis, 275
| |
| | |
| | |
| Alae of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of vomer, 228
| |
| Alar thoracic artery, 427
| |
| Alimentary canal (embryonic), 23
| |
| Allantoic diverticulum, 31
| |
| Allantois, 31, 32, 33, 954
| |
| Alveolar arches, 1337
| |
| index, 269
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| process of maxilla, 214
| |
| Alveoli, pulmonary, 1028
| |
| Alveus, 1525, 1569
| |
| Ambiguus nucleus, 1625 , 1626, 1627
| |
| Ameloblasts, 287
| |
| Amitosis, 9, 12
| |
| Amnion, 27, 30, 32, 106
| |
| Amniotic cavity, 25, 26, 32
| |
| duct, 32
| |
| fluid, 106
| |
| folds, 31, 32
| |
| | |
| Amphioxus gastrulation, 35
| |
| mesoderm, 36
| |
| Ampulla of duodenum, 865
| |
| of ear, 1684
| |
| of rectum, 944
| |
| of vas deferens, 935
| |
| Amygdaloid nucleus, 1524, 1532
| |
| tubercle, 1524
| |
| | |
| Anal canal, development of, 965
| |
| of female, 978
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| of male, 945
| |
| structure of, 961
| |
| columns, 961
| |
| fascia, 922
| |
| membrane, 965
| |
| valves, 962
| |
| Analogy, 122
| |
| Anaphase, 10
| |
| | |
| Anastomosis, acromial, 443
| |
| cruciate, 538, 585 , 587
| |
| round, elbow-joint, 479
| |
| knee-joint, 548
| |
| scapular, 441
| |
| trochanteric, 585
| |
| Anatomical description, 2
| |
| snuff-box, 484
| |
| textbooks, 2
| |
| Anatomy, 1
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1714
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1715
| |
| | |
| | |
| Anconeus muscle, 500
| |
| Angle, cranio-facial, 260
| |
| of eye, 1289
| |
| of mandible, 232
| |
| pubic, 339, 552
| |
| sacro-vertebral, 151
| |
| sternal, 102, 1013
| |
| subcostal, 165
| |
| subpubic, 344
| |
| | |
| Angles of pharyngeal lateral pouches. 70,76
| |
| Angular process, medial, 181
| |
| Animal cell, 8
| |
| Ankle-joint, 661
| |
| | |
| Annular-ligament of radius, 520
| |
| Annulus fibrosus—
| |
| | |
| of intervertebral disc, 1107
| |
| of tympanic membrane, 1676
| |
| ovalis, 1055
| |
| | |
| Ano-coccygeal body, 675
| |
| Ansa hypoglossi, 1206
| |
| | |
| lenticularis, 1531, 1539 , 1567
| |
| peduncularis, 1565, 1567
| |
| subclavia, 1239, 1335
| |
| Antecubital lymphatic glands, 452, 514
| |
| Antihelix, 1295
| |
| Antinion, 268
| |
| Antitragicus muscle, 1296
| |
| Antrum, definition, 115
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| tympanic, 188, 1681
| |
| Anus, 674
| |
| | |
| development of, 965
| |
| imperforate, 965
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| Aorta, abdominal, 825
| |
| | |
| branches of, 825
| |
| guides to bifurcation of, 708
| |
| arch of, 1037
| |
| | |
| development of, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1033
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1036
| |
| development of, 1037
| |
| great sinus of, 1036
| |
| descending, 1089
| |
| | |
| development of, 1094
| |
| embryonic, 51, 68
| |
| thoracic, 1033
| |
| varieties of, 1040
| |
| Aortic arches, 68, 91, 1118
| |
| isthmus, 1038
| |
| lymphatic glands, 832
| |
| nodule, 1063
| |
| orifice, 1062
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| plexus, 811
| |
| sinuses, 1063
| |
| spindle, 1038
| |
| valve, 1062
| |
| vestibule, 1060
| |
| Aortico-renal ganglion, 809
| |
| Aperture, bony, of nose, anterior, 244
| |
| posterior, 251
| |
| | |
| median, of fourth ventricle, 1492, 1608
| |
| Apex of lung, 1021
| |
| Apical pole of ovum, 25
| |
| | |
| | |
| Aponeurosis, bicipital, 453
| |
| epicranial, 1156
| |
| palatine, 1351
| |
| palmar, 484
| |
| plantar, 642
| |
| Apophysis, 114
| |
| | |
| Appendices epiploicae, 768, 871
| |
| Appendix, vermiform, 764
| |
| | |
| development of, 63, 872, 883
| |
| mesentery of, 764, 787 , 884
| |
| Aquatic respiration, 1377
| |
| Aqueduct of mid-brain, 1488, 1560
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1561, 1589
| |
| of vestibule, 191, 264
| |
| Aqueductus cochleae, 193, 1165, 1686
| |
| Aqueous humour, 1661
| |
| Arachnoid granulations, 1599, 1609
| |
| membrane, cranial, 1608
| |
| spinal, 1413
| |
| | |
| Arbor vitae cerebelli, 1485
| |
| of uterus, 977
| |
| | |
| Arc, longitudinal, of skull, 269
| |
| Arch, coraco-acromial, 445
| |
| crico-thyroid, 1215
| |
| femoral, deep, 719, 734
| |
| jugular, 1175
| |
| nasal, 1154
| |
| palato-glossal, 1350
| |
| palato-pharyngeal, 1350
| |
| palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| plantar, 614, 657
| |
| subpubic, 344
| |
| superciliary, 181
| |
| Archenteric cavity, 25
| |
| Archenteron, 27, 30
| |
| Arches, arterial, 1118
| |
| dental, 281
| |
| of foot, 672
| |
| visceral, 66, 278
| |
| | |
| metamorphosis of, 1376
| |
| Archoplasm, 9
| |
| | |
| Arcuate eminence, 189, 263, 1684
| |
| fibres of medulla, 1465
| |
| ligaments of knee-joint, 631
| |
| of diaphragm, 836
| |
| line, 727
| |
| | |
| Arcus parieto-occipitalis, 1501
| |
| tendineus, 947
| |
| Area, bucco-pharyngeal, 34
| |
| cochlear, 190
| |
| embryonic, 33
| |
| orbital, 1493
| |
| proto-cardiac, 34
| |
| tentorial, 1493
| |
| vestibular, 1491
| |
| Areas of Broca, 1446
| |
| of cortex, 1569
| |
| of Flechsig, 1467
| |
| | |
| vestibular, superior and inferior, 190
| |
| Areola of nipple, 414
| |
| Arm, landmarks of, 446
| |
| Arteria, centralis retinae, 1260
| |
| rectae, 906
| |
| | |
| thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1716
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries—
| |
| | |
| acromio-thoracic, 426
| |
| alar thoracic, 427
| |
| anastomosis, cruciate, 538, 585 , 87
| |
| round, elbow-joint, 479
| |
| knee-joint, 548
| |
| scapular, 441
| |
| aorta, abdominal, 825
| |
| | |
| branches of, 825
| |
| development of, 1041, 1118
| |
| guides to bifurcation, 708
| |
| arch of, 1037
| |
| | |
| development of, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1033
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1036
| |
| development of, 1037
| |
| great sinus of, 1036
| |
| descending, 1089
| |
| | |
| development of, 1094
| |
| embryonic, 51, 68
| |
| primitive dorsal, 1118
| |
| ventral, 1118
| |
| thoracic, 1033
| |
| varieties of, 1040
| |
| aortic arches (emb.), 68, 91
| |
| appendicular, 797
| |
| arch, crico-thyroid, 1215
| |
| | |
| palmar, deep, 484, 497 , 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| plantar, 614, 657
| |
| arcuate, 612
| |
| | |
| ascending pharyngeal, 1219
| |
| auditory, internal, 1448, 1576
| |
| of auricle, 1672
| |
| auricular, deep, 1305
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1161, 1219
| |
| axillary, 425
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 428
| |
| azygos, of vaginal, 980
| |
| basilar, 1447, 1575
| |
| brachial, 454
| |
| | |
| collateral circulation after ligature, 457
| |
| profunda, 455
| |
| varieties of, 456
| |
| bronchial, 1090, 1029
| |
| buccal, 1282, 1307
| |
| of bulb, female, 703
| |
| male, 688
| |
| | |
| bulbar, of vertebral, 1575
| |
| caecal, 797
| |
| | |
| calcaneal, lateral, of peroneal, 626
| |
| medial, of post-tibial, 627
| |
| calcarine, 1577
| |
| capsular, of liver, 885
| |
| carotid, common, 1207
| |
| | |
| left, in thorax, 1039
| |
| ligation of, 1210
| |
| surgical compression, 1210
| |
| internal, 1323
| |
| | |
| at base of brain, 1449
| |
| cavernous part of, 1169
| |
| cerebral part of, 1570
| |
| development of, 91, 1118,
| |
| 1122, 1324
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, petrous part of, 1399
| |
| carpal, anterior, of radial, 475
| |
| of ulnar, 479
| |
| | |
| arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
| |
| posterior, of radial, 511
| |
| of ulnar, 478
| |
| | |
| rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
| |
| centralis, retinae, 1260, 1658
| |
| cerebellar, anterior inferior, 1448, 1576
| |
| posterior inferior, 1575
| |
| superior, 1448, 1576
| |
| cerebral, anterior, 1449, 1572
| |
| middle, 1449, 1573
| |
| posterior, 1448, 1576
| |
| | |
| cerebral areas of, 1577
| |
| cervical, ascending, 1242
| |
| deep, 1148, 1244
| |
| transverse, 1193, 1243
| |
| | |
| deep branch of, 402, 1192,
| |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| superficial branch of, 1142,
| |
| | |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| | |
| choroidal, anterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| posterior, 1577
| |
| ciliary, anterior, 1260, 1651
| |
| long, 1260, 1651
| |
| posterior, 1260
| |
| short, 1260
| |
| | |
| circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1577
| |
| major, 1651
| |
| minor, 1651
| |
| | |
| circumflex, anterior humeral, 427
| |
| fibular, 609
| |
| iliac, deep, 732
| |
| | |
| superficial, 508, 712
| |
| lateral femoral, 585, 588
| |
| medial femoral, 585, 589
| |
| posterior humeral, 427, 428
| |
| scapular, 427
| |
| | |
| clitoris, dorsal artery of, 703
| |
| cochlear, 1694
| |
| coeliac, 811
| |
| colic, left, 801
| |
| middle, 797
| |
| right, 797
| |
| | |
| communicating, anterior, 1449, 1573
| |
| posterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| companion artery of sciatic nerve,
| |
| 538
| |
| | |
| coronary, of heart, 1036
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1573
| |
| cremasteric, 731
| |
| crico-thyroid arch, 1215
| |
| | |
| branch of superior thyroid, 1214
| |
| dental, anterior superior, 1308
| |
| inferior, 1307
| |
| posterior superior, 1307
| |
| dorsalis, indicis, 511
| |
| linguae, 1216
| |
| pedis, 611
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 614
| |
| pollicis, 511
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1717
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| epigastric, inferior, 729
| |
| | |
| branches of, 731
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| superficial, 584, 711
| |
| superior, 731, 1000
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, anterior, 1261, 1281,
| |
| | |
| 1362
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1261
| |
| facial, on face, 1278
| |
| in neck, 1217
| |
| transverse, 1158, 1281
| |
| femoral, 563, 581 » 587
| |
| | |
| profunda of, 584, 588
| |
| fibular, circumflex, 609
| |
| | |
| of frenulum linguae, 1216
| |
| ganglionic, 1449, 1573 , 1577
| |
| gastric, left, 812
| |
| right, 814
| |
| | |
| gastro-duodenal, 814
| |
| gastro-epiploic, left, 812
| |
| right, 814
| |
| | |
| genicular, of popliteal, 548
| |
| gluteal, inferior, 538, 926
| |
| superior, 536, 927
| |
| helicine, 953
| |
| hepatic, 813, 885
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 815
| |
| hyaloid, 1664
| |
| ileal, 796
| |
| ileo-colic, 787
| |
| iliac, circumflex deep, 732
| |
| superficial, 712
| |
| common, 849
| |
| | |
| branches of, 851
| |
| collateral circulation after
| |
| ligature of, 852
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| varieties of, 852
| |
| external, 853
| |
| | |
| branches of, 854
| |
| collateral circulation after
| |
| ligature of, 854
| |
| guide to, 708
| |
| varieties of branches, 854
| |
| internal, 923
| |
| | |
| branches of, 924
| |
| foetal condition of, 923
| |
| varieties of, 923
| |
| ilio-lumbar, 926
| |
| indicis, dorsalis, 511
| |
| radialis, 487, 498
| |
| infra-hyoid, 1214
| |
| infra-orbital, 1282 , 1307
| |
| innominate, 1038
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 1039
| |
| intercostal, 997
| |
| | |
| anterior, 998, 1000
| |
| collateral, 1093
| |
| lower two, 732, 999
| |
| posterior, 998, 1091
| |
| superior, 997, 1093, 1243
| |
| interlobar, of kidney, 904
| |
| interlobular, of kidney, 905
| |
| of liver, 885
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| interosseous, anterior, 478
| |
| common, 478
| |
| posterior, 506, 507
| |
| recurrent, 508
| |
| of iris, 1651
| |
| jejunal, 796
| |
| of kidney, 904
| |
| labial, inferior, 1279
| |
| | |
| superior, 1280, 1362
| |
| of labyrinth, 1694
| |
| lacrimal, 1260
| |
| laryngeal, inferior, 1243
| |
| superior, 1214
| |
| of larynx, 1396
| |
| lenticular, 1573
| |
| lenticulo-striate, 1573
| |
| lenticulo-thalamic, 1573
| |
| of ligamentum teres of uterus, 731
| |
| lingual, 1215
| |
| lumbar, 847
| |
| | |
| abdominal branches of, 732
| |
| branches of, 847
| |
| malleolar, lateral anterior, 609
| |
| medial anterior, 609
| |
| of posterior tibial, 627
| |
| mammary, external branches of
| |
| lateral thoracic artery, 426
| |
| internal, cervical part of, 1242
| |
| thoracic part of, 999
| |
| branches of, 1000
| |
| masseteric, 1307
| |
| mastoid of occipital, 1146, 1219
| |
| maxillary, 1304
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1305
| |
| median, 478 , 498, 5 1 ^>
| |
| meningeal, accessory, 1306, 1600
| |
| anterior of ethmoidal, 1599
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220,
| |
| 1601
| |
| | |
| of internal carotid, 1600
| |
| middle, 1306, 1600
| |
| of occipital, 1146, 1219, 1601
| |
| of vertebral, 1575, 1601
| |
| mental, of facial, 1279
| |
| | |
| of inferior dental, 1283, 1307
| |
| mesenteric inferior, 801
| |
| branches of, 801
| |
| superior, 796
| |
| | |
| branches of, 796
| |
| metacarpal, dorsal, 511
| |
| palmar, 498
| |
| metatarsal, dorsal, 613
| |
| first plantar, 657
| |
| musculo-phrenic, 1000
| |
| mylo-hyoid, of inferior dental, 1307
| |
| nasal, dorsal, 1261, 1281
| |
| lateral, of facial, 1280
| |
| nutrient arteries—
| |
| of femur, 587
| |
| of fibula, 626
| |
| of humerus, 455, 456
| |
| of radius, 478
| |
| of tibia, 626
| |
| of ulna, 478
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1718
| |
| | |
| Artery or arteries [continued )—
| |
| obturator, 589, 925, 927
| |
| abnormal, 566
| |
| occipital, first part, 1218
| |
| | |
| descending branch of, 1218
| |
| second and third parts, 1146
| |
| olecanon rete, 479
| |
| ophthalmic, 1170, 1259
| |
| ovarian, 830
| |
| | |
| in pelvis, 978
| |
| of palate, soft, 1354
| |
| palatine, ascending, of facial, 1217
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
| |
| greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
| |
| lesser, 1308
| |
| | |
| palmar arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
| |
| superficial, 483, 487, 498
| |
| palpebral, lateral, 1260, 1281
| |
| medial, 1261, 1281
| |
| pancreatica magna, 812
| |
| pancreatico-duodenal, inferior, 798
| |
| superior, 814
| |
| pedis, dorsalis, 611
| |
| varieties of, 614
| |
| perforating, foot, 613, 657
| |
| hand, 498
| |
| | |
| of profunda femoris, 586
| |
| pericardiaco-phrenic, 1000
| |
| perineal, superficial, of female, 703
| |
| of male, 687
| |
| transverse, 687
| |
| peroneal, 610, 626
| |
| branches of, 626
| |
| communicating branch of, 627
| |
| varieties, 626
| |
| | |
| pharyngeal, ascending, 1219
| |
| of maxillary, 1308
| |
| of pharynx, 1373
| |
| phrenic, 827
| |
| placental, 51
| |
| plantar arch, 655, 657
| |
| lateral, 655 , 657
| |
| medial, 654 , 657
| |
| pollicis, dorsalis, 511
| |
| princeps, 487, 497
| |
| pontine, 1448, 1575
| |
| popliteal, 541, 546
| |
| varieties of, 548
| |
| princeps pollicis, 487, 497
| |
| profunda, of brachial, 455
| |
| femoris, 584 , 588
| |
| linguae, 1216, 1346
| |
| of pterygoid canal, 1308, 1362
| |
| pterygoid, of maxillary, 1307
| |
| pubic, 731
| |
| | |
| of obturator, 589
| |
| pudendal, accessory, 689
| |
| deep external, 584
| |
| internal, 925
| |
| female, 703
| |
| in gluteal region, 539
| |
| male, 686
| |
| | |
| superficial external, 584, 710
| |
| pulmonary, 1028, 1042
| |
| development of, 1042
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries [continued )—
| |
| pulmonary, trunk, 1042
| |
| | |
| development of, 1042
| |
| radial, 473
| |
| | |
| first part, 474
| |
| | |
| recurrent branch of, 475
| |
| second part, 509
| |
| third part, 497
| |
| varieties of, 475, 498
| |
| radialis indicis, 487, 498
| |
| rectal, 906
| |
| | |
| inferior, 963
| |
| middle, 925, 963
| |
| superior, 802, 963
| |
| recurrent, anterior tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| | |
| posterior interosseous, 508
| |
| tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| radial, 475
| |
| renal, 827
| |
| | |
| aberrant, 828
| |
| accessory, 828
| |
| varieties, 828
| |
| rete, olecranon, 479
| |
| retinal, 1658
| |
| sacral, lateral, 926
| |
| median, 946
| |
| | |
| saphenous, of descending genicular,
| |
| | |
| 587, 589
| |
| | |
| of scalp, 1153
| |
| scapular, circumflex, 427
| |
| of sclera, 1643
| |
| septal, of facial, 1280
| |
| | |
| of spheno-palatine, 1308, 1339,
| |
| 1362
| |
| | |
| spheno-palatine, 1308, 1361
| |
| spinal, anterior, 1447, 1575
| |
| lateral, 1434
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| of posterior intercostals, 1093,
| |
| 1411
| |
| splenic, 812
| |
| striate, 1573
| |
| stylo-mastoid, 1219
| |
| subclavian, 1237
| |
| | |
| development of, 1240
| |
| left, first part of, 1240
| |
| in thorax, 1040
| |
| right, first part of, 1237
| |
| second part of, 1240
| |
| third part of, 1191
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1192
| |
| subcostal, 732, 848, 1093
| |
| sublingual, 1216
| |
| submental, 1218
| |
| subscapular, 427
| |
| suprahyoid, 1216
| |
| supra-orbital, 1154, 1260
| |
| suprarenal, inferior, 828
| |
| middle, 827
| |
| | |
| superior, of phrenic, 827
| |
| suprascapular, 402, 438 , ii 93 ; 1243
| |
| suprasternal of suprascapular,
| |
| | |
| 43 8 . 1243
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1719
| |
| | |
| | |
| Artery or arteries ( continued )—
| |
| supratrochlear (brachial), 456
| |
| of ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
| |
| sural cutaneous, 548
| |
| tarsal, 612
| |
| | |
| temporal, anterior deep, 1307
| |
| middle, 1158
| |
| posterior deep, 1307
| |
| superficial, 1158
| |
| testicular, 829
| |
| | |
| terminal part of, 738
| |
| varieties, 829
| |
| thoracic, alar, 427
| |
| lateral, 427
| |
| somatic, 1244
| |
| superior, 426
| |
| | |
| thyro-cervical trunk, 1242
| |
| thyroid, inferior, 1242
| |
| superior, 1213 , 1242
| |
| thyroidea ima, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| tibial, anterior, 607
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| recurrent, 609
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| recurrent, 609
| |
| varieties, 627
| |
| of tongue, 1346
| |
| of tonsils, 1215, 1355
| |
| tonsillar, of facial, 1217
| |
| transverse facial, 1158
| |
| tympanic, anterior, 1306
| |
| inferior, 1220
| |
| | |
| of tympanic membrane, 1677
| |
| ulnar, 475
| |
| | |
| collateral, 456
| |
| first part, 476
| |
| | |
| recurrent branches of, 477
| |
| second part, 480
| |
| third part, 487
| |
| varieties, 479. 49$
| |
| umbilical, 51, 9 2 3> io8 3
| |
| urachal, of superior vesical, 924
| |
| ureteric, of superior vesical, 924
| |
| uterine, 979
| |
| vaginal, 980
| |
| | |
| azygos, 980
| |
| of liver, 885
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| | |
| vas aberrans, brachial, 456, 475
| |
| to vas deferens, 738, 925
| |
| vertebral, at base of brain, 1447
| |
| development of, 1121, 1242
| |
| first part, 1241
| |
| fourth part, 1574
| |
| second part, 1241
| |
| third part, 1151
| |
| varieties of, 1242
| |
| vesical, inferior, 925
| |
| superior, 924
| |
| vestibular, 1694
| |
| zygomatic, 115 8
| |
| Articular discs— . .
| |
| | |
| of acromio-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| of mandibular joint, 1318
| |
| | |
| | |
| | Articular discs ( continued )—
| |
| of radio-ulnar joint, 520
| |
| of sterno-clavicular joint, 444
| |
| Articularis genu muscle, 573
| |
| Articular nerves—
| |
| | |
| ankle-joint, 610, 615, 627, 663
| |
| calcaneo-cuboid, 654
| |
| carpal joints, 507, 525
| |
| carpo-metacarpal, 526
| |
| elbow-joint, 461, 480, 519
| |
| hip-joint, 545, 574, 580, 597
| |
| intermetacarpal, 526
| |
| interphalangeal, foot. 653, 654
| |
| shoulder-joint, 432, 464
| |
| talo-calcanean, 615
| |
| tarsal, 614, 652, 654
| |
| tarso-metatarsal, 614, 652, 654
| |
| tibio-fibular, inferior, 550, 610, 660
| |
| intermediate, 660
| |
| superior, 550, 659
| |
| wrist-joint, 489, 507, 523
| |
| Aryepiglottic fold, 1386
| |
| development of, 73
| |
| Arytenoid cartilages, 1382
| |
| development of, 1383
| |
| Arytenoideus muscle, 1393
| |
| Aspera, linea, 350
| |
| | |
| Association fibres of cerebrum, 1568
| |
| Aster, 9, 10
| |
| | |
| Asterion, 180, 239, 251, 268, 1630
| |
| Atavism, 6
| |
| | |
| Atlanto-axial joints, 1404 , 1408
| |
| Atlanto-occipital joints, 1406, 1409
| |
| Atlas, 128
| |
| | |
| development of, 170
| |
| ossification of, 142
| |
| Atresia ani, 955
| |
| Atria of heart, left, 1052
| |
| | |
| interior of, 1059
| |
| right, 1051
| |
| | |
| interior of, 1054
| |
| of lung, 1027
| |
| | |
| Atrio-ventricular bundle, 1071
| |
| node, 1071
| |
| | |
| Atrium of middle meatus, 1357
| |
| Attraction particles, 9
| |
| sphere, 9
| |
| | |
| Atypical, definition, 6
| |
| Auditory artery, internal, 1448, 1576
| |
| cells, 1689, 1692
| |
| epithelium, 1689
| |
| hairs, 1689
| |
| | |
| meatus, external, 193 , 1671
| |
| internal, 190, 264
| |
| nerve, 1165, 1404, 1447, 1620
| |
| process, external, 194
| |
| radiation, 1531, 1568
| |
| striae, 1471, 1489, 1620
| |
| teeth, 1691
| |
| Auricle, 1294
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1297
| |
| lymphatics of, 1297
| |
| muscles of, extrinsic, 1160
| |
| intrinsic, 1296
| |
| nerve-supply of, 1297
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1720
| |
| | |
| Auricle, structure of, 1295
| |
| veins of, 1297
| |
| Auricles of heart, left, 1052
| |
| right, 1051
| |
| | |
| Auricular artery, deep, 1305
| |
| posterior, 1219
| |
| nerve, great, 1142 , 1278
| |
| posterior, 1160, 1272
| |
| point, 251, 268, 1629
| |
| surface of sacrum, 147
| |
| tubercle, 1295
| |
| tubercles (emb.), 68
| |
| vein, posterior, 1161
| |
| Auricularis anterior muscle, 1160
| |
| posterior, 1160
| |
| superior, 1160
| |
| | |
| Auriculo-temporal nerve, 1157, 1277
| |
| Auscultation triangle, 400
| |
| Autonomic nervous system, 1634
| |
| parasympathetic, 1639
| |
| cranial, 1639
| |
| sacral, 1640
| |
| sympathetic, 1635
| |
| | |
| course of efferent impulses, 1636
| |
| development of, 1640
| |
| ganglia, 1635
| |
| | |
| rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| Axial filament in spermatozoon, 13
| |
| skeleton, 23
| |
| Axillary artery, 425
| |
| | |
| varieties of, 428
| |
| fascia, 414
| |
| folds, 412
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, 416, 424, 434 , 514
| |
| sheath, 429
| |
| space, 412, 422
| |
| vein, 428 , 451
| |
| Axis, 131
| |
| | |
| odontoid process of, 131
| |
| ossification of, 143
| |
| Azygos arteries of vagina, 890
| |
| veins, 839
| |
| | |
| Back, landmarks of, 397
| |
| of scalp and neck, 1141
| |
| Baillarger, bands of, 1565
| |
| Balfour’s cell-chain theory, 55
| |
| Ball-and-socket joint, 393
| |
| Band, diagonal, 1515
| |
| ilio-trochanteric, 593
| |
| moderator, 1057
| |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| sciatic, 929
| |
| | |
| Basal cartilaginous plate in skull, 89
| |
| ganglia, 1526
| |
| Base of brain, 1443
| |
| Base-line of Reid, 1633
| |
| Basi-bregmatic axis, 260
| |
| Basi-cranial axis, 260
| |
| Basi-facial axis, 260
| |
| Basi-hyal, 236
| |
| Basilar artery, 1447, 1575
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1447, 1575
| |
| groove, 174
| |
| membrane, 1690
| |
| | |
| | |
| Basilar, part of occipital bone, 174
| |
| vein, 1521, 1579
| |
| Basilic vein, 450, 451
| |
| Basi-occipital, 275
| |
| Basion, 258, 268
| |
| Basket cells of cerebellum, 1487
| |
| Beak of ulna, 312
| |
| Bechterew, band of, 1565
| |
| Bellini, duct of, 903
| |
| Bergmann, fibres of, 1487
| |
| Biceps brachii, 452 , 463
| |
| third head, 454
| |
| femoris, 542
| |
| | |
| Bicipital aponeurosis, 453
| |
| groove, 300
| |
| synovial sheath, 465
| |
| Bifurcated ligament—•
| |
| | |
| calcaneo-cuboid part, 666
| |
| calcaneo-navicular part, 665
| |
| Bile canaliculi, 886
| |
| capillaries, 886
| |
| ducts, 779
| |
| | |
| accessory ducts, 779
| |
| interlobular ducts, 886
| |
| Birth of foetus, 107
| |
| Biventer cervicis muscle, 407
| |
| Bladder, urinary, blood-supply of, 952
| |
| development of, 955
| |
| female, 977
| |
| infantile, 952
| |
| | |
| ligaments of, false, 918, 952
| |
| true, 952
| |
| | |
| lumen of empty bladder, 951
| |
| male, 932
| |
| | |
| nerve-supply of, 953
| |
| orifices of, 951
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 934
| |
| structure of, 949
| |
| trigone, external, of, 934
| |
| internal, of, 951
| |
| | |
| Blastocele, 24
| |
| Blastocyst, 24
| |
| Blastoderm, 24
| |
| Blastodermic vesicle, 24
| |
| Blastomere, 21
| |
| Blastopore, 35
| |
| Blastula, 24
| |
| Blind spot, 1653
| |
| | |
| Blood circulation, development of, so, s
| |
| islands, 51
| |
| | |
| Bochdalek, ganglion of, 1320
| |
| Body, ano-coccygeal, 675
| |
| carotid, 1211
| |
| cavity, primitive, 23, 42
| |
| ciliary, 1647
| |
| geniculate, lateral, 1538
| |
| medial, 1538
| |
| Pacinian, 490, 653
| |
| perineal, female, 701
| |
| male, 681
| |
| pineal, 1540
| |
| ponto-bulbar, 1584
| |
| stalk, circulation in, 51, 52
| |
| morphology, 31 "
| |
| relation to umbilicus, 65
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1721
| |
| | |
| | |
| Body, ultimo-branchial, 76
| |
| vitreous, 1662
| |
| wall, development of, 59
| |
| split by pleurae, 78
| |
| Bone, canaliculi, 117
| |
| cell, 117
| |
| chemical, 115
| |
| lacunae, 117
| |
| marrow, 121
| |
| Bones, cancellated, 118
| |
| classification of, 118
| |
| compact, 116
| |
| of head, 172
| |
| ossification, 119
| |
| Borders, post- and pre-axial, 5
| |
| Bowman, capsule of, 901, 906
| |
| Brachia of corpora quadrigemina, 1538,
| |
| | |
| 1548
| |
| | |
| Brachial artery, 454, 456
| |
| | |
| collateral circulation after ligature, 457
| |
| profunda, 455
| |
| varieties of, 456
| |
| plexus, 439
| |
| | |
| infraclavicular branches, 431
| |
| in neck, 1193
| |
| | |
| supraclavicular branches, 430,
| |
| 1194
| |
| | |
| Brachialis muscle, 454
| |
| Brachio-radialis, 501
| |
| Brachycephalic skulls, 243, 267, 269
| |
| Brain, 1442
| |
| | |
| development of, 55, 15 81
| |
| superior surface of, 1433
| |
| weight of, 1570
| |
| | |
| Bregma, 180, 237, 238, 268, 1629
| |
| Bregmatic bone, 265
| |
| Broca, area of, 1446
| |
| Bronchioles, 1027
| |
| | |
| development of, 1030
| |
| Bronchus, eparterial, 1027, 1030
| |
| hyparterial, 1027
| |
| | |
| development of, 1030
| |
| left, 1086
| |
| right, 1086
| |
| | |
| Bruch, membrane of, 1646
| |
| Bryant’s triangle, 552
| |
| Buccal mucous glands, 1272
| |
| Buccinator muscle, 1269
| |
| Bucco-pharyngeal area, 34, 44
| |
| | |
| fascia, 1179, I 3 68
| |
| membrane, 44, 56. 69
| |
| Bulb, olfactory, 1165, 1510 , 157 °
| |
| of penis, 682
| |
| of posterior horn, i 5 2 4
| |
| Bulbar ridges, 1079
| |
| Bulbo-urethral glands, 685
| |
| Bulbs of vestibule, 696
| |
| Bulla ethmoidalis, 1357
| |
| Bundle, atrio-ventricular, I ° 7 I
| |
| | |
| medial longitudinal, 1464, 1555
| |
| of Munzer, 1588
| |
| Bursa of biceps brachii, 453
| |
| femoris, 542, 641
| |
| | |
| of coraco-clavicular ligament, 405
| |
| | |
| | |
| Bursa, under gastrocnemius, 544, 619, 640
| |
| gluteal muscles, 598
| |
| of infraspinatus, 465
| |
| under obturator internus, 535
| |
| olecranon, 447
| |
| of popliteal tendon, 641
| |
| prepatellar, 554, 640
| |
| under semimembranosus, 544, 64°
| |
| subacromial, 436, 464
| |
| subhyoid, 235
| |
| subpsoas, 598
| |
| subscapular, 464
| |
| suprapatellar, 574, 640
| |
| of teres major, 465
| |
| Bursae at elbow-joint, 519
| |
| at hip-joint, 598
| |
| at knee-joint, 640
| |
| at shoulder-joint, 464
| |
| | |
| Caecum, 762
| |
| | |
| development of, 63, 882
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 763
| |
| varieties of, 764
| |
| vascular fold of, 792
| |
| Cajal, horizontal cells of, 1562
| |
| moss fibres of, 1488
| |
| Calamus scriptorius, 1452
| |
| Calcaneal arteries—
| |
| | |
| lateral of peroneal, 626
| |
| medial of post-tibial, 627
| |
| Calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
| |
| Calcaneo-navicular ligament, plantar, 665,
| |
| 673
| |
| | |
| part of bifurcated ligament, 665
| |
| Calcaneum, 370
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| peroneal tubercle, 372, 388
| |
| structure of, 372
| |
| | |
| sustentaculum tali of, 371, 388, 390
| |
| tubercles on, 370, 386
| |
| tuberosity of, 370
| |
| varieties of, 372
| |
| Calcar avis, 1524
| |
| femorale, 354
| |
| | |
| Calcarine area of cortex, 1569
| |
| artery, 1577
| |
| Callosal radiation, 1568
| |
| Calvaria, 260
| |
| Canal or canals—
| |
| anal, 945, 97 8
| |
| carotid, 189, 191, 258, 263
| |
| central, of cord, 1422
| |
| condylar, 175, 258
| |
| cranio-pharyngeal, 197, 206
| |
| dental, 212, 213
| |
| facial, 190
| |
| femoral, 566
| |
| Haversian, 116
| |
| hepatic, 886
| |
| hyaloid, 1664
| |
| incisive, 248
| |
| infra-orbital, 245
| |
| inguinal, 708, 735
| |
| innominate, 201
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1722
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Canal or canals—( continued )
| |
| intestinal, 761
| |
| lacrimal, 245
| |
| mandibular, 231
| |
| naso-lacrimal, 248
| |
| neural, 40
| |
| | |
| of Nuck, 743, 744, 969
| |
| obturator, 993
| |
| | |
| palatine, greater and lesser, 255
| |
| palato-vaginal, 199, 255
| |
| palmar, 332
| |
| | |
| pharyngo-tympanic, 257
| |
| portal, 885
| |
| | |
| pterygoid, 204, 255, 263
| |
| pterygo-palatine, 227
| |
| pudendal, 688
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| of sacrum, 148
| |
| semicircular, 1684
| |
| spiral, of cochlea, 1685
| |
| subsartorial, 580
| |
| vertebral, 154
| |
| Volkmann's, 117
| |
| zygomatico-facial, 219
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 219
| |
| Canaliculus for chorda tympani, anterior,
| |
| 187, 1673
| |
| | |
| posterior, 190, 1675
| |
| lacrimal, 1287
| |
| mastoid, 191, 258
| |
| tympanic, 258
| |
| Cancellated bone, 118
| |
| Canine fossa, 212
| |
| ridge, 211
| |
| teeth, 280
| |
| Capitate bone, 320
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Capitellum, definition, 114
| |
| Capitulum of humerus, 304
| |
| Capsular decidua, 104, 106
| |
| Capsule, external, of brain, 1531
| |
| internal, of brain, 1528
| |
| Caput cornu, 1421
| |
| | |
| gyri hippocampi, 1507
| |
| medusae, 712
| |
| | |
| Cardiac nerves of sympathetic cervical,
| |
| 1334 . 1335
| |
| | |
| of vagus, cervical, 1330
| |
| thoracic, 1045
| |
| plexus, 1046
| |
| deep, 1046
| |
| superficial, 1046
| |
| | |
| Cardinal veins, 51, 1127, 1132, 1136
| |
| Carotico-clinoid foramen, 200
| |
| Carotid artery, common, 1207
| |
| | |
| left, in thorax, 1039
| |
| external, 1212
| |
| | |
| development of, 1119, 1213
| |
| internal, 1169, 1323, 1324, 1399'
| |
| 1449
| |
| | |
| development of, 91, 1118,
| |
| 1122, 1324
| |
| | |
| body, 1211
| |
| | |
| canal, 189, 191, 258, 263
| |
| groove of sphenoid, 200
| |
| | |
| | |
| Carotid notch of sphenoid, 200
| |
| plexus, 1333
| |
| sheath, 1207
| |
| triangle, 1196
| |
| tubercle, 134, 1172
| |
| Carpal arch, posterior, 478, 508, 511
| |
| arteries—
| |
| | |
| anterior, of radial, 475
| |
| posterior, of radial, 511
| |
| of ulnar, 479
| |
| joints, 524
| |
| | |
| rete, anterior, 478, 479, 498
| |
| Carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
| |
| Carpus, 315
| |
| | |
| morphology, 323
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| varieties of, 322
| |
| as a whole, 321
| |
| Cartilage or cartilages—
| |
| arytenoid, 1382
| |
| corniculate, 1383
| |
| costal, 160
| |
| cuneiform, 1383
| |
| of larynx, 1379
| |
| | |
| of mandibular arch, 74, 75, 232
| |
| nasal, 1298
| |
| of second arch, 75
| |
| semilunar, 632
| |
| thyroid, 1380
| |
| | |
| Cartilaginous base of skull, 89, 270, 275
| |
| Cartilago triticea, 1384
| |
| Caruncula lacrimalis, 1289, 1292
| |
| Carunculae hymenales, 696
| |
| Cauda equina, 1417
| |
| Caudal, definition, 122
| |
| Caudate nucleus, 1526
| |
| Cave of Retzius, 339
| |
| Cavernous sinus, 1169, 1606
| |
| Cavity, glenoid, 294 , 461
| |
| of larynx, 1386
| |
| nasal, 1356
| |
| | |
| of septum lucidum, 1520
| |
| thoracic, 1002
| |
| Cavum trigeminale, 1167
| |
| Cell, animal, 8
| |
| | |
| of Cajal, 1562
| |
| division, 9
| |
| germ, 12
| |
| of Golgi, 1564
| |
| membrane, 8
| |
| pyramidal, 1562
| |
| Cement, 285
| |
| | |
| Centra, vertebral development, 59
| |
| Central artery of retina, 1260, 1658
| |
| canal of cord, 1422
| |
| lobule of cerebullum, 1478
| |
| tendon of diaphragm, 835
| |
| Centrale, os, 322
| |
| | |
| Centro-acinar cells of Langerhans, 891
| |
| Centrosome, 9, 10, 21
| |
| in spermatozoa, 13
| |
| Centrum of vertebrae, 125
| |
| Cephalic, definition, 122
| |
| vein, 450, 451
| |
| Cerg,to-hyal, 76, 23$
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 7 2 3
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cerebellar fossae, 264
| |
| | |
| Cerebelli, tentorium, 1163, 1602, 1633
| |
| | |
| Cerebellum, 1475
| |
| | |
| arbor vitae of, 1485
| |
| association and commissural fibres
| |
| of, 1485
| |
| | |
| basal surface, 1443
| |
| development of, 1488, 1586
| |
| lobes and lobules of under surface
| |
| of, 1480
| |
| | |
| of upper surface, 1478
| |
| medullary vela, 1485
| |
| morphology of, 1481
| |
| nuclei of, i486
| |
| peduncles, inferior, 1484
| |
| middle, 1484
| |
| superior, 1483 , 1553
| |
| structure of, i486
| |
| under surface of, 1479
| |
| upper surface of, 1476
| |
| Cerebral commissure, anterior, 1518, 1568
| |
| hippocampal, 1518, 1568
| |
| posterior, 1542
| |
| cortex, 1561
| |
| | |
| development, 1510, 1591
| |
| fissures of, 1495
| |
| | |
| calcarine, 1503
| |
| choroidal, 1525
| |
| collateral, 1497
| |
| dentate, 1508
| |
| ecto-rhinal, 1508
| |
| lateral, 1495
| |
| parieto-occipital, 1496
| |
| postcalcarine, 1503
| |
| precalcarine, 1503
| |
| ganglia, basal, of, 1526
| |
| gyri of, 1493. See under Gyri
| |
| hemispheres, 1493
| |
| lobes of—
| |
| | |
| frontal, 1497
| |
| insula, 1505
| |
| limbic, 1506
| |
| occipital, 1502
| |
| olfactory, 1510
| |
| parietal, 1499
| |
| pyriform, 1508
| |
| | |
| temporal, 1504
| |
| lobules of—
| |
| | |
| cuneus, 1504
| |
| paracentral, 1499
| |
| parietal, 1501
| |
| postcentral, 1506
| |
| prsecuneus, 1502
| |
| precentral, 1506
| |
| quadrate, 1502
| |
| pole, frontal, of, 1451
| |
| | |
| occipital, of, 1451, i 5°3
| |
| temporal, of, 1444
| |
| veins, 1578
| |
| vesicles, primary, 58
| |
| Cerebri, crura, 1445. 1551
| |
| Cerebro-spinal axis, 1410
| |
| Cerebrum, the, 1493
| |
| Ceruminous glands, 1672
| |
| Cervical canal in pregnancy, 104
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cervical fascia, deep, 1178
| |
| | |
| compartments of, 1180
| |
| | |
| fistula, 1377
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, deep, 1189, H 99
| |
| superficial, 1178
| |
| plexus, 1185
| |
| | |
| branches, deep, 1188
| |
| | |
| superficial, 1141, 1187
| |
| spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
| |
| vertebrae, 126
| |
| Cervix cornu of cord, 1421
| |
| of uterus, 973
| |
| | |
| Check ligaments of eyeball, 1253
| |
| Cheeks, 1337
| |
| Chiasma, optic, 1545
| |
| Chondrocranium, 89, 270, 275
| |
| Chorda tympani nerve, 1347, 1402
| |
| Chordae tendineae, 1057
| |
| Chorio-decidual vessels, 109
| |
| Chorion, 29, 106
| |
| Chorionic ectoderm 29
| |
| mesoderm, 29
| |
| villus, 29
| |
| | |
| Choroid coat of eyeball, 1645
| |
| nerves of, 1651
| |
| structure of, 1646
| |
| plexus of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| of lateral ventricle, 1521
| |
| | |
| of inferior horn of, 1525
| |
| of third ventricle, 1521
| |
| Choroidal fissure, 1525
| |
| Chromatin, 9
| |
| | |
| discharged from nucleus, 18
| |
| Chromosomes, 10, 17, 18
| |
| Chyli, cisterna, 838, 1100
| |
| Ciliary body of eye, 1647
| |
| ganglion, 1257
| |
| margin, 1649
| |
| nerves, long, 1256
| |
| short, 1258
| |
| processes, 1647
| |
| vessels, 1260, 1651
| |
| Cinereum, tuber, 1445* 1544
| |
| Cingulate sulcus, 1496
| |
| Circular folds of small intestine, 864
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| sulcus, 1497
| |
| | |
| Circulation, course of, 1050
| |
| embryonic, 51
| |
| | |
| Circulus arteriosus, 1449, 1 577
| |
| major, 1651
| |
| minor, 1651
| |
| Circumduction, 395
| |
| | |
| Circumflex artery, anterior humeral, 427
| |
| fibular, 609
| |
| | |
| lateral femoral, 585, 588
| |
| medial femoral, 585, 589
| |
| posterior humeral, 427, 428
| |
| scapular, 427
| |
| iliac artery, deep, 732
| |
| | |
| superficial, 584, 712
| |
| nerve, 432 , 436
| |
| Cisterna basalis, 1609
| |
| | |
| cerebello-medullaris, 1609
| |
| chyli, 838, 1100
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1724
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cisterna pontis, 1609
| |
| venae magnae, 1609
| |
| Classification of joints, 394
| |
| of movements, 395
| |
| Claustrum, 1531
| |
| | |
| Clava of medulla oblongata, 1455
| |
| Clavicle, 289
| |
| | |
| in female, 291
| |
| ossification of, 292
| |
| structure of, 291
| |
| varieties of, 291
| |
| Clavi-pectoral fascia, 420
| |
| Cleavage nucleus, 21
| |
| Cleft, intratonsillar, 1354
| |
| palate, varieties of, 218
| |
| uro-genital, 693
| |
| | |
| Clinoid process, anterior, 200 , 261
| |
| middle, 200 , 261
| |
| posterior, 198 , 261
| |
| Clitoris, 694
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 703
| |
| development of, 698
| |
| frenulum, 694
| |
| glans, 695
| |
| lymphatics of, 695
| |
| prepuce, 695
| |
| Clivus monticuli, 1478
| |
| of sphenoid, 197, 264
| |
| Cloaca, 45, 99, 954
| |
| division of, 98
| |
| Cloacalfossa, 956
| |
| | |
| membrane, 45, 955, 956
| |
| septum, 99, 954
| |
| Closing membrane, 66
| |
| Coats of eyeball, 1641
| |
| Coccygeal plexus, 531
| |
| Coccygeus muscle, 948
| |
| Coccyx, 149
| |
| | |
| cornua of, 150
| |
| ossification of, 151
| |
| varieties, 151
| |
| Cochlea, 1685, 1689
| |
| | |
| aqueduct of, 193, 1165, 1686
| |
| Coeliac artery, 811
| |
| ganglia, 809
| |
| plexus, 807, 809
| |
| Coelom, 23, 29, 65
| |
| | |
| extra-embryonic, obliterated,
| |
| 106
| |
| | |
| Coils of intestine, formation, 63
| |
| Collateral fissure, 1497
| |
| Colliculus facialis, 1491
| |
| Colon, ascending, 766
| |
| descending, 767
| |
| | |
| iliac part of, 767
| |
| left flexure of, 767
| |
| pelvic, 943
| |
| right flexure of, 766
| |
| taeniae of, 768, 870
| |
| transverse, 766
| |
| Column, vertebral, 124
| |
| as a whole, 151
| |
| Columnae rugarum, 986
| |
| Columns, anal, 961
| |
| renal, 900
| |
| | |
| | |
| Commissures of brain—
| |
| | |
| anterior, 1518, 1568
| |
| corpus callosum, 1513 * 1568
| |
| Gudden, of, 1545, 1547
| |
| habenular, 1541
| |
| hippocampal, 1518, 1568
| |
| posterior, 1542
| |
| of female perinaeum, 692
| |
| of spinal cord, 1418, 1420, 1426
| |
| Communicating artery, anterior, 1449,
| |
| 1573
| |
| | |
| posterior, 1449, 1571
| |
| Companion artery of sciatic nerve, 538
| |
| Comparative anatomy, 1
| |
| embryology, 23
| |
| | |
| Compressor venae dorsalis penis, 680
| |
| Conchae, nasal, inferior, 223
| |
| middle, 209
| |
| superior, 209
| |
| sphenoidal, 204
| |
| Condylar canals, 176, 258, 264
| |
| fossa, 176, 258
| |
| tubercle, 234
| |
| Condyles of femur, 352
| |
| occipital, 175, 258
| |
| of tibia, 357
| |
| | |
| Condyloid process of mandible, 232
| |
| Cone-bipolar cells of retina, 1655
| |
| Cone of light, 1677
| |
| Cones of retina, 1656
| |
| | |
| Confluence of the sinuses, 174, 1603, 1631
| |
| Congenital cystic kidney, 95
| |
| Conjoint tendon, 725
| |
| Conjugation of pronuclei, 20
| |
| Conjunctiva, 1291, 1292
| |
| Conoid impression, 297
| |
| ligament, 444
| |
| tubercle, 289
| |
| | |
| Constrictor muscles of pharynx, 1368,
| |
| 1369
| |
| | |
| Contrahentes, 515
| |
| | |
| Conus medullaris of spinal cord, 1416
| |
| Convoluted tubules of kidney, 901,903
| |
| Convolutions of brain. See Gyri
| |
| Coraco-acromial arch, 445
| |
| ligament, 445
| |
| | |
| Coraco-brachialis muscle, 452
| |
| Coraco-clavicular ligament, 444
| |
| Coracoid process and bone, 296 , 298
| |
| Cord, spermatic, 736
| |
| Cornea of eyeball, 1643
| |
| Corneal corpuscles, 1644
| |
| spaces, 1644
| |
| | |
| Corniculate cartilages, 1383
| |
| Corona glandis, 715
| |
| | |
| radiata, 1515, 1531
| |
| of ovum, 14, 19
| |
| Coronal, definition, 5
| |
| suture, 238, 1630
| |
| Coronary arteries of heart, 1036
| |
| of uterine, 980
| |
| ligaments of knee, 623
| |
| plexuses, 1048
| |
| sinus, 1065
| |
| Coronoid fossa, 304
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I7 2 5
| |
| | |
| | |
| Coronoid process of mandible, 232
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| Corpora bigemina, 58
| |
| geniculata, 1538
| |
| mamillaria, 1543
| |
| | |
| peduncles of, 1544
| |
| quadrigemina, 1547
| |
| | |
| development of, 58
| |
| Corpus albicans of ovary, 982
| |
| callosum, 1513
| |
| | |
| development of, 1531, 1596
| |
| forceps major, 1516
| |
| minor, 1515
| |
| genu,1514
| |
| peduncles of, 1514
| |
| radiatio corporis callosi,
| |
| | |
| 1515
| |
| | |
| fimbriatum, 972
| |
| luteum, 982
| |
| striatum, 1526
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1591
| |
| trapezoides of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| of pons, 1470
| |
| Corrugator cutis ani, 675
| |
| supercilii muscle, 1266
| |
| Cortex, cerebral, 1561
| |
| Corti, rods of, 1691
| |
| tunnel of, 1692
| |
| | |
| Cortical branches of cerebral arteries,
| |
| 1572, 1574, 1577
| |
| | |
| Cortico-medullary, arterial arches of
| |
| kidney, 904
| |
| venous arches, 907
| |
| Cortico-pontine fibres, 1552
| |
| Cortico-thalamic tract, 1566
| |
| Costal cartilages, 160
| |
| | |
| extensions from sclerotomes, 59
| |
| groove, 156
| |
| zone, 755
| |
| | |
| Costo-capitular facets, 134, 153
| |
| Costo-clavicular ligament, 443
| |
| Costo-coracoid ligament, 420
| |
| Costo-transverse lamella, 128
| |
| Costo-tubercular facets, 136
| |
| Cotyledons, no
| |
| Cranial capacity, 268
| |
| fossae, 260, 261, 263
| |
| index, 269
| |
| Cranial nerves, 1610
| |
| | |
| at base of brain, 1446
| |
| of skull, 1165
| |
| superficial origin of, 1446
| |
| abducent, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| distribution, 1166, 1447, 1616
| |
| nucleus of, 1473, 1616
| |
| in orbit, 1254
| |
| superficial origin, 1447
| |
| accessory, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| bulbar part, 1628
| |
| course, 1331, 1447, 1628
| |
| cranial root, 1331
| |
| distribution of, 1331, 1628
| |
| origin of, deep, 1628
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| spinal part, 1628
| |
| | |
| | |
| Cranial nerves {continued )—
| |
| | |
| auditory, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| | |
| cochlear nerve, 1404, 1620, 1693
| |
| in internal ear, 1693
| |
| meatus, 1404
| |
| nuclei of, 1620
| |
| spiral ganglion, 1620, 1694
| |
| superficial origin, 1447
| |
| vestibular ganglion, 1404, 1620,
| |
| 1693
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1404, 1622, 1693
| |
| facial, at base of skull, 1166
| |
| | |
| distribution, 1157, 1272, 1401,
| |
| 1447, 1682
| |
| | |
| after emerging from facial canal,
| |
| 1272
| |
| | |
| in facial canal, 1400
| |
| ganglion of, 1403 , 1618
| |
| meatal portion of, 1400
| |
| nuclei of, motor, 1472, 1617
| |
| sensory, 1619
| |
| origin of, deep, 1617
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| petrous portion, 1400
| |
| sensory root, 1403
| |
| glosso-pharyngeal, at base of skull,
| |
| 1166
| |
| | |
| distribution of, 1325, 1626
| |
| extracranial portion of, 1324,
| |
| 1447, 1625
| |
| ganglia of, 1325
| |
| origin of, deep, 1619, 1624
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| | |
| hypoglossal, at base of skull, 1167
| |
| distribution of, 1322, 1629
| |
| extracranial portion of, 1332,
| |
| 1447
| |
| | |
| origin of, deep, 1458, 1629
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| | |
| oculo-motor, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| nucleus of, 1561, 1611
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| superficial origin, 1446
| |
| olfactory, 1165, 1360 , 1611
| |
| optic, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| development of, 1668
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| origin, deep, 1611
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| | |
| trigeminal, at base of skull, 1165
| |
| distribution of, 1446
| |
| ganglion, 1167
| |
| | |
| mandibular nerve, 1168, 1309,
| |
| 1616
| |
| | |
| maxillary nerve, 1168, 1616
| |
| mesencephalic root, nucleus of,
| |
| 1561
| |
| | |
| motor root, nuclei of, 1474, 1615
| |
| ophthalmic nerve, 1168, 1254
| |
| | |
| 1616
| |
| | |
| origin, deep, 1614
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| sensory root of, 1472
| |
| | |
| nuclei of, 1472, 1474,
| |
| 1615
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1726
| |
| | |
| Cranial nerves ( continued )—
| |
| vagus, in abdomen, 861
| |
| | |
| auricular branch of, 1161, 1328,
| |
| 1672, 1677
| |
| | |
| at base of skull, 1166
| |
| cardiac branches of, 1330
| |
| cervical cardiac branches of, 1330
| |
| portion of, 1327, 1330, 1447
| |
| distribution of, 1626
| |
| ganglia of, inferior, 1328 , 1626
| |
| superior, 1328 , 1626
| |
| nuclei of, motor, 1626
| |
| sensory, 1626
| |
| origin, deep, 1625
| |
| superficial, 1447
| |
| pharyngeal branch of, 1329
| |
| pulmonary plexuses of, 1029,
| |
| 1043, 1045
| |
| | |
| thoracic portion of left, 1044
| |
| of right, 1043
| |
| | |
| Cranio-cerebral lobes of cerebrum, 1634
| |
| topography, 1629
| |
| Cranio-facial angle, 260
| |
| Cranio-metrical terms, 268
| |
| Cranio-pharyngeal canal, 197, 206
| |
| Cranium, 172
| |
| | |
| development of, 91, 270
| |
| interior of, 259
| |
| Cremaster muscle, 723
| |
| Cremasteric fascia, 716, 723
| |
| reflex, 724
| |
| | |
| Crest, conchal, of maxilla, 213
| |
| ethmoidal, of palatine, 225
| |
| external occipital, 259
| |
| of ilium, 334
| |
| incisive, of maxilla, 216
| |
| incisor, of maxilla, 216
| |
| infratemporal, 202
| |
| internal occipital, 264
| |
| lacrimal, 222
| |
| nasal, of maxilla, 216
| |
| of palatine, 225
| |
| obturator, 340
| |
| pubic, 399
| |
| | |
| relations of structures at, 728
| |
| sphenoidal, 199
| |
| supramastoid, 185
| |
| of tibia, 1359
| |
| | |
| transverse, of internal auditory
| |
| meatus, 190
| |
| of trapezium, 319, 333
| |
| urethral, female, 988
| |
| male, 939
| |
| vestibular, 1683
| |
| Cretinism, 270
| |
| Cribriform fascia, 561 , 568
| |
| plate of ethmoid, 207
| |
| Crico-arytenoideus posterior, 1392
| |
| lateralis, 1392
| |
| Crico-arytenoid joint, 1385
| |
| Cricoid cartilage, 1382
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 1382
| |
| Crico-thyroideus, 1390
| |
| Crico-thyroid joint, 1385
| |
| Crico-vocal membrane, 1384
| |
| | |
| | |
| Crista ampullaris, 1688
| |
| galli, 207, 261
| |
| | |
| Cruciate anastomosis, 538, 585 , 587
| |
| ligaments of knee, 634
| |
| occipito-axial, 1405
| |
| | |
| transverse part, 1405,1408
| |
| vertical part, 1407
| |
| Crura cerebri, 1445, 1551
| |
| | |
| development of, 1589
| |
| Crus commune, 1688
| |
| of helix, 1295
| |
| Crusta-petrosa, 285, 287
| |
| Cryptorchismus, 743
| |
| Cryptozygous skull, 243
| |
| Crystalline lens, 1661
| |
| | |
| development of, 1667
| |
| Cubital fossa, 458
| |
| Cuboid bone, 377
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| | |
| peroneal groove of, 378 , 388, 390
| |
| | |
| varieties, 378
| |
| | |
| Cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 669
| |
| Culmen monticuli, 1478
| |
| Cuneate tubercle, 1455
| |
| Cuneatus, fasciculus, 1429
| |
| funiculus, 1455
| |
| nucleus, 1460
| |
| | |
| Cuneiform bones of tarsus, 373
| |
| intermediate, 375
| |
| lateral, 375
| |
| medial, 374
| |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| cartilages, 1383
| |
| Cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
| |
| Cuneo-navicular joint, 668
| |
| Cuneus of brain, 1504
| |
| Cupola of cochlea, 1695
| |
| Curved form of embryo, 48
| |
| Curves of vertebral column, 151
| |
| Cutaneous nerves. See also under Nerves,
| |
| cutaneous
| |
| of arm, 447
| |
| of back, 397
| |
| of forearm, back of, 449
| |
| front of, 465
| |
| of gluteal region, 529
| |
| of hand, 449, 465
| |
| of leg, outer side of, 614
| |
| of pectoral region, 412
| |
| of perinaeum, male, 675
| |
| of scapular region, 436
| |
| of sole of foot, 644
| |
| of trunk, 710
| |
| | |
| Cuvier, ducts of, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| Cystic duct, 778
| |
| | |
| development of, 891
| |
| structure of, 890
| |
| notch, 756, 777
| |
| Cytomicrosomes, 9
| |
| Cytoplasm, 8
| |
| Cytotrophoblast, 27, 29
| |
| | |
| Dachryon, 244, 268
| |
| Dartos muscle, 709, 713, 716
| |
| Daughter cells, 12
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1727
| |
| | |
| | |
| Daughter chromosomes, 10
| |
| nuclei, 12
| |
| | |
| Decidua basalis, 104
| |
| capsularis, 104, 106
| |
| parietalis, 104
| |
| Decidual cells, 107
| |
| | |
| change in pregnancy, 107
| |
| Decussation, fountain, 1433, 1551
| |
| of lemnisci, 1465
| |
| of pyramids, 1453
| |
| Deferens, vas, 737
| |
| | |
| development of, 738 , 753
| |
| in pelvis, 935
| |
| structure of, 737
| |
| Deiters, cells of, 1692
| |
| Deltoid, 436
| |
| | |
| tuberosity, 300
| |
| Dental arches, 281
| |
| canaliculi, 284
| |
| | |
| canals, anterior and middle, 213
| |
| posterior, 212, 253
| |
| groove, 218
| |
| lamina, true, 286
| |
| papilla, 285, 287
| |
| pulp, 283, 287
| |
| sac, 285, 287
| |
| Dentate fissure, 1508
| |
| nucleus, 1485
| |
| Dentatum, os, 133
| |
| Dentine, 284
| |
| | |
| Depressor alae nasi muscle, 1268
| |
| anguli oris muscle, 1270
| |
| labii inferioris muscle, 1270
| |
| Descent of testis, 739
| |
| | |
| abnormal conditions of, 743
| |
| positions of, 743
| |
| gubernaculum testis, 740
| |
| mesorchium, 740
| |
| plica gubernatrix, 740
| |
| uro-genital mesentery, 740
| |
| Descriptive terms, 1
| |
| Deutoplasm, 9, 15
| |
| Development—
| |
| | |
| of anal canal, 965
| |
| of anus, 965
| |
| | |
| of appendix, vermiform, 63, 872, 883
| |
| of aqueduct of mid-brain, 58, 1561
| |
| of arteries, principal, 1118
| |
| | |
| aorta, arch of, 1018, 1041
| |
| ascending, 1037
| |
| descending, 1094
| |
| carotid, common, ni 9 > I2I 3
| |
| external, 1119. I2I 3
| |
| internal, 91, 1118,1122, 1324
| |
| central, of retina, 1667, 1668
| |
| femoral, 1123
| |
| hyaloid, 1667, 1669
| |
| innominate, 1119
| |
| of limbs, 1123
| |
| upper, 516
| |
| pulmonary, 91, 1042
| |
| subclavian, 1119. 1121
| |
| tibial, 1123
| |
| umbilical, 151
| |
| vertebral, 1121
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of ary epiglottic folds, 73
| |
| of arytenoid cartilages, 1383
| |
| of atlas vertebra, 170
| |
| of atria of heart, 1075
| |
| of atrial septa, 1075
| |
| of atrio-ventricular valves, 1081
| |
| of auditory meatus, external, 68,
| |
| 1696
| |
| | |
| of ossicles, 1679
| |
| of auricle of ear, 1697
| |
| of basal ganglia, 1594
| |
| of bile-duct, 868
| |
| of bladder, urinary, 955
| |
| of blood, 51
| |
| | |
| of body cavities, 47, 48
| |
| wall, 59
| |
| | |
| of brain, 55, 1581
| |
| of bronchi, 1030
| |
| of bronchioles, 1030
| |
| of bulbo-urethral glands, 686
| |
| of bulbs of vestibule, 699
| |
| of caecum, 882
| |
| of calyces, 95
| |
| | |
| of cartilages of larynx, 1397
| |
| of caruncula lacrimalis, 1292
| |
| of cement of teeth, 287
| |
| of cephalic ganglia, 1598
| |
| of cerebellum, 58, 1488, 1586
| |
| of cerebral hemispheres, 1510, 1591
| |
| peduncles, 1588, 1589
| |
| vesicles, 58, 1591
| |
| of choroid plexuses, 1596
| |
| of circulatory system, 51, 5 2
| |
| of cisterna chyli, 1138
| |
| of clitoris, 698
| |
| | |
| of commissures of brain, 1594
| |
| of conchae of nose, 1363
| |
| of conjunctiva, 1292
| |
| of cornea, 1670
| |
| of corniculate cartilages, 1383
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1076
| |
| of corpora mamillaria, 58, 1590
| |
| quadrigemina, 58, 1589
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1531, I 59 ^
| |
| striatum, 58, 1591
| |
| of cranial nerves, 1597
| |
| of cranium, 91, 270
| |
| of cricoid cartilage, 73, 1382
| |
| of crura cerebri, 1598
| |
| of cuneiform cartilages, 1383
| |
| of cystic duct, 891
| |
| of decidua, 104
| |
| of dentine, 287
| |
| of diaphragm, 837
| |
| of diencephalon, 58, 1589
| |
| of duodenum, 80
| |
| of dura mater, 90
| |
| of ear, external, 1696
| |
| internal, 1694
| |
| | |
| membranous labyrinth, 1694
| |
| middle, 1694
| |
| osseous labyrinth, 1695
| |
| of ejaculatory duct, 102, 959
| |
| of endolymphatic duct, 1694
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1728
| |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of epididymis, 753
| |
| of epoophoron, 753, 987
| |
| of ethmoid bone, 276
| |
| of excretory system, 92
| |
| of eye, 1664
| |
| of eyelids, 1292
| |
| of face, 88
| |
| | |
| of facial musculature, 68
| |
| skeleton, 277
| |
| of flocculus, 1586
| |
| of fore-brain, 56
| |
| of fore-gut, 44
| |
| of fornix, 1518, 1595
| |
| of frontal bone, 277
| |
| of gall-bladder, 891
| |
| of geniculate bodies, 1591
| |
| of genital organs, external, female,
| |
| 698
| |
| | |
| male, 699
| |
| | |
| of genito-urinary system, 92
| |
| of gonads, 100
| |
| of gums, 1339
| |
| of heart, 90, 1073
| |
| of hind-brain, 55, 57
| |
| | |
| metamorphosis of, 1581
| |
| of hind-gut, 44
| |
| | |
| of hippocampal commissure, 1596
| |
| of hymen, 696, 699
| |
| of hyoid bone, 76, 278
| |
| of hypophysis cerebri, 58, 87,1171
| |
| of infundibulum cerebri, 58, 87, 1171,
| |
| 1590
| |
| | |
| of insula, 1510, 1592
| |
| of interventricular foramen, 1535
| |
| of intervertebral disc, 59, 169
| |
| of intestine, large, 872
| |
| small, 870
| |
| | |
| of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
| |
| of iris,. 1670
| |
| | |
| of islets of Langerhans, 895
| |
| of kidney, 92-97, 910
| |
| of labia pudendi, 699
| |
| of labyrinth of ear, 1695
| |
| of lacrimal bone, 277
| |
| of lamina terminalis, 1510, 1595
| |
| of laminae of cord, 54, 1438
| |
| of larynx, 1397
| |
| of lens, 1667
| |
| of lesser omentum, 80
| |
| sac, 79, 81
| |
| of lips, 1339
| |
| of liver, 79, 888
| |
| of lungs, 70, 77, 1029
| |
| of lymphatic glands, 1139
| |
| system, 1137
| |
| vessels, 1138
| |
| of malleus, 74, 1679
| |
| of mammary gland, 417
| |
| of mandible, 234
| |
| of massa intermedia, 1591
| |
| of medulla oblongata, 1581
| |
| of medullary vela, 1597
| |
| of meninges of brain, 1596
| |
| of cord, 1442
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| of mesonephros, 92, 94, 914
| |
| of metanephros, 92, 94, 910
| |
| of metencephalon, 1585
| |
| of mid-brain, 56, 1589
| |
| of middle ear, 1696
| |
| of mitral valve, 1081
| |
| of mouth, 84, 1339
| |
| of myelencephalon, 1581
| |
| of nasal apertures, 84, 1363
| |
| bone, 277
| |
| cartilages, 1363
| |
| chonchas, 1363
| |
| of naso-lacrimal duct, 1294
| |
| of neopallium, 1592
| |
| of nervous system, 53
| |
| of nose, 1363
| |
| | |
| external, 1365
| |
| | |
| of notochord, 23, 39 , 134, 167
| |
| of nucleus, arcuate, 1585
| |
| caudate, 1592
| |
| cuneate, 1584
| |
| gracilis, 1584
| |
| hypoglossal, 1581
| |
| lentiformis, 1592
| |
| oculo-motor, 1581
| |
| pontis, 1584
| |
| red, 1589
| |
| trigeminal, 1589
| |
| trochlear, 1589
| |
| of oesophagus, 66, 78, 108
| |
| of olfactory, apparatus, 1511
| |
| bulb, 1512, 1570
| |
| epithelium, 1364, 1512
| |
| lobe, 1511
| |
| nerves, 1512
| |
| organ, 1364
| |
| tract, 1570
| |
| | |
| of omental bursa, 79, 81
| |
| of omentum, greater, 81
| |
| lesser, 80
| |
| | |
| of opercula insulae, 1510
| |
| of optic nerve, 1668
| |
| of otocyst, 74
| |
| of ovary, 100, 753
| |
| of palate, 86
| |
| of palatine bone, 277
| |
| of pancreas, 80, 894
| |
| of pancreatic ducts, 81, 894
| |
| of paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct,
| |
| 101 , 987
| |
| | |
| of paranasal sinuses, 1363
| |
| of parathyroid glands, 76
| |
| of paroophoron, 754
| |
| of parotid gland, 1289
| |
| of penis, 700
| |
| | |
| of pericardium, 43, 46, 1019
| |
| of peripheral nervous system, 1597
| |
| of peritoneum, 795
| |
| of pharyngo-tympanic tube, 73, 74,
| |
| 1378 ‘
| |
| | |
| of pharynx, 1373
| |
| of philtrum, 1341
| |
| of pineal body, 58, 1590
| |
| of pinna, 67, 1697
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1729
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development ( continued )—
| |
| of placenta, 106
| |
| of pleura, 78, 1011
| |
| of pleural sac, 78
| |
| of pons, 1586
| |
| | |
| of position of intestinal canal, 874
| |
| of stomach, 874
| |
| of pronephros, 92, 94
| |
| of prostate, 960
| |
| of prostatic utricle, 101
| |
| of pulmonary valve, 1081
| |
| of pulvinar, 1591
| |
| of pyramid of brain, 1584
| |
| of Rathke’s pouch, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| of rectum, 99, 965
| |
| of respiratory system, 752
| |
| of rete testis, 752
| |
| of retina, 1667
| |
| of ribs, 59, 170
| |
| of saccule, 1695
| |
| of salivary glands, 1289
| |
| of sclera, 1670
| |
| of scrotum, 700
| |
| of semicircular canals, 1695
| |
| ducts, 1695
| |
| | |
| of seminal vesicles, 102, 959
| |
| of seminiferous tubules, 752
| |
| of septal cartilage, 1363
| |
| of septum lucidum, 1520
| |
| of skull, 270
| |
| of soft palate, 1354
| |
| of spinal cord, 53, 1436
| |
| ganglia, 54, 1597
| |
| nerves, 55
| |
| of spleen, 80, 897
| |
| of stapes, 75, 1679
| |
| of sternum, 170
| |
| of stomach, 861
| |
| of sublingual gland, 1235
| |
| of submandibular duct, 1234
| |
| gland, 1234
| |
| | |
| of suprarenal glands, 899
| |
| of sympathetic system, 1640
| |
| of tarsal glands, 1292
| |
| of teeth, 285
| |
| of tela choroidea, 1596
| |
| of telencephalon, 58, 1591
| |
| of tentorium cerebelli, 90, 273
| |
| of testis, 100, 752
| |
| of thalamus, 1539, 159°
| |
| of thoracic duct, 1138
| |
| of thymus, 76, 1020
| |
| of thyroid cartilage, 1381, 1387
| |
| gland, 70, 76, 1222
| |
| of tongue, 72, 1348
| |
| of tonsil, 76, 1356
| |
| of trachea, 70, 1029
| |
| of transverse processes of vertebrae,
| |
| | |
| 59
| |
| | |
| of tricuspid valve, 1081
| |
| of tuber cinereum, 58, 1589
| |
| of tympanic cavity, 73, 74, 1696
| |
| membrane, 75, 1696
| |
| of umbilical cord, 31/32
| |
| of umbilicus, 63
| |
| | |
| | |
| Development [continued )—
| |
| of ureter, 910
| |
| of urethra, female, 988
| |
| male, 700, 956
| |
| of urinary bladder, 955
| |
| of uterine tubes, 987
| |
| of uterus, 101, 987
| |
| of utricle of ear, 1695
| |
| prostatic, 101
| |
| of vagina, 101, 987
| |
| of valve of heart, arterial, 1081
| |
| of vas deferens, 100, 102, 738, 753
| |
| of veins, principal, 1123
| |
| | |
| azygos veins, 1098, 1136
| |
| cardinal, 51, 1127
| |
| anterior, 1127
| |
| posterior, 1131
| |
| thoracic formation, 1136
| |
| cerebral, 1128
| |
| of gonads, 1135
| |
| iliac, common, 1132
| |
| innominate, 1032
| |
| portal, 817, 1124, 1125
| |
| primitive jugular, 51, 1127
| |
| renal, 1132, 1135
| |
| subcardinal, 1133
| |
| supracardinal, 1132, 1133
| |
| suprarenal, 1135
| |
| umbilical, 51, 1125, 1126
| |
| of upper limb, 516
| |
| vena cava, inferior, 1033
| |
| superior, 1032
| |
| vitelline, 51, 63, 1124
| |
| of venous system, 91
| |
| of ventricles of brain—
| |
| fourth, 1493
| |
| lateral, 1594
| |
| third, 1535
| |
| | |
| of vermiform appendix, 63, 872, 883
| |
| of vermis, 1587
| |
| of vertebrae, 59
| |
| of vertebral column, 168
| |
| of vestibular glands, 699
| |
| of visceral arches, 1373
| |
| of vitreous body, 1669
| |
| of vocal folds, 1397
| |
| of vomero-nasal organ, 1366
| |
| of xiphoid process, 170
| |
| of zygomatic bone, 277
| |
| Diaphragm, 883
| |
| | |
| arcuate ligaments of, 836
| |
| blood-supply, 833
| |
| central tendon of, 835
| |
| crura of, 835
| |
| lymphatics of, 834
| |
| openings of, 835
| |
| Diaphragma sellae, 1163, 1603
| |
| Diaphragmatic plexus of nerves, 809
| |
| Diencephalon, 58
| |
| Digastric fossa, 230
| |
| muscle, 1127
| |
| triangle, 1198
| |
| | |
| Digital arteries, palmar, 488
| |
| plantar, 655, 657
| |
| nerves of foot, 652, 654
| |
| | |
| | |
| 109
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1730
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Digital nerves of hand, 489, 499
| |
| | |
| processes, palmar aponeurosis, 485
| |
| plantar, 643
| |
| veins, foot, 644
| |
| hand, 467
| |
| | |
| Digitate impressions, 181
| |
| Dilator naris muscle, 1268
| |
| | |
| papillae muscle, 1650, 1652
| |
| Diploe, 119, 260
| |
| | |
| veins of, 1154, - i 6 oi
| |
| Diploid number of chromosomes, 18
| |
| Disc, .embryonic, 33, 39
| |
| Discs, intervertebral, 1107
| |
| Discus proligerus, 18, 982
| |
| Diverticula of ischio-rectal fossa, 676,
| |
| 677
| |
| | |
| Diverticulum, amniotic, 31
| |
| ilei (Meckel's), 63, 762
| |
| Dolichocephalic skull, 243, 269
| |
| Dorsal aortae, 68
| |
| concavity, 50
| |
| convexity, 122
| |
| laminae of cord, 54
| |
| mesentery, 79
| |
| venous plexus of foot, 610
| |
| hand,467
| |
| | |
| Dorsalis indicis artery, 511
| |
| pedis artery, 611 , 614
| |
| pollicis artery, 511
| |
| Dorsum sellae of sphenoid, 197, 261
| |
| Duct or ducts—
| |
| bile, 779
| |
| | |
| of Cuvier, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| cystic, 778
| |
| efferent, 751
| |
| ejaculatory, 936
| |
| endolymphatic, 191, 1688, 1694
| |
| of Gaertner, 102
| |
| hepatic, 778
| |
| lactiferous, 415, 417
| |
| lymphatic, right, 1246
| |
| mesonephric, 94, 102
| |
| naso-lacrimal, 1294
| |
| pancreatic, 892
| |
| | |
| paramesonephric (Mullerian),
| |
| | |
| 101 , 987
| |
| parotid, 1287
| |
| perilymphatic, 193
| |
| pronephric, 94
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| semicircular, 1688
| |
| sublingual, 1235
| |
| submandibular, 1233
| |
| thoracic, in abdomen, 838
| |
| in neck, 1246
| |
| in thorax, 1100
| |
| thyro-glossal, 1222
| |
| vitelline, 762
| |
| vitello-intestinal, 61, 762
| |
| Ductus arteriosus, 1043', 1082
| |
| cochlearis, 1689, 1690
| |
| reuniens, 1688
| |
| sacculi, 1688
| |
| utriculi, 1687
| |
| venosus, 1126
| |
| | |
| | |
| Duodenal curves, formation of, 81
| |
| glands, 867
| |
| papilla, 865
| |
| recesses, 791
| |
| | |
| Duodeno-ieiunal flexure, 762
| |
| fold, 805
| |
| | |
| Duodenum, 761, 803
| |
| ampulla of, 865
| |
| first part of, 803
| |
| fourth part of, 805
| |
| glands of, 867
| |
| second part of, 804
| |
| suspensory muscle of, 805
| |
| third part of, 804
| |
| Dura mater at base of skull, 1162
| |
| blood-supply of, 1599
| |
| of brain, 1598
| |
| nerves of, 1601
| |
| | |
| processes of, 1601
| |
| sinuses of, 1163, 1603
| |
| of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1412
| |
| | |
| Ear, development of, 73, 1694
| |
| external, 1671
| |
| internal, 1683
| |
| middle, 1673
| |
| | |
| Earliest known stage of human embryo,
| |
| | |
| 26
| |
| | |
| Ectoderm, primitive, 25
| |
| | |
| structures formed from, in
| |
| Ectognathion, 218
| |
| Ectopia testis, 743
| |
| Efferent ducts, 751
| |
| Ejaculatory duct, 936
| |
| | |
| development of, 959
| |
| structure of, 959
| |
| Elastic laminae of cornea, 1644
| |
| Elbow-joint, 516
| |
| bursae of, 519
| |
| ligaments of, 517, 518
| |
| nerves of, 519
| |
| relations of, 519
| |
| synovial membrane, 519
| |
| Elliptical recess of labyrinth, 1683
| |
| Embedding of ovum, 28, 104
| |
| Emboliformis, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Embryo, the, 39
| |
| | |
| formation of, 26
| |
| general form of, 48
| |
| Embryological terminology, 4
| |
| Embryology, general, 1, 8
| |
| Embryonic area, 33
| |
| disc, 39
| |
| | |
| plate, 26, 33, 36
| |
| | |
| Eminence, arcuate, 189, 263, 1684
| |
| frontal, 181, 1633
| |
| ilio-pubic, 335
| |
| parietal, 178, 1633
| |
| Eminentia medialis, 1491
| |
| saccularis, 1544
| |
| Emissary veins, 1608
| |
| Enamel, 285
| |
| cells, 287
| |
| cuticle, 285
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 173
| |
| | |
| | |
| Enamel, organ, 285, 287
| |
| prism, 287
| |
| Encephalon, 1442
| |
| base of, 1443
| |
| | |
| arteries at base of, 1447
| |
| development of, 55, 1581
| |
| flexures of primitive, 57
| |
| Endocardium, 1068
| |
| Endognathion, 218
| |
| Endolymph of internal ear, 1697
| |
| Endolymphatic duct, 191, 1688, 1694
| |
| Endoskeleton, 113
| |
| Endosteum, 122
| |
| Endothelium, 112
| |
| Entoderm derivatives, 112
| |
| Entomion, 251, 268
| |
| Ependymal layer of cord, 54
| |
| Epiblast, 25
| |
| Epibolic growth, 35
| |
| Epicardium, 1018, 1068
| |
| Epicondyles of femur, 352, 353
| |
| of humerus, 304
| |
| Epicoracoid bone, 299
| |
| Epididymis, 749
| |
| | |
| development of, 753
| |
| structure of, 750
| |
| Epigastric artery, inferior, 729
| |
| superficial, 584, 711
| |
| superior, 731, 1000
| |
| depression, 705
| |
| Epiglottis, 1379
| |
| | |
| development of, 73
| |
| Epi-hyal, 76, 237
| |
| | |
| Epiotic centres of temporal bone, 196
| |
| Epiphyses, 114
| |
| | |
| and ossification, 305
| |
| Epiploicae, appendices, 768, 871
| |
| Epipteric bone, 180, 253, 265
| |
| Episternal bones, 162, 165
| |
| Epithalamus, 1540
| |
| Epitympanic recess, 188, 1681
| |
| pouches of, 1681
| |
| Epoophoron, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 753, 987
| |
| Equator of eye, 1641
| |
| Equina, cauda, 1417
| |
| Eruption of teeth, 288
| |
| Erythroblasts, 51, 121
| |
| Ethmoid bone, 207
| |
| alae of, 207
| |
| labyrinth, 208
| |
| ossification of, 211
| |
| Ethmoidal crest of palatine, 225
| |
| | |
| foramina, 183, 210, 247, 248 * 261
| |
| notch, 182
| |
| | |
| process of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| spine, 197
| |
| | |
| Evolution of embryo, 23
| |
| Excretory organs, connection with
| |
| splanchnocoele, 93
| |
| development, 92
| |
| Exoskeleton, 113
| |
| Expulsion of foetus, 107
| |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
| |
| longus, 501
| |
| | |
| | |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris, 503
| |
| digiti minimi, 503
| |
| digitorum, 502
| |
| brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 607
| |
| hallucis brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| indicis, 506
| |
| pollicis brevis, 505
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| retinacula of foot, 603
| |
| of hand, 508
| |
| Extra-dural space, 1412
| |
| Extra-embryonic coelom, 29
| |
| obliterated, 106
| |
| mesoderm, 26
| |
| | |
| Extra-peritoneal tissue, 743
| |
| Extravasation of urine, 678
| |
| Eye, 1641
| |
| | |
| chambers of, 1661
| |
| coats of, 1641
| |
| development of, 1664
| |
| equator of, 1641
| |
| movements of, 1231
| |
| Eyelashes, 1290
| |
| Eyelids, 1289
| |
| | |
| development of, 1292
| |
| structure of, 1290
| |
| | |
| Face, arteries of, 1278
| |
| bones of, 172
| |
| development of, 88
| |
| landmarks of, 1263
| |
| Facet, 115
| |
| | |
| Facial artery on face, 1278
| |
| in neck, 1217
| |
| transverse, 1158, 1281
| |
| canal, 190
| |
| ganglion, 1403
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, deep, 1309
| |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| skeleton, development of, 277
| |
| vein, anterior, 1218, 1280
| |
| common, 1218
| |
| deep, 1308
| |
| transverse, 1281
| |
| Falx cerebelli, 1602
| |
| cerebri, 1601
| |
| anal, 675
| |
| | |
| Fascia of abdominal wall, anterior, deep,
| |
| 7°9
| |
| | |
| superficial, 709
| |
| posterior, 839
| |
| of Abernethy, 854
| |
| of arm, deep, 451
| |
| axillary, 414
| |
| of back, deep, 397
| |
| bucco-pharyngeal, 1179, 1368
| |
| bulbi, 1252
| |
| cervical, deep, 1178
| |
| clavi-pectoral, 420
| |
| cremasteric, 716, 723
| |
| cribriform, 561, 568
| |
| of dorsum of foot, deep, 611
| |
| superficial, 610
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1732
| |
| | |
| Fascia of forearm, deep, 468
| |
| of gluteal region, 531
| |
| of hand, back of, 509
| |
| iliac, 839
| |
| | |
| infundibuliform, 716, 739
| |
| lata, 560
| |
| | |
| iliac portion, 561
| |
| pubic portion, 561
| |
| of leg, deep, 600
| |
| lumbar, 840, 841
| |
| | |
| posterior lamella of, 403
| |
| thoracic part of, 404
| |
| masseteric, 1337
| |
| obturator, 920
| |
| orbital, 1252
| |
| of palm, superficial, 484
| |
| of pectoral region, 414, 420
| |
| pelvic, parietal, 919
| |
| visceral, 921
| |
| perineal, deep, 677
| |
| superficial, 677
| |
| pharyngo-basilar, 1371
| |
| popliteal, 546
| |
| pretracheal, 1179
| |
| prevertebral, 1179
| |
| propia of Cooper, 716
| |
| psoas sheath, 839
| |
| of pyriformis, 919
| |
| of scapular region, deep, 436
| |
| spermatic, external, 716
| |
| internal, 716
| |
| temporal, 1161
| |
| transversalis, 733
| |
| | |
| Fascial compartments of neck, 1180
| |
| Fasciculus cuneatus, 1418, 1429
| |
| gracilis, 1418, 1429
| |
| longitudinal, inferior, 1569
| |
| superior, 1569
| |
| occipito-frontal, 1569
| |
| perpendicular, 1569
| |
| postero-lateral, 1430
| |
| retroflexus, 1541, 1558, 1561
| |
| solitarius, 1625, 1626
| |
| uncinate, 1569
| |
| Fasciola cinerea, 1513
| |
| Fastigii, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Fecundation, 20
| |
| Femoral artery, 563, 581 , 587
| |
| profunda of, 584, 588
| |
| canal, 566
| |
| | |
| cutaneous veins, 559
| |
| | |
| hernia, parts concerned in, 568
| |
| | |
| ring, 566
| |
| | |
| septum, 743
| |
| | |
| sheath, 565, 568
| |
| | |
| triangle, 552, 563
| |
| | |
| vein, 563, 589
| |
| | |
| Femoro-patellar joint, 628, 639
| |
| Femur, 345
| |
| | |
| adductor tubercle, 350, 354, 553
| |
| calcar femorale, 354
| |
| condyles, 352
| |
| epicondyles, 352, 353
| |
| fossa hypotrochanterica, 354
| |
| gluteal tuberosity, 350
| |
| | |
| | |
| Femur head, 345
| |
| | |
| intercondylar notch, 353
| |
| linea aspera, 350
| |
| neck, 346
| |
| ossification of, 355
| |
| patellar surface, 351
| |
| pectineal line, 350
| |
| pilastered, 354
| |
| popliteal groove, 352
| |
| surface, 358
| |
| quadrate line, 350
| |
| tubercle, 350
| |
| relation to stature, 354
| |
| sexual differences, 354
| |
| shaft, 348
| |
| structure, 353
| |
| trochanteric fossa, 348
| |
| line, 346
| |
| | |
| trochanters, 346, 348
| |
| tubercles of neck, 346
| |
| varieties, 354
| |
| Fenestra cochleae, 1674
| |
| vestibuli, 1674
| |
| Fertilization of ovum, 20
| |
| Fertilized ovum, 20
| |
| | |
| developmental stages, 22
| |
| segmentation, 21
| |
| Fibrinoid, 108
| |
| Fibula, 364
| |
| head, 364
| |
| | |
| malleolar fossa, 364
| |
| malleolus, 364
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| oblique line, 366
| |
| ossification of, 367
| |
| structure of, 367
| |
| varieties, 367
| |
| | |
| Fibular circumflex artery, 609
| |
| intermuscular septa, 601
| |
| Fifth arch, rudimentary, 70
| |
| month foetus, no
| |
| Filum terminale of cord, 1417
| |
| Fimbria of brain, 1510, 1518, 1525
| |
| ovarian, 972
| |
| Fimbriae, 972
| |
| | |
| Fimbriata, plica, of tongue, 1343
| |
| Fimbriatum, corpus, 972
| |
| Fimbrio-dentate sulcus, 1509
| |
| First pharyngeal groove obliterated, 74
| |
| Fissure for ligamentum teres, 775
| |
| venosum, 776
| |
| longitudinal, 1450
| |
| orbital, inferior, 247, 253 , 1262
| |
| superior, 247, 263 , 1262
| |
| palpebral, 1289
| |
| pterygoid, 203
| |
| pterygo-maxillary, 253
| |
| squamo-tympanic, 187, 1673
| |
| tympano-mastoid, 192
| |
| 1 Fissures of brain—
| |
| calcarine, 1503
| |
| choroidal, 1523
| |
| collateral, 1497
| |
| ecto-rhinal, 1508
| |
| lateral, 1495
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1733
| |
| | |
| | |
| fissures of brain ( continued )—
| |
| parieto-occipital, 1496
| |
| postcalcarine, 1^03
| |
| postclival, 1477
| |
| precalcarine, 1503
| |
| primary, of cerebellum, 1477
| |
| transverse, 1520
| |
| Fistula in ano, 677
| |
| | |
| umbilical urinary, 954
| |
| Fixation villi, 109
| |
| Fixed terms in anatomy, 3
| |
| Flaccida, membrana, 1676, 1677
| |
| Flagellum in spermatozoon, 13
| |
| Flava, ligamenta, 1108
| |
| Flexor—
| |
| | |
| accessorius, 647
| |
| carpi radialis, 470
| |
| ulnaris, 473
| |
| digiti minimi, 496
| |
| | |
| brevis, 650
| |
| digitorum brevis, 645
| |
| longus, 621
| |
| profundus, 481
| |
| sublimis, 470
| |
| hallucis brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| pollicis brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| retinacula of ankle, 602
| |
| of hand, 493
| |
| Flexures of brain, 57, 58
| |
| of colon, left, 767
| |
| right, 766
| |
| Floor plate, 53
| |
| Foetal circulation, 1082
| |
| | |
| changes in, at birth, 1083
| |
| peculiarities of, 1082
| |
| membranes, 106
| |
| Foetus, 4, no
| |
| | |
| general growth of, no
| |
| maternal connections, 104
| |
| monthly growth, no
| |
| Fold or folds—
| |
| | |
| ary epiglottic, 73
| |
| glosso-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| lacrimal, 1294
| |
| peritoneal, 744
| |
| pharyngo-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| recto-uterine, 967
| |
| of Treeves, 792
| |
| vesico-uterine, 967
| |
| vestibular, 1385, 1387
| |
| vocal, 1388
| |
| | |
| Fontanelles, 180, 237, 239, 265, 266
| |
| sagittal, 180, 266
| |
| Foot, arches of, 672
| |
| as a whole, 386
| |
| Foramen or foramina—
| |
| | |
| caecum of frontal bone, 181, 261, 1604
| |
| of medulla oblongata, 1451
| |
| of tongue, 72, 1222
| |
| carotico-clinoid, 200
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| | |
| emissary, sphenoidal, 201, 263
| |
| of Hiischke, 194, 197
| |
| | |
| | |
| Foramen or foramina ( continued )—
| |
| incisive, 216, 255
| |
| infra-orbital, 212, 245
| |
| interventricular, of brain, 1535
| |
| of heart, 1081
| |
| jugular, 258, 264, 1166
| |
| lacerum, 258, 263
| |
| magnum, 176, 258, 264, 1167, 1633
| |
| | |
| structures passing through, 1167
| |
| mandibular, 231
| |
| mastoid, 187
| |
| mental, 229, 245
| |
| obturator, 340
| |
| optic, 229, 245, 247, 261
| |
| ovale, 201 , 253, 257, 263
| |
| | |
| of capsule of shoulder - joint,
| |
| 461
| |
| | |
| in heart, 1065
| |
| tentorii, 1602
| |
| palatine, 226, 257
| |
| parietal, 243
| |
| pterygo-spinous, 203
| |
| rotundum, 201 , 255, 263
| |
| sacral, anterior, 144
| |
| sciatic, greater, 993
| |
| lesser, 535, 993
| |
| singulare, 190
| |
| spheno-palatine, 255
| |
| spinosum, 201 , 253, 263
| |
| sternal, 164, 171
| |
| stylo-mastoid, 192
| |
| supra-orbital, 244
| |
| supra-trochlear, 304
| |
| transversarium, 128
| |
| vertebral, 128
| |
| zygomatic, 219
| |
| | |
| zygomatico-facial, 219, 245, 247
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 219, 247
| |
| Forceps major, 1516
| |
| minor, 1515
| |
| Fore-brain, 46, 56, 57
| |
| Fore-gut, 44, 62, 65
| |
| Formal position, the, 21
| |
| Formatio-reticularis alba, 1459
| |
| grisea, 1458
| |
| | |
| Formative cell-mass, 24
| |
| Fornix of brain, 1516, 1569
| |
| of conjunctive, 1292
| |
| Fossa or fosse—•
| |
| | |
| at base of skull, anterior, 260
| |
| middle, 261
| |
| posterior, 263
| |
| canine, 212
| |
| cerebellar, 264
| |
| condylar, 176, 258
| |
| coronoid, 304
| |
| cubital, 458
| |
| digastric, 230
| |
| digital, 744
| |
| for gall-bladder, 774
| |
| guttural, 257
| |
| hypophysial, 197, 261
| |
| iliac, 336, 708
| |
| incudis, 1675
| |
| incisive, of mandible, 229
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| I 734
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fossa or fossae ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| incisive, of maxilla, 211, 216, 255
| |
| infraclavicular, 412
| |
| infraspinous, 292
| |
| infratemporal, 253
| |
| interpeduncular, 1561
| |
| intrabulbar, 941
| |
| ischio-rectal, 676
| |
| jugular, 191, 258
| |
| for lacrimal gland, 183, 245
| |
| nasal, 248
| |
| olecranon, 304
| |
| ovalis of heart, 1055
| |
| | |
| of middle ear, 1674
| |
| parafloccular, 191, 264
| |
| popliteal, 541, 545
| |
| pterygoid, 203, 257
| |
| pyriform, 76, 1376, 1386
| |
| radial, 304
| |
| retro-duodenal, 791
| |
| rotunda, 1674
| |
| scaphoid, 204
| |
| subarcuate, 191, 264
| |
| sublingual, 230
| |
| submandibular, 230
| |
| subnasal, 244
| |
| supraspinous, 292
| |
| temporal, 251
| |
| terminal, 941
| |
| tonsillar, 76
| |
| trochanteric, 348
| |
| trochlear, 183, 245, 1251
| |
| for vena cava, 777
| |
| vermian, 176, 264
| |
| vestibular, 696
| |
| | |
| Fountain decussation, 1433, 1551
| |
| Fovea-centralis, 1652
| |
| | |
| structure of, 1658
| |
| inferior, of fourth ventricle, 1490
| |
| spherica, 1683
| |
| | |
| superior, of fourth ventricle, 1491
| |
| Foveola of kidney, 903
| |
| Frankfurt plane, 242
| |
| Frenulum clitoridis, 695
| |
| labiorum, 696
| |
| linguae, 1336, 1343
| |
| lingulae of cerebellum, 1478
| |
| praeputii, 713
| |
| | |
| veli of superior medullary velum
| |
| 1485, 1548
| |
| Frontal bone, 180
| |
| | |
| development of, 275
| |
| ossification of, 184
| |
| varieties of, 184
| |
| eminence, 181, 1633
| |
| lobe of brain, 1497
| |
| nerve, 1254
| |
| | |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| sinus, 184, 250
| |
| suture, 238
| |
| | |
| Fronto-nasal process, 83, 88
| |
| Fronto-pontine tract, 1529, 1566
| |
| Funiculus, cuneatus, 1455
| |
| gelatinosus, 145 s
| |
| gracilis, 1455
| |
| | |
| | |
| Gaertner’s duct, 102
| |
| Galactophorous ducts, 415, 417
| |
| Gall-bladder, 778
| |
| | |
| development of, 891
| |
| lymphatics of, 891
| |
| spiral valve, 890
| |
| structure of, 890
| |
| Ganglia, basal, 1526
| |
| Gangliform enlargement on anterior
| |
| tibial nerve, 614
| |
| on median nerve, 489
| |
| on nerve to anconeus, 461
| |
| to teres minor, 432
| |
| on posterior interosseous nerve,
| |
| 507
| |
| | |
| Ganglion, aortico-renal, 809
| |
| basal, 1526
| |
| of Bochdalek, 1320
| |
| cardiac, 1046
| |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| ciliary, 1257
| |
| coccygeal, 946
| |
| coeliac, 809
| |
| | |
| diaphragmaticum, 833
| |
| of facial nerve, 1403, 1618
| |
| of glosso-pharyngeal nerve,
| |
| inferior, 1325
| |
| superior, 1325
| |
| habenulae, 1541
| |
| impar, 946
| |
| | |
| interpedunculare, 1541, 1561
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| otic, 1314
| |
| phrenic, 1016
| |
| spheno-palatine, 1320
| |
| spinal, 1419, 1428
| |
| spiral, 1694
| |
| splanchnic, 1105
| |
| stellate, 1104
| |
| submandibular, 1315
| |
| sympathetic, 1655
| |
| lumbar, 838
| |
| sacral, 922
| |
| trigeminal, 1167
| |
| of vagus nerve, inferior, 1328
| |
| superior, 1328
| |
| vestibular, 1404, 1693
| |
| Ganglionic layer of retina, 1654
| |
| Gastral mesoderm, 36
| |
| Gastrocnemius, 617
| |
| Gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
| |
| Gastrulation, 38
| |
| Gemellus, inferior, 535
| |
| superior, 535
| |
| Genial tubercles, 230
| |
| Genicular arteries, 548, 587, 589
| |
| nerves, 550, 580, 637
| |
| Geniculate bodies, 1538 , 1621
| |
| gyrus, 1514
| |
| | |
| Genio-glossus muscle, 1230
| |
| Genio-hyoid muscle, 1230
| |
| Genital cord, ioj
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Genital eminence, 99, 694, 698
| |
| swellings, 694, 698
| |
| Genito-femoral nerve, 554, 846
| |
| Genito-iirinary development, 92
| |
| Gennari, band of, 1547
| |
| Genu of central sulcus, 1496
| |
| of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| of internal capsule, 1528
| |
| of sigmoid sinus, 1632
| |
| Gerlach, valve of, 764
| |
| Germ-cells, female, 14, 16
| |
| male, 12
| |
| origin, 13
| |
| | |
| Germinal cells in developing cord, 54
| |
| epithelium, 13, 16
| |
| layers, structures derived from, 111
| |
| vesicle, 15
| |
| Gill-slits, 66, 70
| |
| Glabella, 181, 244, 268
| |
| Gland or glands. See also Lymphatic
| |
| glands
| |
| buccal, 1272
| |
| bulbo-urethral, 685
| |
| cardiac, of stomach, 858
| |
| ceruminous, 1672
| |
| ciliary, 1290
| |
| duodenal, 867
| |
| gastric, 858
| |
| Haversian, 596, 598
| |
| intestinal, 867
| |
| labial, 1271
| |
| lacrimal, 1247
| |
| lingual, anterior, 1345
| |
| mammary, 412, 414 , 416
| |
| molar, 1272
| |
| of Montgomery, 415
| |
| nasal, 1359
| |
| palatal, 1351
| |
| parathyroid, 1223
| |
| parotid, 1284
| |
| prostate, 937
| |
| pyloric, 859
| |
| sublingual, 1234
| |
| submandibular, 1233
| |
| tarsal, 1291, 1292
| |
| thymus, 1019
| |
| thyroid, 1204, 1220
| |
| accessory, 1221
| |
| of tongue, 1344, 1345
| |
| urethral, 942
| |
| vestibular, greater, 697
| |
| Glandis, corona, 715
| |
| Gians clitoridis, 695
| |
| penis, 715
| |
| | |
| Gleno-humeral ligaments, 462
| |
| Glenoid cavity, 294 , 298
| |
| Glenoidale, labrum, 463
| |
| Glia cells of cerebellum, 1487
| |
| Glisson, capsule-*>f, 884
| |
| Globosus, nucleus, 1485
| |
| Globus pallidus, 1528
| |
| Glomeruli, external and internal, 93
| |
| Glomerulus of kidney, 905
| |
| Glomus coccygeum, 946
| |
| Glosso-epiglottic fold, 1343, 1380
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1735
| |
| | |
| Glosso-pharyngeal nerve. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| Glottidis, rima, 1388
| |
| Gluteal artery, inferior, 538, 926
| |
| superior, 537, 927
| |
| fascia, 531
| |
| | |
| fold, 529 1
| |
| | |
| lines, 336
| |
| | |
| nerve, inferior, 539, 930
| |
| superior, 539, 930
| |
| region, 529
| |
| tuberosity, 350
| |
| reins, inferior, 538
| |
| superior, 536
| |
| Gluteus maximus, 531
| |
| medius, 532
| |
| minimus, 534
| |
| quartus, 534
| |
| Gnathic index, 269
| |
| Gnathion, 244, 268
| |
| Golgi, cells of, 1487, 1564
| |
| Gomphosis, 242 , 285
| |
| Gonads, 100
| |
| Gonion, 251, 268
| |
| Gracilis, fasciculus, 1418, 1429
| |
| funiculus, 1455
| |
| muscle, 516
| |
| nucleus, 1459
| |
| | |
| Granulations, arachnoid, 1599, 1609
| |
| Granulosa, membrana, 982
| |
| Grey matter—•
| |
| | |
| central, of medulla, 1459
| |
| of mid-brain, 1560 ” '
| |
| of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| of cerebral hemispheres, 1561
| |
| of spinal cord, 1420, 1424
| |
| of tegmentum, 1533
| |
| Groove, bicipital, 300
| |
| carotid, 200, 261
| |
| costal, 156
| |
| | |
| dental, of maxilla, 218
| |
| infra-orbital, 213
| |
| lacrimal, 222, 247
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| medullary, 34
| |
| meningeal, anterior, 180
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 232
| |
| nasal, of ethmoid, 208
| |
| nuchal, 397
| |
| | |
| obturator, 340 *
| |
| | |
| olfactory, of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of sphenoid, 197
| |
| optic, 197, 261
| |
| | |
| peroneal, of cuboid, 377, 388, 390
| |
| | |
| for pharyngo-tympanic tube, 257
| |
| | |
| popliteal, 352 -- L
| |
| | |
| pulmonary, of thorax, 166
| |
| | |
| sacral, 146, 153
| |
| | |
| sigmoid, 188
| |
| | |
| spinal, 397
| |
| | |
| spiral, 300
| |
| | |
| subclavian, 290
| |
| | |
| of trapezium, 319, 333
| |
| | |
| vertebral, 153
| |
| | |
| Growth, embryonic, 48 ■
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1736
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Growth, foetal, no
| |
| Gubernaculum of testis, 103, 740
| |
| Guerin, valvule of, 942
| |
| Gums, 1338
| |
| | |
| development of, 1339
| |
| Gustatory cells, 1348
| |
| organs, 1347
| |
| pore, 1348
| |
| Guttural fossa, 257
| |
| Gyrus or gyri—
| |
| angular, 1501
| |
| annectant, 1498
| |
| breves, 1506
| |
| cinguli, 1507
| |
| dentatus, 1509
| |
| frontal, 1498
| |
| geniculate, 1514
| |
| hippocampal, 1507
| |
| lingual, 1504
| |
| longus, 1506
| |
| marginal, 1499
| |
| occipito-temporal, 1505
| |
| orbital, 1499
| |
| precentral, 1497
| |
| postcentral, 1501
| |
| postparietal, 1502
| |
| rectus, 1499
| |
| subcallosal, 1514
| |
| supracallosal, 1514
| |
| supramarginal, 1501
| |
| temporal, 1505
| |
| | |
| Habenula, 1541
| |
| Habenulae, ganglion, 1541
| |
| striae, 1541
| |
| trigonum, 1541
| |
| Habenular commissure, 1541
| |
| Hair-cells, auditory, 1689, 1692
| |
| Hallucis, abductor, 644
| |
| adductor, 649
| |
| extensor brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| flexor brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| | |
| tendon of, 646
| |
| Hamate bone, 320
| |
| | |
| hook of, 321, 333
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Hamstring muscles, 542, 544
| |
| Hamulus of lacrimal, 222
| |
| pterygoid, 203
| |
| of spiral lamina, 1686
| |
| Hand as a whole, 330
| |
| Hand-plates, no
| |
| | |
| Haploid number of chromosomes, 18
| |
| Harmonic suture, 394
| |
| Hassall, concentric corpuscles of, 1020
| |
| Haversian canals, 116
| |
| | |
| gland of hip-joint, 340, 596, 598
| |
| system, 117
| |
| Head, bones of, 173
| |
| process, 36
| |
| Heart, 1048
| |
| | |
| apex of, 1052, 1059
| |
| atrial portion of, 1051
| |
| | |
| | |
| Heart atrium, left, 1052, 1059
| |
| right, 1051, 1054
| |
| auricles of, 1051, 1052
| |
| base of, 1048, 1053
| |
| block, 1072
| |
| bloodvessels of, 1064
| |
| course of circulation, 1050
| |
| development of, 1073
| |
| exterior of, 1050
| |
| interior of, 1054
| |
| Latham’s circle, 1048
| |
| lymphatics of, 1067
| |
| nerves of, 1068
| |
| size of, 1073
| |
| topography of, 1048
| |
| of orifices of, 1064
| |
| tube, 90
| |
| | |
| ventricle, left, 1060
| |
| right, 1055
| |
| | |
| ventricular portion of, 1052
| |
| weight of, 1073
| |
| Helicine arteries, 953
| |
| Helicis major muscle, 1296
| |
| minor muscle, 1296
| |
| Helicotrema, 1686, 1689
| |
| Helix, 1294
| |
| | |
| spine of, 1295
| |
| tail of, 1295
| |
| | |
| Hemisternal cartilages, 170
| |
| Henle, loop of, 901, 903
| |
| Hensen, cells of, 1692
| |
| | |
| continuity theory of, 55
| |
| Hepatic artery, 813, 885
| |
| canals, 886
| |
| cells, 886
| |
| cylinders, 889
| |
| duct, 778
| |
| lobule, 884
| |
| plexus, 809
| |
| veins, 885
| |
| | |
| Hepatis, pons, 775, 777
| |
| porta, 775
| |
| sustentaculum, 789
| |
| Hernia, appendicular, 787
| |
| congenital, 747
| |
| diaphragmatic, 838
| |
| encysted, 747
| |
| femoral, 568
| |
| infantile, 747
| |
| | |
| inguinal, direct, medial, 746
| |
| oblique, lateral, 745
| |
| medial, 746
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, 786 s
| |
| | |
| meso-colic, 787
| |
| retro-peritoneal, 791
| |
| umbilical, 748
| |
| | |
| congenital, 748
| |
| Hertwig, sheath of, 287
| |
| Heterotypical mitosis, 17
| |
| Hiatus, definition, 115
| |
| | |
| for greater superficial petrosal nerve,
| |
| 189, 190, 263
| |
| | |
| for lesser superficial petrosal nerve,
| |
| 189, 263
| |
| | |
| semilunaris, 1357
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1737
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hilton, white line of, 962
| |
| Hilton’s law, 433
| |
| Hilum of lung, 1022
| |
| Hind-brain, ss, =>7
| |
| Hind-gut, 44, 45
| |
| Hinge-joint, 393
| |
| Hip bone, 334
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 341
| |
| joint, 590
| |
| | |
| arterial supply of, 596
| |
| bursae of, 598
| |
| capsular ligament, 590
| |
| Haversian gland, 596, 598
| |
| ilio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| ischio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| nerves of, 596
| |
| pubo-femoral ligament, 592
| |
| relations of, 596
| |
| synovial membrane, 595
| |
| Hippocampal commissure, 1518, 1568
| |
| gyrus, 1507
| |
| | |
| Hippocampus, 1509, 1532
| |
| His’ theory of nerve growth, 35
| |
| Histology, 1
| |
| | |
| Holden’s guide to greater trochanter, 552
| |
| Holoblastic ova, 25
| |
| Homodynamy, 6, 122
| |
| Homogeneity, 6
| |
| Homology, 6, 122
| |
| serial, 6, 122
| |
| | |
| Horns of cord, 1421, 1422
| |
| | |
| of lateral ventricle, 1523, 1524
| |
| Horseshoe kidney, 822
| |
| Humeral lymphatic glands, 424
| |
| Humerus, 299
| |
| | |
| anatomical neck of, 299
| |
| bicipital groove, 300
| |
| capitulum, 304
| |
| epicondyles, 304
| |
| greater tuberosity, 299
| |
| lesser tuberosity, 300
| |
| nutrient foramen, 300
| |
| ossification of, 305
| |
| shaft, 300
| |
| spiral groove, 300
| |
| structure, 304
| |
| supracondylar process, 302
| |
| surgical neck of, 300
| |
| trochlea, 304
| |
| varieties, 305
| |
| Humphry’s ligament, 633
| |
| Hiischke, foramen of, 194, 197
| |
| Hyaloid artery, 1664
| |
| canal of eye, 1664
| |
| membrane, 1662
| |
| Hyaloplasm, 8
| |
| | |
| Hydroccele, encysted, of spermatic cord,
| |
| 743
| |
| | |
| Hymen, 695
| |
| | |
| development of, 696, 699
| |
| Hyo-glossus muscle, 1231
| |
| Hyoid arch, 75, 278
| |
| bone, 235
| |
| | |
| body, 235
| |
| horns, 236
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hyoid bone, development of, 278
| |
| ossification of, 236
| |
| tubercle of, 235
| |
| Hyperchordal bar, 143
| |
| Hypoblast, 25
| |
| | |
| Hypobranchial eminence, 70
| |
| Hypochordal bar, 168
| |
| Hypogastric sympathetic plexus, 811
| |
| zone, 755
| |
| | |
| subdivisions of, 755
| |
| Hypoglossal nerve. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| triangle, 1490
| |
| Hypophysial fossa, 197
| |
| Hypophysis cerebri, 1171
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 87, 1171
| |
| infundibulum, 1171
| |
| structure of, 1171
| |
| Hypospadias, 700
| |
| Hypothalamus, 1543
| |
| | |
| .
| |
| | |
| Ichthyopsida, 23, 69
| |
| Ileo-caecal fold, 792
| |
| Ileo-colic valve, 873
| |
| | |
| frenula of, 873
| |
| Ileum, 762, 869
| |
| | |
| peritoneal relations of, 786
| |
| Iliac arteries. See Arteries
| |
| fossa, 336
| |
| | |
| left, contents of, 708
| |
| right, contents of, 708
| |
| veins. See Veins
| |
| Ilio-costalis muscle, 404
| |
| Ilio-costo-cervicalis muscles, 404
| |
| Ilio-femoral ligament, 591
| |
| Ilio-hypogastric nerve, 531, 710, 728, 845
| |
| Ilio-inguinal nerve, 554, 729, 845
| |
| Ilio-pectineal septum, 856
| |
| Ilio-psoas muscle, 571, 842
| |
| Ilio-pubic eminence, 335
| |
| Ilio-tibial tract, 531, 560 , 57 °
| |
| Ilio-trochanteric band, 593
| |
| Ilium, 334
| |
| | |
| anterior inferior spine, 334
| |
| superior spine, 334
| |
| auricular area, 336
| |
| groove, 346
| |
| crest, 334
| |
| gluteal lines, 336
| |
| surface, 336
| |
| ligamentous area, 336
| |
| muscular area, 336
| |
| posterior spines, 334, 336
| |
| Impar, ganglion, 946
| |
| tuberculum, 70
| |
| Impregnation, 20
| |
| Impression, trigeminal, 189, 263
| |
| Incisive canal, 248
| |
| crest, 248
| |
| foramina, 216, 255
| |
| fossa of mandible, 229
| |
| Incisor crest, 216
| |
| teeth, 278
| |
| | |
| Incisura semilunaris cerebelli, 1475
| |
| temporalis, 1507
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1738
| |
| | |
| Incus, 1678
| |
| | |
| ligament of, 1679
| |
| Index, alveolar, 269
| |
| cranial, 269
| |
| gnathic, 269
| |
| nasal, 269
| |
| orbital, 269
| |
| vertical, of skull, 269
| |
| Indicis, dorsalis, artery, 511
| |
| extensor, muscle, 506
| |
| radialis, artery, 487, 498
| |
| Indusium griseum, 1510
| |
| Infarcts, red and white, 109
| |
| Infraclavicular fossa, 412
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, 416, 434
| |
| Infrahyoid muscles, 1200
| |
| region, 1203
| |
| | |
| Infra-orbital canal, 245, 247
| |
| foramen, 212, 245
| |
| groove, 213
| |
| nerve, 1276, 1319
| |
| plexus, 1274, 1276
| |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| Infrapatellar tendon, 574
| |
| Infraspinatus muscle, 437
| |
| Infratemporal crest of sphenoid, 202
| |
| Infundibuliform fascia, 716, 739
| |
| Infundibulum of ethmoid, 209
| |
| of frontal, 184
| |
| of heart, 1056
| |
| | |
| of hypophysis cerebri, 1171, 1544
| |
| of lung, 1028
| |
| of nasal fossa, 250, 1357
| |
| of uterine tube, 972
| |
| Inguinal canal, 735
| |
| | |
| position of, 708
| |
| hernia, 745-748
| |
| ligament, 551, 707, 719
| |
| lymphatic glands, 558
| |
| recesses, 745
| |
| triangle, 708, 736
| |
| Inion, 243, 268
| |
| Inner cell mass, 24, 25
| |
| Innominate canal, 201
| |
| Intercellular passages of liver, 886
| |
| Interclavicular ligament, 443
| |
| Intercostal arteries, 411, 997
| |
| membranes, 994, 995
| |
| muscles, 994, 995
| |
| nerves, 728, 996, 1099
| |
| spaces, 167
| |
| | |
| Intercosto-brachial nerve, 433 , 447
| |
| Intercrural fibres, 718
| |
| Intercuneiform joints, 669
| |
| Interfoveolar ligament, 726
| |
| Interglobular spaces, 285, 287
| |
| Interior of cranium, 259
| |
| Interlamina sulcus, 54
| |
| Interlobar notch of liver, 777
| |
| Interlobular plexuses of liver, 885
| |
| Intermediate cell mass, 42
| |
| | |
| formation from, 92, 93
| |
| Intermetacarpal joints, 526
| |
| Intermetatarsal joints, 671
| |
| Interosseous artery, anterior, 478
| |
| | |
| | |
| Interosseous artery, common, 478
| |
| posterior, 506, 507
| |
| recurrent, 508
| |
| membrane of forearm, 521
| |
| of leg, 660
| |
| muscles of foot, 650
| |
| dorsal, 651
| |
| plantar, 650
| |
| of hand, 512
| |
| dorsal, 512
| |
| palmar, 494, 512
| |
| nerve, anterior, 481
| |
| posterior, 506
| |
| Interparietal bone, 177
| |
| Interpeduncular fossa, 1561
| |
| space, 1445
| |
| | |
| Interphalangeal joints, foot, 572
| |
| hand, 528
| |
| | |
| Interspinales muscles, 410
| |
| Intertragic notch, 1294
| |
| Intertransversales muscles, 410
| |
| Intertubercular line, 755
| |
| plane, 755
| |
| | |
| Interventricular foramen, 1535
| |
| Intervertebral discs, 1107
| |
| | |
| development of, 59, 169
| |
| Intervillous space, 105, 108
| |
| Intestinal canal, 761
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 795
| |
| development of, 870
| |
| glands, 867
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 832
| |
| Intestine, large, 762
| |
| | |
| appendices epiploicae, 871
| |
| blood-supply of, 871
| |
| character of, 871
| |
| development of, 872
| |
| of position of, 874
| |
| lymphatics of, 799, 802
| |
| nerves of, 871
| |
| structure of, 870
| |
| small, blood-supply of, 869
| |
| | |
| characteristics of different parts
| |
| of, 869
| |
| | |
| circular folds of, 864
| |
| development of, 870
| |
| | |
| of positions of, 874
| |
| glands of, 867
| |
| lacteal vessels, 866
| |
| lymphatics of, 869
| |
| structure of, 863
| |
| villi of, 865
| |
| | |
| Intra-embryonic coelom, 42, 46
| |
| Intralobular plexuses of liver, 885
| |
| Intratonsillar cleft, 1354
| |
| Intra-uterine conditions in pregnancy,
| |
| 104
| |
| | |
| Iris, 1648
| |
| | |
| blood-supply, 1651
| |
| development of, 1670
| |
| muscles of, 1650
| |
| nerves of, 1651
| |
| structure, 1650
| |
| | |
| Ischio-cavernosus, female, 702
| |
| male, 679
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1739
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ischiofemoral ligament, 591
| |
| Ischiorectal fossa, 676
| |
| contents of, 677
| |
| diverticula of, 676, 677
| |
| Ischium, 347
| |
| body, 337
| |
| ramus, 338 *
| |
| spine of, 338
| |
| tuberosity of, 338, 529
| |
| Islets of Langerhans, 892
| |
| Isolecithal eggs, 23
| |
| | |
| Isthmus of external auditory meatus, 194
| |
| of gyrus cinguli, 1507
| |
| oropharyngeal, 1330
| |
| pharyngeal, 1371
| |
| of rhombencephalon, 38
| |
| | |
| Japonicum, os, 221
| |
| Jejunum, 762, 869
| |
| Joints, acromio-clavicular, 444
| |
| ankle, 661
| |
| | |
| atlantoaxial, 1404, 1408
| |
| altanto-occipitai, 1406, 1409
| |
| ball-and-socket, 393
| |
| calcaneo-cuboid, 675
| |
| carpometacarpal, 325
| |
| of thumb, 523
| |
| cartilaginous, 393
| |
| classification of, 394
| |
| condyloid, 393
| |
| costochondral, 1112
| |
| costotransverse, 1112
| |
| costovertebral, mo
| |
| cricoarytenoid, 1383
| |
| crico-thyroid, 1385
| |
| cuboideometatarsal, 669
| |
| cuneo-cuboid, 669
| |
| cuneo-navicular. 668
| |
| elbow, 316
| |
| | |
| femoropatellar. 628, 639
| |
| fibrous, 393
| |
| of foot, 664
| |
| general, 393
| |
| of hand, 522
| |
| hinge, 303
| |
| hip, 590
| |
| intercarpal, 324
| |
| xnterchondral, 1114
| |
| intercoccygeal, 989
| |
| intercuneiform, 669
| |
| mtermetacarpal, 526
| |
| intermetatarsal, 671
| |
| interphalangeal, of foot. 672
| |
| of hand, 528
| |
| knee, 62S
| |
| lumbosacral, 988
| |
| mandibular, 1316
| |
| metacarpophalangeal, 327
| |
| metatarsophalangeal, 671
| |
| mid-tarsal, 663
| |
| movements of joints, 393
| |
| naviculo-cuboid, 668
| |
| obstetrical, 177
| |
| of occipital bone, 1406, 1409
| |
| of pelvis, 988
| |
| | |
| | |
| Joints, pisiform, 324
| |
| pivot, 393
| |
| plane, 393
| |
| | |
| pubic symphysis, 092
| |
| radioulnar, 520
| |
| of ribs, mo
| |
| sacro-coccygeal, 989
| |
| sacroiliac, 990
| |
| saddle, 393
| |
| shoulder, 461
| |
| sternal, 1114
| |
| stemo-clavicular, 443
| |
| stemo-costal, 1113
| |
| suture, 394
| |
| syndesmosis. 393
| |
| synovial, 393
| |
| talo-calcaneal 664
| |
| talo-ca lcaneonavicula r 663
| |
| tarsometatarsal, 669
| |
| tibiofibular, inferior. 639
| |
| intermediate, 660
| |
| superior, 639
| |
| transverse carpal, 323
| |
| of vertebral column, 1105
| |
| wrist, 322
| |
| Jugular arch, 1175
| |
| facet, 192
| |
| | |
| foramen, 258, 264, 1166
| |
| fossa of temporal, 191, 238
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 1199
| |
| notch of occipital, 1 76
| |
| process of occipital. 176. 258
| |
| vein, anterior, 1173
| |
| external, 1176
| |
| | |
| development of, 1177
| |
| internal, 1211
| |
| | |
| posterior external 1142, 1178
| |
| Jugum sphenoidale 197, 206
| |
| | |
| Karyokinesis, 9
| |
| Karyoplasm, 8, 9. 13
| |
| Karyosomes, 9
| |
| Kata phase, 10
| |
| Kidneys, 817
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 904
| |
| calyces of, 907, 908
| |
| cortex of, 901
| |
| development of, 95. 910
| |
| early condition of, 909
| |
| glomerulus, 903
| |
| hilum of, 821
| |
| lymphatics of, 907
| |
| medulla of, 900
| |
| pelvis of, 907
| |
| sinus of, 821
| |
| structure of, 900
| |
| uriniierous tubules 901
| |
| varieties of, S22
| |
| veins of, 906
| |
| Knee-joint, 628
| |
| | |
| arterial supply. 637
| |
| bursae of, 640
| |
| ligaments of. arcuate. 631
| |
| capsular. 622
| |
| cruciate, 634
| |
| | |
| | |
| 174 ° INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Knee-joint, ligaments, Humphry’s, 633
| |
| lateral, 630
| |
| medial, 629
| |
| oblique posterior, 631
| |
| patellae, 629
| |
| transverse, 633
| |
| Wrisberg’s, 633
| |
| movements of, 637
| |
| nerve supply, 637
| |
| semilunar cartilages, 632
| |
| synovial membrane, 634
| |
| | |
| Labia majora, 692
| |
| | |
| development of, 694
| |
| minora, 693
| |
| | |
| development of, 694
| |
| Labial mucous glands, 1271
| |
| Labrum, acetabulare, 594, 597
| |
| glenoidale, 463
| |
| | |
| Labyrinth of ear, membranous, 1687
| |
| blood-supply of, 1694
| |
| of themoid, 208
| |
| of kidney, 901
| |
| osseous, 1683
| |
| Lacrimal apparatus, 1293
| |
| artery, 1260
| |
| bone, 222
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| hamulus of, 222
| |
| ossification, 223
| |
| structure, 223
| |
| varieties, 223
| |
| canal, 245
| |
| canaliculi, 1293
| |
| crest, 222
| |
| fold, 1294
| |
| fossa, 183, 245
| |
| gland, 1247
| |
| groove, 247
| |
| | |
| of lacrimal, 222
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| nerve, 1254, 1276
| |
| notch of maxilla, 213
| |
| process of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| sac, 1293
| |
| | |
| Lacrimalis, caruncula, 1289, 1292
| |
| lacus, 1289
| |
| Lacteal vessels, 866
| |
| Lactiferous ducts, 415, 417
| |
| Lacuna or lacunae—
| |
| laterales, 1603
| |
| magna, 942
| |
| muscular, 856
| |
| urethales, 942
| |
| vascular, 856
| |
| Lacunar region, 855
| |
| Lacus lacrimalis, 1289
| |
| Lambda, 180, 237 , 242, 268, 1629
| |
| Lambdoid suture, 237 , 1630
| |
| Lamina basalis, 1646
| |
| | |
| chorio-capillaris, 1646
| |
| cribrosa of internal auditory
| |
| meatus, 190 , 1686
| |
| of sclera, 1643
| |
| dorsal, of cord, 54, 1440
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lamina elastic, of cornea, 1644
| |
| fusca, 1643
| |
| labio-dental, 286
| |
| osseous spiral, 1685
| |
| reticular, 1693
| |
| suprachoroid, 1646
| |
| terminalis of brain, 1510, 1544
| |
| vasculosa of choroid, 1646
| |
| ventral, of cord, 54, 1439
| |
| vertebral, 127
| |
| | |
| Landmarks of abdominal wall, 704
| |
| of arm, 446
| |
| axilla, 412
| |
| of back, 397
| |
| | |
| of scalp and neck, 1141
| |
| of thigh and popliteal space, 540
| |
| of face, 1263
| |
| | |
| of front and inner side of thigh, 551
| |
| of wrist and palm, 482
| |
| of gluteal region, 529
| |
| of leg, 598
| |
| | |
| of male perinaeum, 674
| |
| of pectoral region, 412
| |
| of side of neck, 1172
| |
| of sole of foot, 641
| |
| | |
| Langerhans, centro-acinar cells of, 891
| |
| islets of, 892
| |
| | |
| Laryngeal artery, inferior, 1243
| |
| superior, 1214
| |
| nerve, external, 1329, 1395
| |
| internal, 1329, 1395
| |
| recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330 * 1395
| |
| superior, 1329, 1395
| |
| Larynx, cartilages of, 1379
| |
| development of, 73, 1397
| |
| epiglottis, 1379
| |
| inlet, 1386
| |
| lymphatics of, 1396
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1399
| |
| muscles, intrinsic, of, 1390
| |
| | |
| actions of, summary of,
| |
| 1394
| |
| | |
| nerves of, 1395
| |
| | |
| pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
| |
| rima glottidis, 1388
| |
| vestibuli, 1388
| |
| saccule of, 1387
| |
| sinus of, 1387
| |
| structure of, 1379
| |
| vessels of, 1396
| |
| vestibular folds, 1385, 1387
| |
| ligaments, 1387
| |
| vestibule of, 1387
| |
| vocal folds, 1388
| |
| ligaments, 1385
| |
| Latham, circle of, 1048
| |
| Latissimus dorsi muscle, 399
| |
| nerve to, 431
| |
| Law of ossification, 305
| |
| Lemniscus, decussation of, 1465
| |
| lateral, in mid-brain, 1557
| |
| in pons, 1471, 1475
| |
| medial, in medulla, 1465, 1466
| |
| in mid-brain, 1556
| |
| in pons, 1473
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| I 74 I
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lens, crystalline, 1661
| |
| | |
| capsule of, 1662
| |
| development of, 1667
| |
| at different ages, 1662
| |
| vesicle, 1665, 1667
| |
| Lenticularis, ansa, 1531, 1539, 1567
| |
| Lentiformis, nucleus, 1526
| |
| Leptorhine skulls, 269
| |
| Lesser, triangle of, 1228
| |
| Levator anguli oris, 1268
| |
| ani, 947
| |
| | |
| glandulae thyroidae, 1221
| |
| labii superioris, 1268
| |
| alaeque nasi, 1267
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| palpebrae, superioris, 1247
| |
| scapulae, 400
| |
| Levatores costarum, 410
| |
| longiores, 411
| |
| Lienis, sustentaculum, 767
| |
| Ligament or ligaments—
| |
| | |
| accessory, of atlas and axis, 1405
| |
| of knee, 629
| |
| acromio-clavicular, 444
| |
| alar, of odontoid process, 1408
| |
| of ankle-joint, 661
| |
| annular, of stapes, 1690
| |
| | |
| of superior radio-ulnar joint,
| |
| 520
| |
| | |
| apical, of odontoid process, 1408
| |
| arcuate, of diaphragm, 836
| |
| of knee, 631
| |
| | |
| atlanto-axial, posterior, 1406
| |
| atlanto-occipital, 1406
| |
| of auricle, 1296
| |
| bifurcated, 665
| |
| of bladder, false, 918, 952
| |
| true, 952
| |
| | |
| brachial, medial, 452
| |
| of calcaneo-cuboid joint, 666
| |
| calcaneo-navicular, plantar, 665, 673
| |
| of carpo-metacarpal joints, 525
| |
| check, of orbit, 1253
| |
| conoid, 444
| |
| | |
| Cooper, oblique ligament of, 518
| |
| coraco-acromial, 445
| |
| coraco-clavicular, 444
| |
| coraco-humeral, 462
| |
| coronary, of knee, 628
| |
| costo-clavicular, 443
| |
| costo-coracoid, 420
| |
| costo-transverse, 112
| |
| cruciate, of atlas and axis, 1407, 1408
| |
| of knee, 634
| |
| | |
| of cuboideo-metatarsal joint, 671
| |
| of cuneo-cuboid joint, 669
| |
| of cuneo-navicular joint, 669
| |
| digital vaginal, of hand, 492
| |
| of elbow, 517, 518
| |
| fundiform, of Retzius, 604
| |
| gastro-phrenic, 789
| |
| gastro-splenic, 789
| |
| gleno-humeral, 462
| |
| of head of femur, 593
| |
| of hip-joint, 590
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ligament or ligaments (< continued )—
| |
| of knee-joint, capsular, 590
| |
| of head of femur, 593
| |
| ilio-femoral, 590
| |
| ischio-femoral, 592
| |
| transverse, 595
| |
| Humphry’s 633
| |
| hyo-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| ilio-femoral, 590
| |
| ilio-lumbar, 988
| |
| inguinal, 551, 707, 719
| |
| pectineal part of, 719
| |
| reflected part of, 720
| |
| relations of, 718
| |
| of intercarpal joints, 524
| |
| interclavicular, 443
| |
| interclinoid, 1163
| |
| of intercuneiform joints, 669
| |
| interfoveolar, 725
| |
| of intermetacarpal joints, 526
| |
| of intermetatarsal joints, 671
| |
| of interphalangeal joints of hand, 528
| |
| of foot, 672
| |
| | |
| interspinous, of vertebrae, 1109
| |
| intertransverse, of vertebrae, mo
| |
| intra - articular, of costo - vertebral
| |
| joints, 1111
| |
| | |
| of sterno-costal joints, 1113
| |
| of knee-joint, 628
| |
| accessory, 629
| |
| arcuate, 631
| |
| capsular, 628
| |
| coronary, 628
| |
| cruciate, 634
| |
| Humphry’s, 633
| |
| lateral, 630
| |
| medial, 629
| |
| oblique posterior, 613
| |
| patellae, 574, 629
| |
| transverse, 633
| |
| of Wrisberg, 633
| |
| of laminae of vertebrae, 1108
| |
| of larynx, 1384
| |
| of left vena cava, 1018
| |
| lieno-phrenic, 789
| |
| lieno-renal, 789
| |
| of liver, 788
| |
| | |
| coronary, 788
| |
| falciform, 788
| |
| triangular, 788
| |
| | |
| longitudinal, anterior, 1105, 1406
| |
| posterior, 1106
| |
| lumbo-sacral, 988
| |
| of malleus, 1679
| |
| of mandibular joint, 1316
| |
| of metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
| |
| of metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
| |
| oblique posterior, of knee, 631
| |
| occipito-axial, 1407
| |
| of ovary, 982
| |
| palpebral, lateral, 1291
| |
| medial, 1265, 1291
| |
| pectinate, of iris, 1644, 1645
| |
| pectineal, 856
| |
| peritoneal, 78S
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1742
| |
| | |
| Ligament or ligaments [continued)
| |
| petro-sphenoidal, 193
| |
| phrenico-colic, 789
| |
| phrenico-splenic, 789
| |
| piso-hamate, 473, 524
| |
| piso-metacarpal, 473, 524
| |
| plantar, long, 667
| |
| short, 667
| |
| | |
| pterygo-mandibular, 1181
| |
| pterygo-spinous, 1181
| |
| of pubic symphysis, inferior, 682, 98
| |
| pubo-femoral, 592
| |
| pubo-prostatic, 922
| |
| pulmonary, 1005
| |
| quadrate, 520
| |
| radiate, mi
| |
| | |
| radio-carpal, posterior, 522
| |
| radio-ulnar, 520
| |
| sacro-coccygeal, 989
| |
| sacro-iliac, 990
| |
| sacro-spinous, 991
| |
| sacro-tuberous, 542, 990
| |
| | |
| falciform process of, 991
| |
| of the scapula, 445
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 461
| |
| spheno-mandibular, 234, 1181, 1316
| |
| spino-glenoid, 445
| |
| spiral, of cochlea, 1690
| |
| of spleen, 789
| |
| of sternal joints, 1114
| |
| sterno-clavicular, 443
| |
| sterno-costal, 1113
| |
| sterno-pericardial, 1018
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1232
| |
| stylo-mandibular, 1181, 1317
| |
| suprascapular, 445
| |
| supraspinous, 1109
| |
| suspensory, of axilla, 420
| |
| of eye, 1252
| |
| of lens, 1664
| |
| of ovary, 970
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| talo-calcaneal, 664
| |
| of talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 605
| |
| of tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
| |
| temporo-mandibular, 1316
| |
| thyro-epiglottic, 1380
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1384
| |
| of tibio-fibular joints, 659
| |
| transverse, of atlas, 1405
| |
| deep, of palm, 526
| |
| of foot, 671
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| | |
| of inferior tibio-fibular joint, 660
| |
| of perinaeum, 682
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
| |
| superficial, of palm, 484
| |
| trapezoid, 444
| |
| of uterus, broad, 968
| |
| of vertebrae, 1105
| |
| vestibular, 1385
| |
| vocal, 1385
| |
| of Wrisberg, 633
| |
| of wrist-joint, 522
| |
| of Zinn, 1250
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| Ligamentum or ligamenta—*
| |
| arteriosum, 1043
| |
| denticulata, 1413, 1415
| |
| flava, 1108
| |
| nuchae, 399, 1144
| |
| patellae, 574, 629
| |
| pectinatum iridis, 1644, 1655
| |
| suspensoria of mammary gland,
| |
| 414
| |
| | |
| teres of liver, 788, 1126
| |
| of uterus, 986
| |
| venosum, 1127
| |
| | |
| Ligula of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| Limb buds, no
| |
| lower, 529
| |
| upper, 397
| |
| Limbic lobe, 1506
| |
| Limbous suture, 237
| |
| Limbus, lamina spiralis, 1691
| |
| sphenoidalis, 197, 261
| |
| Limen insulae, 1506
| |
| Line or lines—
| |
| | |
| Addison’s, 755
| |
| arcuate, 340
| |
| gluteal, 336
| |
| intertubercular, 755
| |
| lateral, of abdomen, 755
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 230
| |
| Nelaton’s, 552
| |
| nuchal, 172, 250
| |
| oblique, of mandible, 231
| |
| of ulna, 314
| |
| pectineal, 350
| |
| quadrate, 350
| |
| soleal, 361
| |
| spino-umbilical, 707
| |
| subcostal, 755
| |
| Sylvian, 1632
| |
| temporal, 178
| |
| trapezoid, 290, 297
| |
| vertical, of tibia, 361
| |
| Linea alba, 704
| |
| aspera, 350
| |
| splendens, 1415
| |
| Lineae semilunares, 705
| |
| Lingual artery, 1215
| |
| glands, 1345
| |
| nerve, 1313
| |
| | |
| Lingula of cerebellum, 1477
| |
| of mandible, 231
| |
| of sphenoid, 200, 276
| |
| Linin, 9
| |
| Lips, 1336
| |
| | |
| Liquor folliculi, 19, 982
| |
| Lithotomy, lateral, structures divided in,
| |
| 692
| |
| | |
| Liver, 771
| |
| | |
| borders of, 777
| |
| cells of, 886
| |
| component parts, 771
| |
| connections of, 771
| |
| cystic notch, 777
| |
| development of, 79, 888
| |
| duct of, 778
| |
| | |
| excretory apparatus of, 778
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 17 43
| |
| | |
| | |
| Liver fissures or fossae of—
| |
| | |
| for gall-bladder, 774
| |
| for ligamentum teres, 775
| |
| venosum, 776
| |
| for vena cava, 777
| |
| impression, cardiac, 773
| |
| colic, 775
| |
| duodenal, 775
| |
| oesophageal, 776
| |
| renal, 775
| |
| suprarenal, 777
| |
| interlobar notch, 777
| |
| ligaments of, 788
| |
| lobes of—
| |
| | |
| caudate, 777
| |
| left, 773
| |
| quadrate, 774
| |
| right, 773
| |
| lobules of, 884
| |
| lymphatics of, 887
| |
| nerves of, 868
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 777
| |
| porta hepatis, 775, 777
| |
| position of, 771
| |
| structure of, 884
| |
| surface of, 773
| |
| topography of, 771
| |
| tuber omentale, 774
| |
| Lobes of cerebral hemispheres—
| |
| frontal, 1497
| |
| insula, 1505
| |
| limbic, 1506
| |
| occipital, 1502
| |
| olfactory, 1510
| |
| parietal, 1499
| |
| pyriform, 1508
| |
| temporal, 1504
| |
| | |
| of cerebellum. See Cerebellum
| |
| of testis, 750
| |
| Lobule of ear, 1294
| |
| Lobules of cerebral hemispheres—cuneus, 1504
| |
| paracentral, 1499
| |
| parietal, 1501
| |
| postcentral, 1506
| |
| praecuneus, 1502
| |
| precentral, 1506
| |
| quadrate, 1502
| |
| | |
| of cerebellum, See Cerebellum
| |
| of epididymis, 751, 752
| |
| Locus caerulus, 1491
| |
| Longissimus capitis muscle, 406
| |
| cervicis muscle, 406
| |
| thoracis muscle, 406
| |
| Lucidum, septum, 1518
| |
| cavity of, 1520
| |
| Lumbar arteries, 847
| |
| | |
| fascia, 403, 404, 840, 841
| |
| lymphatic trunk, 833
| |
| plexus, 844
| |
| puncture, 154
| |
| triangle, 400, 708
| |
| vertebrae, 138
| |
| Lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
| |
| Lumbrical muscles of foot, 649 .
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lumbrical muscles of hand, 492
| |
| Lunate bone, 317
| |
| | |
| ossification, 322
| |
| Lung buds, 77, 1029
| |
| Lungs, 1021
| |
| | |
| cervical part of, 1246
| |
| development of, 77, 1028
| |
| difference between lungs, 1025
| |
| in foetus, 1031
| |
| lobes of, 1023
| |
| lymphatics of, 1029
| |
| nerves of, 1029
| |
| root of, 1025
| |
| structure of, 1027
| |
| Lunules of aortic valve, 1063
| |
| Luteum, corpus, 982
| |
| Lymphatic duct, right, 1246
| |
| Lymphatic glands—
| |
| antecubital, 452
| |
| aortic, 832
| |
| apical, 424
| |
| | |
| axillary, 416, 424, 434
| |
| buccinator, 1284
| |
| caval, 1104
| |
| central, of axilla, 434
| |
| cervical, deep, 1189, 1199
| |
| superficial, 1178
| |
| coeliac, 815
| |
| colic, 803
| |
| facial, 1280
| |
| | |
| deep, 1309
| |
| gastric, 815
| |
| hepatic, 816
| |
| humeral, 424, 434
| |
| ileo-colic, 800
| |
| iliac, common, 849, 852
| |
| external, 855
| |
| internal, 927
| |
| infraclavicular, 416, 434
| |
| inguinal, 558
| |
| deep, 559
| |
| superficial, 558
| |
| innominate, 1101
| |
| intercostal, 1095, 1101
| |
| of intestine, large, 803
| |
| small, 799
| |
| juxta-aortic, 833
| |
| lingual, 1217
| |
| | |
| mammary, internal (or sternal),
| |
| 1101
| |
| | |
| mastoid, 1161
| |
| | |
| mediastinal, anterior, 1014.
| |
| | |
| See also Innominate
| |
| posterior, 1101
| |
| mesentric, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 789
| |
| obturator, 855
| |
| occipital, 1148
| |
| pancreatic, 815
| |
| pararectal, 964
| |
| paratracheal, 1199, 1227
| |
| parotid (pre-auricular), 1285
| |
| pectoral, 424, 434
| |
| popliteal, 551
| |
| pre-aortic, 832
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| *744
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lymphatic glands ( continued ,)—
| |
| pre-laryngeal, 1199, 1386
| |
| pretracheal, 1199, 1225
| |
| pubic, 558
| |
| retro-aortic, 833
| |
| retro-femoral, 855
| |
| sacral, 946
| |
| splenic, 815
| |
| submandibular, 1198
| |
| submental, 1199, 1203
| |
| subscapular, 424, 434
| |
| supratrochlear, 452
| |
| thoracic, 1101
| |
| tibial, anterior, 610
| |
| tracheo-bronchial, 1103
| |
| Lymphatic nodules of spleen, 896
| |
| system, development of, 1377
| |
| trunk, intestinal, 832
| |
| lumbar, 833
| |
| vessels of—
| |
| | |
| abdominal wall, deep, 733
| |
| superficial, 558, 712
| |
| anal canal, 964
| |
| antebrachial, 514
| |
| anus, 964
| |
| auricle, 1672
| |
| bladder, 952
| |
| brachial, 514
| |
| buttock, 658
| |
| carpal, 513
| |
| clitoris, 695, 715
| |
| colon, ascending, 800
| |
| descending, 802
| |
| pelvic, 802, 943
| |
| transverse, 800
| |
| diaphragm, 834
| |
| digital, foot, 658
| |
| hand, 513
| |
| epididymis, 750
| |
| face, 1283
| |
| gall-bladder, 891
| |
| genitals, external, 558
| |
| gluteal region, 540, 558
| |
| gums, 1338
| |
| heart, 1067
| |
| inguinal region, 558
| |
| intercostal spaces, 999
| |
| intestine, large, 800, 802, 943
| |
| small, 799, 869
| |
| kidney, 907
| |
| larynx, 1396
| |
| lips, 1336
| |
| liver, 887
| |
| | |
| lower limb, 558, 658
| |
| lungs, 1029
| |
| mammary gland, 416
| |
| nasal cavity, 1363
| |
| nose, 1298
| |
| oesophagus, 1088
| |
| ovary, 982
| |
| | |
| palate, mucous membrane, of
| |
| hard, 1338
| |
| palm, 513
| |
| pancreas, 893
| |
| parotid gland, 1288
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lymphatic vessels ( continued )—
| |
| penis, 715
| |
| pericardium, 1019
| |
| perineum, female, 693
| |
| male, deep, 690
| |
| superficial, 558, 690
| |
| pharynx, 1373
| |
| pleura, ion
| |
| rectum, 964
| |
| scalp, 1162
| |
| scrotum, 717
| |
| seminal vesicles, 959
| |
| spleen, 897
| |
| stomach, 860
| |
| suprarenals, 898
| |
| testis, 750
| |
| thyroid gland, 1222
| |
| tongue, 1347
| |
| tonsils, 1355
| |
| trachea, 1225
| |
| upper limb, 513
| |
| ureter, 909
| |
| urethra, female, 988
| |
| male, 942, 943
| |
| uterine tubes, 983
| |
| uterus, 986
| |
| vagina, 986
| |
| vulva, 704
| |
| Lymph sacs, 1137
| |
| | |
| jugular, 1137
| |
| posterior, 1137
| |
| retro-peritoneal, 1137
| |
| | |
| McBurney, point of, 708
| |
| Macrocephaly, 268
| |
| Macrosomes, 25
| |
| Macula, lutea, 1653
| |
| sacculi, 1688
| |
| utricli, 1688
| |
| Magma reticulare, 32
| |
| Malleolar arteries, 609, 627
| |
| Malleolus, lateral, 364
| |
| medial, 361
| |
| Malleus, 1678
| |
| | |
| development of, 74, 1678
| |
| Mamillo-thalamic tract, 1517, 1543
| |
| Mammalia, 23
| |
| | |
| Mammary artery, internal —•
| |
| | |
| cervical part, 1242
| |
| thoracic part, 999
| |
| gland, 412, 414
| |
| accessory, 416
| |
| blood-supply, 415
| |
| development of, 417
| |
| lymphatics of, 416
| |
| nerves, 416
| |
| structure of, 416
| |
| lymphatic glands, 11 or
| |
| Mammillary process, 139
| |
| Mandibular arch, 66
| |
| canal, 231
| |
| foramen, 231
| |
| fossa, 186
| |
| joint, 1316
| |
| notch, 232
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1745
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mandible, 229
| |
| angle of, 232
| |
| base, 231
| |
| body, 229
| |
| changes in age, 234
| |
| condyloid process, 233
| |
| coronoid process, 232
| |
| development, 234
| |
| lingula, 231
| |
| ossification of, 234
| |
| structure, 234
| |
| symphysis of, 229
| |
| Mantle layer of cord, 54, 1437
| |
| Manubrium sterni, 161
| |
| Marginal layer of cord, 54, 1437
| |
| sinus of placenta, 106, no
| |
| tubercle of zygomatic, 220
| |
| Marrow, 121
| |
| Massa intermedia, 1534
| |
| Masseter muscle, 1301
| |
| Masseteric artery, 1307
| |
| nerve, 1309
| |
| Mastoid air-cells, 188
| |
| emissary vein, 1608
| |
| foramen, 187, 259
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1161
| |
| notch, 187, 258
| |
| process of temporal, 187
| |
| Maternal connections of foetus, 104
| |
| Maturation of ovum, 19
| |
| Maxilla, 211
| |
| | |
| alveolar process, 214
| |
| body, 211
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| frontal process, 214
| |
| ossification of, 218
| |
| palatine process, 215
| |
| structure of, 217
| |
| zygomatic process, 214
| |
| Maxillary processes—
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| sinus, 217
| |
| | |
| Meatus, auditory, external, 193,
| |
| 1671
| |
| | |
| bloodvessels of, 1672
| |
| early condition of, 1672
| |
| lymphatics, 1672
| |
| nerves of, 1672
| |
| internal, 190, 264
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| inferior, 1357
| |
| middle, 1357
| |
| of nasal fossae, 250
| |
| superior, 1356
| |
| | |
| Medial and median, definition, 122
| |
| Median artery, 478 , 498, 516
| |
| basilic vein, 450
| |
| cephalic vein, 450
| |
| nerve in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| digital branches of, 489
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 489
| |
| lateral root of, 432
| |
| | |
| | |
| Median artery, medial root of, 423
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| summary of, 490
| |
| vein, 448
| |
| | |
| deep, 450
| |
| | |
| Mediastinal space, ion
| |
| Mediastinum, 1003, ion
| |
| anterior, 1006, 1013
| |
| middle, 1006, 1015
| |
| superior, 1006, 1012
| |
| testis, 750
| |
| | |
| Medulla oblongata, 1443, 1451
| |
| central canal of, 1446
| |
| development of, 1581
| |
| grey matter of, 1456
| |
| structure, internal, of, 1456
| |
| white matter of, 1462
| |
| Medullary cords in gonads, 100
| |
| groove, 34
| |
| | |
| laminae of nucleus lentiformis, 1528 *
| |
| 1538
| |
| | |
| rays of kidney, 901
| |
| ridges, 34
| |
| spaces, 118
| |
| vela, 1485, 1491
| |
| Megakaryocytes, 121
| |
| Megaseme, 269
| |
| Membrana eboris, 284, 287
| |
| flaccida, 1676, 1677
| |
| granulosa, 982
| |
| limitans retinae, 1654
| |
| nictitans, 1292
| |
| propria, 1688
| |
| pupillaris, 1652
| |
| sacciformis, 315, 521
| |
| tectoria, 1407
| |
| | |
| of cochlea, 1693
| |
| Membrane or membranes—
| |
| | |
| atlanto-occipital, 1406, 1407
| |
| basilar, 1690
| |
| cell, 9
| |
| | |
| crico-vocal, 1384
| |
| intercostal, 994, 995
| |
| interosseous, of arm, 521
| |
| of leg, 660
| |
| nuclear, 8, 9
| |
| obturator, 993
| |
| perineal, 683
| |
| | |
| secondary, of tympanum, 1677
| |
| suprapleural, 1007, 1246
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1384
| |
| tympanic, 1675
| |
| vestibular, 1690
| |
| Membranous labyrinth, 1687
| |
| Meningeal arteries, 1599
| |
| veins, 1601
| |
| | |
| Meninges of brain, 1598
| |
| | |
| of spinal cord, 1410 •*»
| |
| | |
| Menstruation, 19
| |
| Mental foramen, 229, 245
| |
| nerve, 1277 , 1313
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| protuberance, 229
| |
| tubercle, 229
| |
| | |
| | |
| no
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1746
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Mentalis muscle, 1271
| |
| Mercier, bar of, 951
| |
| Meridian of eyeball, 1641
| |
| Meroblastic ova, 25
| |
| Mesaticephalic skulls, 243, 269
| |
| Mesencephalon, 1547
| |
| Mesenchyme, 112
| |
| Mesenteric artery, inferior, 801
| |
| superior, 796
| |
| hernia, 786
| |
| | |
| lymphatic glands, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 789
| |
| plexus, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| vein, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 798
| |
| windows, 787
| |
| | |
| Mesentery, definition of, 780
| |
| primitive dorsal, 79, 793
| |
| ventral, 61, 79
| |
| proper, 786
| |
| | |
| ventral gastro-duodenal, 793
| |
| of vermiform appendix, 787
| |
| Mesoblast, 22, 26
| |
| Mesocardium, 90
| |
| Mesocephalic skulls, 268
| |
| Meso-colon, pelvic, 787
| |
| transverse, 787, 794
| |
| Mesoderm, 22
| |
| | |
| chorionic, 30, 33
| |
| covering fore-brain, 56
| |
| of visceral arches, 68
| |
| embryonic, 33
| |
| formation of, 26
| |
| gastral, 36
| |
| intra-embryonic, 30
| |
| lateral sheet of, 40, 41
| |
| paraxial, 40, 41
| |
| primitive, 26
| |
| prostomial, 36
| |
| somatic, 41
| |
| splanchnic, 41
| |
| | |
| structures derived from, 112
| |
| Meso-gastrium, 793
| |
| Mesognathion, 218
| |
| Mesognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Mesonephros, 92, 94, 91^
| |
| Mesorchium, 740
| |
| Mesorhine skulls, 269
| |
| Meso-salpinx, 968
| |
| Mesoseme, 269
| |
| Mesothelium, 112
| |
| Mesovarium, 968
| |
| Metacarpal arteries, dorsal, 511
| |
| palmar, 498
| |
| bone, first, 323
| |
| | |
| Metacarpo-phalangeal joints, 527
| |
| Metacarpus, 323
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 329
| |
| as a whole, 327
| |
| Metakinesis, 10
| |
| Metanephros, 92, 94, 910
| |
| Metatarsal arteries, dorsal, 613
| |
| first plantar, 657
| |
| Metatarso-phalangeal joints, 671
| |
| | |
| | |
| Metatarsus, 378
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 386
| |
| varieties of, 384
| |
| as a whole, 384
| |
| Metathalamus, 1538
| |
| Metopic suture, 238
| |
| Meynert, ganglion of, 1544
| |
| Microcephalic skulls, 268
| |
| Microseme, 269
| |
| Mid-gut, 45, 61
| |
| Mid-tarsal joints, 665
| |
| Mitral cells, 1570
| |
| orifice, 1156
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| valve, 1061
| |
| | |
| Moderator band of heart, 1057
| |
| Modiolus, 1686
| |
| Molar glands, 1272
| |
| teeth, 280
| |
| | |
| Molecular layer of cerebellum, "i486
| |
| Mons pubis, 692
| |
| Montgomery, glands of, 415
| |
| Morbus cseruleus, 1085
| |
| Morgagni, sinus of, 1370
| |
| Morphology, 1
| |
| | |
| of intrinsic muscles of hand, 515
| |
| Morula, 22
| |
| | |
| Moss-fibres of Cajal, 1488
| |
| Mouth cavity, 1335
| |
| | |
| development of, 86
| |
| I proper, 1336
| |
| | |
| vestibule of, 1336
| |
| Movable kidney, 822
| |
| Movements of joints, 395
| |
| Multifidus muscle, 409
| |
| Munzer, bundle of, 1558
| |
| Muscles—
| |
| | |
| abductor digiti minimi—
| |
| foot, 646
| |
| hand, 496
| |
| hallucis, 644
| |
| | |
| ossis metatarsi quinti, 643
| |
| pollicis brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| adductor brevis, 577
| |
| hallucis, 649
| |
| longus, 576
| |
| magnus, 577
| |
| minimus, 578
| |
| pollicis, 494, 496
| |
| anconeus, 500
| |
| antitragicus, 1296
| |
| articularis genu, 573
| |
| ary-epiglotticus, 1394
| |
| arytenoideus, 1393
| |
| obliquus, 1393
| |
| transversus, 1394
| |
| auricularis, anterior, 1160
| |
| posterior, 1160
| |
| superior, 1160
| |
| of Bell, 951
| |
| biceps brachii, 452
| |
| femoris, 542
| |
| biventer cervicis, 407
| |
| brachialis, 452
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 17 47
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| brachio-radialis, 501
| |
| buccinator, 1269
| |
| bulbo-spongiosus, of female, 702
| |
| of male, 680
| |
| ciliary, 1648
| |
| coccygeus, 948
| |
| compressor naris, 1267
| |
| sacculi laryngis, 1394
| |
| venae dorsalis penis, 680
| |
| constrictor inferior, of pharynx, 1368
| |
| middle, of pharynx, 1368
| |
| radicis penis, 680
| |
| superior, of pharynx, 1369
| |
| coraco-brachialis, 452
| |
| corrugator cutis ani, 675
| |
| supercilii, 1266
| |
| costalis, 405
| |
| cremaster, 723
| |
| | |
| crico-arytenoideus lateralis, T392
| |
| posterior, 1392
| |
| crico-thyroideus, 1390
| |
| dartos, 716
| |
| deltoid, 436
| |
| | |
| depressor alae nasi, 1268
| |
| anguli oris, 1270
| |
| labii inferioris, 1270
| |
| detrusor urnae, 950
| |
| diaphragm, 1833
| |
| | |
| central tendon of, 833
| |
| development of, 837
| |
| orifices of, 835
| |
| digastric, 1227
| |
| dilator naris, anterior, 1268
| |
| posterior, 1268
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| extensor carpi radialis brevis, 502
| |
| longus, 501
| |
| ulnaris, 503
| |
| digiti minimi, 303
| |
| digitorum, 302
| |
| brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 607
| |
| hallucis brevis, 611
| |
| longus, 606
| |
| indicis, 506
| |
| pollicis brevis, 305
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| flexor accessorius, 647
| |
| carpi radialis, 470
| |
| ulnaris, 470
| |
| digiti minimi, 496
| |
| | |
| brevis, 650
| |
| digitorum brevis, 645
| |
| longus, 621
| |
| profundus, 481
| |
| sublimis, 470
| |
| hallucis brevis, 648
| |
| longus, 623
| |
| pollicis brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| gastrocnemius, 617
| |
| gemellus inferior, 535
| |
| superior, 535
| |
| genio-glossus, 1230
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| genio-hyoid, 1230
| |
| gluteus maximus, 531
| |
| medius, 532
| |
| minimus, 334
| |
| quartus, 534
| |
| gracilis, 376
| |
| hamstring, 542, 544
| |
| helicis major, 1296
| |
| minor, 1296
| |
| hyo-glossus, 1231
| |
| iliacus, 842
| |
| ilio-capsularis, 842
| |
| ilio-costalis, 404
| |
| ilio-costo-cervicalis, 404
| |
| ilio-psoas, 571
| |
| infraspinatus, 437
| |
| intercostal, external, 994
| |
| internal, 995
| |
| intercostales intimi, 996
| |
| interosseous, of foot, 650
| |
| of hand, 494, 512
| |
| interspinales, 410
| |
| intertransversales, 410
| |
| ischio-cavernosus, of female, 702
| |
| of male, 679
| |
| | |
| of larynx, intrinsic, 1390
| |
| latissimus dorsi, 399 » 439
| |
| levator anguli oris, 1268
| |
| ani, 947
| |
| | |
| glandulae thyroidae, 1221
| |
| labii superioris, 1268
| |
| | |
| alaeque nasi, 1267
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| palpebrae superioris, 1247
| |
| prostatae, 947
| |
| scapulae, 400
| |
| levatores costarum, 410
| |
| longiores, 411
| |
| longissimus, 406
| |
| capitis, 406
| |
| cervicis, 406
| |
| | |
| longitudinalis linguae inferior, 1346
| |
| superior, 1346
| |
| longus, capitis, 1397
| |
| cervicis, 1398
| |
| lumbricales, of foot, 648
| |
| of hand, 492
| |
| masseter, 1301
| |
| of mastication, 1301
| |
| mentaiis, 1271
| |
| multifidus, 409
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 1229
| |
| obliquus auriculae, 1297
| |
| capitis inferior, 1150
| |
| superior, 1150
| |
| externus abdominis, 717
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1251
| |
| internus abdominis, 722
| |
| superior, of eye, 1250
| |
| obturator externus, 579
| |
| internus, 535, 949
| |
| occipito-frontalis, 1154
| |
| omo-hyoid, 1200
| |
| | |
| inferior belly of, 402, 437
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1748
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| opponens digiti minimi, 496
| |
| pollicis, 494
| |
| orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
| |
| oculi, 1264
| |
| | |
| lacrimal part, 1265
| |
| orbital part, 1264
| |
| palpebral part, 1265
| |
| oris, 1271
| |
| | |
| palato-glossus, 1351
| |
| palato-pharyngeus, 1352
| |
| palmaris brevis, 484
| |
| longus, 470, 487
| |
| papillary, 1057
| |
| pectineus, 571
| |
| pectoralis major, 418
| |
| minor, 420
| |
| | |
| perinaeum, deep, transverse
| |
| muscle of, 681
| |
| peroneus brevis, 617
| |
| longus, 613
| |
| tertius, 607
| |
| plantaris, 620
| |
| platysma, 1175
| |
| popliteus, 621
| |
| prevertebral, 1397
| |
| procerus, 1267
| |
| pronator quadratus, 482
| |
| teres, 469, 470
| |
| psoas major, 841
| |
| minor, 842
| |
| | |
| pterygoid, lateral, 1302
| |
| medial, 1304
| |
| pubo-vesical, 922
| |
| pyramidalis, 727
| |
| pyriformis, 534, 948
| |
| quadratus femoris, 535
| |
| lumborum, 843
| |
| quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
| |
| rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| capitis anterior, 1397
| |
| lateralis, 1397
| |
| posterior major, 1149
| |
| minor, 1150
| |
| femoris, 572
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1249
| |
| lateralis, of eye, 1249
| |
| medialis, of eye, 1249
| |
| superior, of eye, 1249
| |
| of respiration, 1115
| |
| rhomboideus major, 401
| |
| minor, 401
| |
| risorius, 1269
| |
| rotatores, 410
| |
| sacro-spinalis, 404
| |
| salpingo-pharyngeus, 1378
| |
| sartorius, 568
| |
| scalenus anterior, 1235
| |
| medius, 1236
| |
| posterior, 1236
| |
| scansorius, 534
| |
| semimembranosus, 543
| |
| semispinalis capitis, 407
| |
| cervicis, 408
| |
| thoracis, 408
| |
| | |
| | |
| Muscles ( continued )—
| |
| semitendinosus, 543
| |
| serratus anterior, 401, 434
| |
| posterior inferior, 403
| |
| superior, 402
| |
| of soft palate, 1351
| |
| soleus, 619
| |
| | |
| sphincter ani externus, 675
| |
| internus, 961, 963
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| urethrae, female, 702
| |
| male, 680
| |
| vesicae, 950
| |
| spinalis, 406
| |
| | |
| thoracis, 406
| |
| splenius, 404
| |
| capitis, 404
| |
| cervicis, 404
| |
| stapedius, 1680
| |
| sternalis, 420
| |
| sterno-costalis, 1002
| |
| sterno-hyoid, 1201
| |
| sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
| |
| sterno-thyroid, 1201
| |
| stylo-glossus, 1232
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1228 , 1272
| |
| stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
| |
| subanconeus, 459
| |
| subclavius, 421
| |
| subcostal, 995
| |
| subscapularis, 440
| |
| supinator, 504
| |
| supraspinatus, 437
| |
| temporalis, 1302
| |
| tensor fasciae latae, 570
| |
| palati, 1353 , 1378
| |
| tympani, 1680
| |
| teres major, 439
| |
| minor, 438
| |
| | |
| thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
| |
| thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
| |
| thyro-hyoid, 1201
| |
| tibialis anterior, 606
| |
| posterior, 622
| |
| of tongue, intrinsic, 1346
| |
| tragicus, 1296
| |
| transversus abdominis, 724
| |
| auriculae, 1296
| |
| linguae, 1346
| |
| superficialis perinaei, 678
| |
| thoracis, 996
| |
| trapezius, 398
| |
| | |
| in neck, 1144
| |
| triceps brachii, 458 , 501
| |
| vastus intermedius, 573
| |
| lateralis, 572
| |
| medialis, 573
| |
| verticalis linguae, 1346
| |
| vocalis, 1392
| |
| zygomaticus major, 1269
| |
| minor, 1268
| |
| Musculi pectinati, 1054
| |
| Musculo-cutaneous nerve of arm, 432, 458
| |
| of leg, 604
| |
| | |
| Musculus-uvulae, 1352
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1749
| |
| | |
| | |
| Myelinization in cord, 1440
| |
| Myeloplasm, 53
| |
| Myenteric plexus, 863, 869
| |
| Mylo-hyoid groove, 232
| |
| line, 231
| |
| muscle, 1229
| |
| Myocardium, 1068
| |
| structure of, 1072
| |
| Myotomes of visceral arches, 1375
| |
| | |
| Nabothi, ovula, 985
| |
| Nasal bones, 221
| |
| crest, 222
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| ossification of, 222
| |
| capsule, 86, 1363
| |
| conchse, inferior, 223
| |
| middle, 209
| |
| superior, 209
| |
| crest of maxilla, 216
| |
| of palatine, 225
| |
| folds, 83
| |
| fossae, 248, 1356
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 1361
| |
| development of, 83, 85, 1363
| |
| lymphatics of, 1363
| |
| nerves of, 1360
| |
| groove, 208
| |
| index, 269
| |
| | |
| mucous membrane, 1359
| |
| notch of frontal, 181
| |
| part of maxilla, 212
| |
| of pharynx, 1371
| |
| pits, 83
| |
| | |
| process of frontal, 181
| |
| septum, osseous, 248
| |
| slit, 207, 250, 261
| |
| spine of frontal, 181
| |
| posterior, 225
| |
| Nasion, 240, 244, 268
| |
| Naso-lacrimal canal, 248
| |
| duct, 1294
| |
| | |
| Naso-pharyngeal tonsil, 1373
| |
| Natal cleft, 529
| |
| Navicular bone, 372
| |
| | |
| ossification, 378
| |
| tuberosity of, 373, 388, 641
| |
| varieties, 373
| |
| | |
| Naviculo-cuboid joint, 668
| |
| Neck, landmarks of, 1172
| |
| N 41 aton's line, 552
| |
| Neopallium, 1592
| |
| Nephric tubules, 93
| |
| Nephrocoele, 93
| |
| Nephrostome, 93
| |
| Nerves—
| |
| | |
| of abdominal wall, deep, 728
| |
| abducent. See Cranial nerves
| |
| accessory. See Cranial nerves
| |
| accessory obturator, 580, 847
| |
| to anconeus, 461
| |
| ansa hypoglossi, 1206
| |
| subclavia, 1335
| |
| auditory. See Cranial nerves
| |
| auricular, great, 1142 , 1278
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| auricular, posterior, 1160, 1272
| |
| of vagus, 1161 , 1328, 1672,
| |
| | |
| 1677
| |
| | |
| auriculo-temporal, 1157, 1277,
| |
| | |
| 1311
| |
| | |
| bigeminus, 928
| |
| brachial plexus, 439, 1193
| |
| | |
| infraclavicular branches, 431
| |
| in neck, 1193
| |
| | |
| supraclavicular branches,
| |
| | |
| 43 °> 1194
| |
| buccal, 1277, 1310
| |
| of facial, 1274
| |
| carotico-tympanic, 1404
| |
| cervical branches of facial, 1275
| |
| plexus, 1185
| |
| branches, deep, 1188
| |
| | |
| superficial, 1141, 1187
| |
| spinal, posterior rami, 1142,
| |
| 1152
| |
| | |
| chorda tympani, 1347, 1402 , 1619
| |
| as pretrematic nerve, 69
| |
| ciliary, long, 1256
| |
| circumflex, 432 , 436
| |
| coccygeal, 530, 928, 929
| |
| cochlear, 1404, 1693
| |
| cutaneous nerves. See also Cutaneous
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| of arm, lateral, 448
| |
| | |
| medial, 432, 448, 457
| |
| posterior, 448, 460
| |
| of calf, lateral, 551
| |
| of forearm, lateral, 448
| |
| medial, 432, 448 , 457
| |
| posterior, 448
| |
| | |
| of ilio-hypogastric, anterior, 710
| |
| lateral, 531, 728
| |
| of neck, anterior, 1143, 1187
| |
| palmar, of median, 466, 481
| |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| perforating, of sacral plexus, 931
| |
| of subcostal, lateral, 531, 728
| |
| of thigh, intermediate, 555
| |
| lateral, 534, 564, 846
| |
| medial, 556
| |
| of ulnar, 448, 466, 499
| |
| dental, inferior, 1311
| |
| of maxillary—
| |
| | |
| anterior superior, 1319,1361
| |
| middle, 1320
| |
| posterior, 1320
| |
| digastric, 1272
| |
| digital, of foot, 652, 654
| |
| of hand, 489, 499
| |
| dorsal, of penis, 691
| |
| dorso-lumbar, 844
| |
| of dura mater, 1601
| |
| ethmoidal, anterior, 1361
| |
| posterior, 1257
| |
| of face, 1272
| |
| | |
| facial. See Cranial nerves
| |
| femoral, 575, 846
| |
| branches of, 576
| |
| frontal, 1254
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 175 o
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| furcalis, 847, 928, 931
| |
| genicular, 550, 580, 637
| |
| genito-femoral, 554, 846
| |
| | |
| femoral branch of, 554 , 846
| |
| genital branch of, 846
| |
| glosso-pharyngeal. See Cranial
| |
| nerves
| |
| | |
| gluteal, inferior, 539, 930
| |
| superior, 539, 930
| |
| haemorrhoidal, inferior, 675, 691
| |
| hypoglossal. See Cranial nerves
| |
| ilio-hypogastric, 728, 845
| |
| cutaneous branches—anterior, 710
| |
| lateral, 531, 728
| |
| ilio-inguinal, 554, 845, 729
| |
| incisive, of inferior dental, 1313
| |
| infra-orbital, 1276, 1319
| |
| infratrochlear, 1256, 1276
| |
| intercostal, 996, 1099
| |
| branches of, 997
| |
| lower five, 728
| |
| intercosto-brachial, 433 , 447
| |
| interosseous, anterior, 481
| |
| | |
| of nerve to popliteus, 550
| |
| posterior, 506
| |
| lacrimal, 1254 , 1276
| |
| laryngeal, external, 1329, 1395
| |
| internal, 1329, 1395
| |
| recurrent, 1044, 1045, 1330,1395
| |
| superior, 1329, 1395
| |
| to latissimus, dorsi, 431
| |
| lingual, 1313 , 1347
| |
| lumbo-sacral trunk, 847
| |
| mandibular, 1168, 1309
| |
| distribution, 1616
| |
| summary of, 1316
| |
| masseteric, 1309
| |
| maxillary, 1168, 1319
| |
| | |
| branches of, 1259, 1319
| |
| distribution of, 1616
| |
| summary of, 1323
| |
| median, in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| branches of, 459, 481
| |
| digital branches of, 489
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 489
| |
| lateral root of, 432 .
| |
| medial root of, 432
| |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| summary of, 490
| |
| meningeal, 1168
| |
| mental, 1277 , 1313
| |
| musculo-cutaneous, of arm, 432, 458
| |
| of leg, 604
| |
| mylo-hyoid, 1312
| |
| nasal nerves—
| |
| | |
| of greater palatine, 1361
| |
| of infra-orbital, 1276
| |
| of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1360
| |
| naso-ciliary, 1255
| |
| nutrient, to fibula, 627
| |
| to radius, 481
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| nutrient, to tibia, 550
| |
| to ulna, 481
| |
| | |
| obturator, 557, 579, 846
| |
| accessory, 580, 847
| |
| genicular branch of, 580
| |
| to obturator internus, 539, 930
| |
| occipital, greater, 1141, 1152
| |
| lesser, 1142
| |
| third, 1142, 1152
| |
| ophthalmic, 1254, 1258
| |
| distribution, 1616
| |
| optic. See Cranial nerves
| |
| palatine, greater, 1322, 1338,
| |
| lesser, 1322
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous, of median, 466,
| |
| 481
| |
| | |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| patellar plexus, 557
| |
| pectoral, 431
| |
| | |
| pelvic splanchnics, 930, 947
| |
| of penis, dorsal, 691
| |
| perforating cutaneous, 931
| |
| perineal, 691
| |
| | |
| deep branch of, 691
| |
| of fourth sacral, 675, 932
| |
| long, 691
| |
| | |
| to peroneus tertius, 610
| |
| petrosal, deep, 1404
| |
| | |
| external, 1169, 1402, 1403
| |
| superficial, greater, 1168, 1401
| |
| lesser, 1169, 1402, 1403
| |
| pharyngeal plexus, 1329
| |
| | |
| of spheno-palatine ganglion, 1321
| |
| of vagus, 1329
| |
| phrenic, in neck, 430, 1189
| |
| in thorax, 1015
| |
| plantar, lateral, 653
| |
| medial, 652
| |
| | |
| popliteal, lateral, 550 , 931
| |
| medial, 550 , 931
| |
| to popliteus, 550
| |
| post- and pre-trematic, 69
| |
| of pterygoid canal, 1321, 1360
| |
| pudendal, 690, 704, 931
| |
| to pyriformis, 930
| |
| to quadratus femoris, 540, 930
| |
| radial, 433
| |
| | |
| in arm, 459
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 467
| |
| | |
| in forearm, 475
| |
| | |
| muscular branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 461
| |
| | |
| rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| in abdomen, 838
| |
| cervicales, 1189, 1206
| |
| in neck, 1334
| |
| in pelvis, 947
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| | |
| ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1189,
| |
| | |
| 1205
| |
| | |
| to rhomboids, 402, 430 , 1194
| |
| sacral, 928, 929
| |
| | |
| posterior rami, 529, 530
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| i75i
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| saphenous, 557
| |
| sciatic, 540, 544, 931
| |
| scrotal, posterior, 691
| |
| to serratus anterior, 430, 1194
| |
| spinal nerves, origins of, 1418
| |
| | |
| posterior primary rami of,
| |
| | |
| 4 11 , I 4 1 9
| |
| roots of, 1419
| |
| | |
| thoracic, 1099
| |
| spinosus, 1168, 1399
| |
| splanchnic, 1105
| |
| pelvic, 930, 947
| |
| to stapedius, 1402
| |
| stylo-hyoid, 1272
| |
| to subclavius, 431, 1195
| |
| subcostal, 728, 849
| |
| | |
| lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
| |
| 728
| |
| | |
| suboccipital, 1141, 1152
| |
| subsartorial plexus, 431
| |
| subscapular, 431
| |
| subtrapezial plexus, 399
| |
| supraclavicular, 412, 1144
| |
| supra-orbital, 1153 , 1254, 1276
| |
| suprascapular, 431, 438, 1195
| |
| supratrochlear, 1154 , 1254, 1276
| |
| sural, 550, 615
| |
| | |
| communicating, 551
| |
| sympathetic trunk in abdomen, 838
| |
| ganglia of—
| |
| | |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| impar, 946
| |
| in neck, 1333 , 1335
| |
| | |
| cardiac branches, 1334,
| |
| 1335
| |
| | |
| constitution of, 1335
| |
| in pelvis, 946
| |
| plexuses—
| |
| | |
| aortic, 811
| |
| cardiac, 1046
| |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| gastric, 809
| |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| phrenic, 809
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| temporal, deep, 1309, 1311
| |
| tentorii, 1168
| |
| thoracic, spinal, 1099
| |
| | |
| anterior rami, 996
| |
| to thyro-hyoid, 1206
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerves ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| tibial, anterior, 610, 614
| |
| posterior, 627
| |
| of tongue, 1347
| |
| trochlear. See Cranial nerves
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| ulnar, 432
| |
| | |
| in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
| |
| 499
| |
| | |
| deep division of, 499
| |
| digital branches of, 499
| |
| dorsal branch of, 467
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 499
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| | |
| 477
| |
| | |
| vagus. See Cranial nerves
| |
| vestibular, 1404, 1622, 1693
| |
| in visceral arches, 69, 1121
| |
| zygomatic, 1319
| |
| zygomatico-facial, 1259, 1277
| |
| zygomatico - temporal, 1158, 1259,
| |
| | |
| 1276
| |
| | |
| Nerve-plexuses—
| |
| | |
| annularis, of cornea, 1645
| |
| | |
| aortic, 811
| |
| | |
| brachial, 429, 1193
| |
| | |
| buccal, 1275, 1277
| |
| | |
| cardiac, deep and superficial, 1046
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| | |
| cervical, 1185
| |
| | |
| coccygeal, 531, 931
| |
| | |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| | |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| | |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| | |
| gastric, 809
| |
| | |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| | |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| | |
| infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
| |
| | |
| intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| | |
| lumbar, 844
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| myenteric, 863, 869
| |
| oesophageal, 1043, 1087
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| parotid, 1273
| |
| patellar, 557
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| pharyngeal, 1329
| |
| phrenic, 809 , t
| |
| | |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| pulmonary, 1043, 1045
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| sacral, 928
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| | |
| subepithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| of submucosa of small intestine,
| |
| | |
| 863, 869
| |
| | |
| subsartorial, 558
| |
| subtrapezial, 399
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| T 75 2
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nerve-roots, 1419
| |
| Nervous system, 1410
| |
| | |
| development, 53
| |
| Neural canal, 40
| |
| crest, 54
| |
| groove, 34, 40
| |
| tube, 42, 53
| |
| | |
| Neurenteric canal, 34, 35, 37
| |
| Neuroblasts, 54, 1438
| |
| Neuro-central lip, 126
| |
| synchondrosis, 142
| |
| Neuroglia of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| Nictitans, membrana, 1292
| |
| Nigra, substantia, 1539, 1560
| |
| Node, atrio-ventricular, 1071
| |
| sino-atrial, 1070
| |
| Nodules of aortic valve, 1063
| |
| Normal, definition of, 5
| |
| Nose, 1298
| |
| | |
| cartilages of, 1298
| |
| development of, 83, 1363
| |
| lymphatics of, 1298, 1363
| |
| nerves of, 1360
| |
| Notch or notches—
| |
| acetabular, 340
| |
| carotid, 200
| |
| | |
| cystic, of liver, 756, 777
| |
| ethmoidal, of frontal, 182
| |
| fibular, of tibia, 363
| |
| frontal, 181
| |
| intercondylar, 353
| |
| interlobar, of liver, 777
| |
| jugular, 176
| |
| mandibular, 232
| |
| mastoid, 187, 258
| |
| nasal, 212
| |
| | |
| of frontal, 181
| |
| of maxilla, 221
| |
| parietal, 188
| |
| pre-occipital, 1499
| |
| sciatic, greater and lesser, 340
| |
| spheno-palatine, 228
| |
| spino-glenoid, 294
| |
| supra-orbital, 181, 247
| |
| suprasternal, 162
| |
| trochlear, of ulnar, 312
| |
| tympanic, 1673
| |
| umbilical, of liver, 777
| |
| Notochord, 23, 39 , 167
| |
| in vertebras, 59
| |
| Notochordal groove, 35, 167
| |
| Nuchae, ligamentum, 399, 1144
| |
| Nuchal flexure, 58
| |
| furrow, 1141
| |
| groove, 397
| |
| | |
| Nuck, canal of, 743, 744, 969
| |
| Nuclear membrane, 9, 15
| |
| reticulum, 9, 15
| |
| Nuclein, 9
| |
| Nucleolus, 9, 15
| |
| Nucleoplasm, 8
| |
| Nucleus or nuclei—
| |
| abducent, 1473
| |
| accessory, 1628
| |
| ambiguous, 1626 , 1626, 1627
| |
| | |
| | |
| Nucleus or nuclei ( continued )—
| |
| amygdaloid, 1524, 1632
| |
| arcuate, 1462
| |
| caudatus, 1526
| |
| of cell, 9, 15
| |
| cochlear, 1620
| |
| cuneatus, 1460
| |
| dentate, 1485
| |
| emboliformis, 1485
| |
| of facial nerve, motor, 1472, 1617
| |
| sensory, 1619
| |
| | |
| of fasciculis solitarius, 1619, 1626
| |
| | |
| globosus, 1485
| |
| | |
| gracilis, 1459
| |
| | |
| hypoglossal, 1629
| |
| | |
| of lateral lemniscus, 1475
| |
| | |
| lateralis, 1462
| |
| | |
| lentiformis, 1526
| |
| | |
| oculo-motor, 1561, 1611
| |
| | |
| olivary, 1461, 1472
| |
| | |
| pontis, 1469, 1470
| |
| | |
| pulposus, 1107, 1108
| |
| | |
| red, 1539, 1553
| |
| | |
| subthalamic, 1540
| |
| | |
| thoracici, 1424, 1425
| |
| | |
| of trapezium, 1471
| |
| | |
| of trigeminal nerve —
| |
| | |
| mesencephalic root of, 1561, 1615
| |
| motor of, 1474, 1615
| |
| pontine, 1474
| |
| | |
| sensory of, 1472, 1474, 1615
| |
| trochlear, 1561 , 1614
| |
| vago-pharyngeal, dorsal, 1624
| |
| vestibular, 1622
| |
| Nutrient arteries—
| |
| of femur, 587
| |
| of fibula, 626
| |
| of humerus, 455, 456
| |
| of radius, 478
| |
| of tibia, 626
| |
| of ulna, 478
| |
| Nutrient foramina—
| |
| of clavicle, 290
| |
| of fibula, 366
| |
| of humerus, 300
| |
| of radius, 307, 311
| |
| of ribs, 157
| |
| of scapula, 295
| |
| of tibia, 361
| |
| of ulna, 314
| |
| nutrient nerves—
| |
| to fibula, 627
| |
| to radius, 481
| |
| to tibia, 550 '
| |
| to ulna, 481
| |
| | |
| Obelion, 238, 243, 268
| |
| Obex, 1490
| |
| | |
| Oblique cord of forearm, 521
| |
| ligament of Cooper, 518
| |
| Obliquus capitis inferior, 1150
| |
| superior, 1150
| |
| externus abdominis, 717
| |
| inferior, of eye, 1251
| |
| internus abdominis, 722
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1753
| |
| | |
| | |
| Obliquus, superior, of eye, 1250
| |
| Oblongata, medulla, 1443, 1451
| |
| Obstetrical hinge-joint, 177
| |
| Obturator artery, 589, 925 , 927
| |
| abnormal, 566
| |
| canal, 579, 993
| |
| crest, 340
| |
| | |
| externus muscle, 579
| |
| fascia, 920
| |
| foramen, 340
| |
| groove, 340
| |
| | |
| internus muscle, 535, 949
| |
| nerve to, 539, 93°
| |
| membrane, 993
| |
| nerve, 557, 579, 846
| |
| accessory, 580 , 847
| |
| Occipital artery, first part, 1218
| |
| second part, 1146
| |
| third part, 1146
| |
| bone, 172
| |
| | |
| condyles, 175, 258
| |
| crests of, 174, 259, 264
| |
| ossification of, 177
| |
| point, 243, 268
| |
| | |
| protuberance, 172, 174, 243, 1141
| |
| varieties, 176
| |
| groove, 258
| |
| lobe of brain, 1148
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1148
| |
| nerve, greater, 1141 , 1152
| |
| lesser, 1142
| |
| third, 1142 , 1152
| |
| point, 243, 268
| |
| | |
| protuberance, external, 172, 243, 1141
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| triangle, 1184
| |
| veins, 1148
| |
| venous plexus, 1147
| |
| Occipito-axial ligaments, 1407
| |
| Occipito-frontalis, 1154
| |
| Ocular appendages, 1289
| |
| Oculo-motor nerve, 1165, 1253, 1446
| |
| nucleus, 1561, 1611
| |
| Odontoblasts, 284, 287
| |
| Odontoid process of axis, 131
| |
| (Esophagus, cervical part of, 1227
| |
| development of, 66, 78, 1088
| |
| lymphatics of, 1088
| |
| structure of, 1088
| |
| thoracic part of, 1087
| |
| Olecranon, 312
| |
| bursa, 447
| |
| fossa, 304
| |
| rete, 479
| |
| | |
| Olfactorium, trigonum, 1511
| |
| Olfactory apparatus, development of, 1511
| |
| bulb, 1165, 1510 , 1570
| |
| structure of, 1570
| |
| capsule, 271, 276
| |
| foramina; 261
| |
| groove of ethmoid, 207
| |
| of sphenoid, 197
| |
| lobe, 1510
| |
| | |
| mucous membrane, 1359
| |
| nerves, 1165, 1360 ? i6ji
| |
| | |
| | |
| [ Olfactory organ, 271
| |
| | |
| tract, 1445, 1511 , 1570
| |
| Olivary nuclei, 1461, 1472
| |
| Olive of medulla, 1453, 1454
| |
| Omentale, tuber, of liver, 774
| |
| of pancreas, 807
| |
| Omentalis, bursa, 79, 81
| |
| Omentum, definition of, 779
| |
| greater, 756, 784
| |
| lesser, 785
| |
| Omo-hyoid, 1200
| |
| | |
| inferior belly of, 402, 437
| |
| Ontogeny, 7
| |
| Oocyte, 13, 14, 16, 17
| |
| Oogenesis, 16
| |
| Oogonia, 13, 16
| |
| Opening into lesser sac, 790
| |
| saphenous, 551, 561 , 707
| |
| to tympanic antrum, 188, 1681
| |
| Openings in diaphragm, 835
| |
| Opercula insulae, 1506
| |
| Operculum, frontal, 1498
| |
| fronto-parietal, 1498
| |
| orbital, 1498
| |
| Ophryon, 244, 268
| |
| Ophthalmic artery, 1170, 1259
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1168, 1254, 1258, 1616
| |
| veins, 1261
| |
| Opisthion, 258, 268
| |
| Opisthotic centre, 195
| |
| Opponens digiti minimi, 496
| |
| pollicis, 494
| |
| Optic chiasma, 1545
| |
| cup, 1666, 1668
| |
| disc of retina, 1653
| |
| foramen, 200, 245, 247, 261
| |
| groove, 197, 261
| |
| nerve, 1545
| |
| | |
| development of, 1668
| |
| in orbit, 1253
| |
| origin, deep, 1611
| |
| superficial, 1446
| |
| radiation, 1547 , 1566, 1568
| |
| recess, 1545
| |
| stalk, 1665, 1668
| |
| tract, 1445, 1545
| |
| vesicle, 1664
| |
| Oral fissure, 1337
| |
| Ora serrata of retina, 1652
| |
| structure of, 1658
| |
| Orbicularis ciliaris, 1647
| |
| oculi, 1264, 1265
| |
| oris, 1271
| |
| Orbit, 245
| |
| | |
| contents of, 1247
| |
| fascia of, 1252
| |
| | |
| Orbital area of cerebrum, 1493
| |
| fascia, 1252
| |
| fissure, inferior, 247
| |
| superior, 247
| |
| index, 269
| |
| | |
| plate of ethmoid, 208
| |
| of frontal, 182
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| process of zygomatic, 219
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1754
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Organ, spiral, 1691
| |
| Organogeny, 48
| |
| Orifice or orifices—
| |
| aortic, 1062
| |
| of bladder, 951
| |
| cardiac, topography of, 1064
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1055
| |
| mitral, 1061
| |
| | |
| oesophageal, of stomach, 760, 761
| |
| pulmonary, 1059
| |
| pyloric, 760
| |
| tricuspid, 1055, 1057
| |
| urethral—
| |
| | |
| female, 695
| |
| male, 715, 938
| |
| of vagina, external, 695
| |
| vena cava, inferior, 1054
| |
| superior, 1054
| |
| | |
| Oropharyngeal isthmus, 1350
| |
| Orthognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Os centrale, 322
| |
| dentatum, 133
| |
| japonicum, 221
| |
| pubis, 331
| |
| trigonum, 370
| |
| of uterus, external, 974
| |
| internal, 976
| |
| Ossa suturarum, 265
| |
| Ossification of bones, 119
| |
| centres, 119
| |
| law of, 304
| |
| of named bones—of atlas, 142
| |
| of axis, 143
| |
| of carpal bones, 322
| |
| of clavicle, 292
| |
| of coccyx, 151
| |
| of ethmoid, 211
| |
| of femur, 354
| |
| of fibula, 367
| |
| of hip bone, 341
| |
| of humerus, 305
| |
| of lacrimal, 223
| |
| of maxillae, 218
| |
| of metacarpals, 329
| |
| of metatarsals, 386
| |
| of nasal, 222
| |
| | |
| concha, inferior, 224
| |
| of occipital, 177
| |
| of palatine, 228
| |
| of phalanges of foot, 386
| |
| of hand, 386
| |
| of radius, 311
| |
| of sacrum, 149
| |
| of scapula, 298
| |
| of sphenoid, 205
| |
| of sternum, 164
| |
| of tarsal bones, 378
| |
| of temporal, 195
| |
| of tibia, 363
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| of vomer, 229
| |
| of zygomatic, 221
| |
| | |
| Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, 120, 121
| |
| Osteogenic fibres, 120
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ostium abdominale, 19, 972
| |
| Otic capsule, 75, 272
| |
| ganglion, 1314
| |
| Otoconia, 1688
| |
| | |
| Ovarian follicles, vesicular, 982
| |
| plexus, nervous, 811
| |
| venous, 979
| |
| pregnancy, 19
| |
| Ovary, 969
| |
| | |
| abnormal positions of, 104, 971
| |
| descent of, 970
| |
| development of, 100, 980
| |
| ligament of, 970, 982
| |
| suspensory, of, 970
| |
| ovulation in, 18, 19
| |
| structure of, 98
| |
| Ovocentre, 21
| |
| Ovulation, 18, 19
| |
| Ovum, 8, 14 , 16
| |
| | |
| fertilization of, 20
| |
| growth in pregnancy, 105
| |
| maturation of, 19
| |
| segmentation of, 21
| |
| transit to uterus, 19
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pacinian bodies of foot, 653
| |
| of hand, 490
| |
| Palate folds, 84
| |
| soft, 1350
| |
| | |
| development of, 86, 1354
| |
| glands of, 1351
| |
| muscles of, 1351
| |
| nerves of, 1354
| |
| relation to structures in, 1354
| |
| Palatine arteries—
| |
| | |
| ascending, 1217
| |
| of ascending pharyngeal, 1220
| |
| greater, 1308 , 1338, 1362
| |
| lesser, 1308
| |
| bones, 224
| |
| | |
| development of, 277
| |
| foramina of, 226
| |
| ossification of, 228
| |
| tubercle of, 226
| |
| nerves, 1322, 1338
| |
| Palatino-vaginal canal, 199
| |
| Palato-glossal arches, 1350
| |
| Palato-glossus, 1351
| |
| Palato-pharyngeal arches, 1350
| |
| Palato-pharyngeus, 1351
| |
| Pallidus, globus, 1528
| |
| Palmar aponeurosis, 484
| |
| | |
| arch, deep, 484, 497, 499
| |
| | |
| superficial, 483, 484, 498
| |
| cutaneous branch of median, 466, 481
| |
| of ulnar, 466, 477
| |
| metacarpal arteries, '498
| |
| space, 492
| |
| | |
| Palmaris brevis, 484
| |
| longus, 470, 487
| |
| Palpebral arteries, 1260, 1281
| |
| Pampiniform plexus, 738
| |
| Pancreas, 806
| |
| | |
| blood^supply, 893
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1755
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pancreas connections, position and relations of, 806
| |
| development of, 80, 894
| |
| lymphatics of, 893
| |
| structure of, 891
| |
| tuber omentale of, 807
| |
| Pancreatic duct, 892
| |
| | |
| accessory, 892
| |
| Panniculus carnosus, 1175
| |
| Papilla, duodena], 865
| |
| lacrimalis, 1289
| |
| Papillae of tongue, 1344
| |
| Paracentral lobule, 1499
| |
| Parachordal cartilages, 271
| |
| Paradidymis, 750
| |
| Parafloccular fossa, 191
| |
| Paraflocculus, 1481
| |
| Paraganglia, 1105
| |
| Paramesonephric duct, 101, 987
| |
| Parametrium, 974
| |
| Paranasal sinuses, 250
| |
| | |
| development of, 1364
| |
| Pararectal recess, 919
| |
| Parasympathetic system, 1410, 1639
| |
| cranial, 1639
| |
| sacral, 1640
| |
| | |
| Parathyroid glands, 1223
| |
| | |
| development of, 76
| |
| Paravesical recess, 919
| |
| Paraxial mesoderm, 40, 41
| |
| Parietal bones, 178
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 180
| |
| varieties of, 180
| |
| eminence, 178, 1633
| |
| foramen, 179, 243
| |
| notch of temporal, 188
| |
| Paroccipital process, 176
| |
| Paroophoron, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 754, 987
| |
| Parotid duct, 1287
| |
| gland, 1284
| |
| | |
| development of, 1289
| |
| structure of, 1288
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1283
| |
| plexus, 1273
| |
| Pars iridica retinae, 1650
| |
| Patella, 355
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 357
| |
| structure, 356
| |
| Patellar plexus, 557
| |
| retinacula, 629
| |
| Pectineus muscle, 571
| |
| Pectoral lymphatic glands, 424, 434
| |
| nerves, 431
| |
| region, 412
| |
| ridge, 300
| |
| | |
| Pectoralis major, 418
| |
| minor, 420
| |
| | |
| Pedicles of vertebrae, 128
| |
| Pelvic fascia in female, visceral, 968
| |
| in male, parietal, 919
| |
| visceral, 921
| |
| | |
| Pelvis, 914
| |
| | |
| axes of, 344
| |
| | |
| bony, 342
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pelvis, brim of, 342
| |
| of child, 345
| |
| contents of, 915
| |
| diameters, 342
| |
| false, 342
| |
| female, 965
| |
| | |
| peritoneum, 966
| |
| viscera, position of, 966
| |
| inclination, 344
| |
| inlet, 342
| |
| of kidney, 907
| |
| male, 916
| |
| | |
| peritoneum of, 917
| |
| viscera, position of, 916
| |
| measurements of, 345
| |
| outlet, 344
| |
| | |
| sexual differences of, 345
| |
| true, 342
| |
| Penis, 712
| |
| | |
| angle of, 942
| |
| bulb of, 682, 953
| |
| composition of, 714
| |
| corona glandis, 712, 715
| |
| corpora cavernosa, 953
| |
| corpus spongiosum, 953
| |
| coverings of, 712
| |
| crus, 682
| |
| | |
| fascial sheath of, 713
| |
| frenulum of, 713
| |
| glans, 715
| |
| prepuce, 713
| |
| septum of, 953
| |
| structure of, 953
| |
| suspensory ligament of, 713
| |
| Perforaculum, 13
| |
| | |
| Perforating arteries of foot, 613, 657
| |
| of hand, 498
| |
| of profunda femoris, 586
| |
| cutaneous nerve, 931
| |
| Pericardium, 1017
| |
| | |
| development of, 46, 67, 1019
| |
| lymphatics of, 1019
| |
| sinus, transverse, of, 1018
| |
| structure of, 1019
| |
| Perichoroidal lymph space, 1643
| |
| Pericranium, 1157
| |
| Perilymph of internal ear, 1687
| |
| Perilymphatic duct, 193
| |
| Perineal body, female, 701
| |
| male, 681
| |
| fascia, 675
| |
| fold, 957
| |
| | |
| membrane, 683, 701
| |
| pouch, 679
| |
| triangle, deep, 682
| |
| Perineum, female, 692, 701
| |
| male, 674
| |
| | |
| Periodontal membrane, 287
| |
| Periosteum, 121
| |
| | |
| Periotic cartilaginous capsules, 195
| |
| Perirenal capsule, 818
| |
| Peritoneum, 779
| |
| | |
| course of transverse, 782
| |
| vertical, 780
| |
| development of, 81, 795
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1756
| |
| | |
| | |
| x INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Peritoneum in foetus, 793
| |
| folds of, 744, 792
| |
| ligaments, 788
| |
| mesenteries, 786
| |
| omenta, 784
| |
| fossae, 744, 791
| |
| parietal, 744
| |
| pelvic, in female, 966
| |
| in male, 917
| |
| primitive, of testis, 741
| |
| recesses of, 791, 919
| |
| sac, greater, 789
| |
| | |
| lesser, 81, 785, 790
| |
| structure of, 795
| |
| Perivascular spaces, 1436
| |
| Peroneal artery, 610, 626
| |
| retinaculum, 601
| |
| tubercle, 372, 388
| |
| Peroneus brevis, 617
| |
| longus, 615
| |
| tertius, 607
| |
| | |
| Perpendicular plate, ethmoid, 208
| |
| of palatine, 214
| |
| Pes hippocampi, 1525
| |
| Petrosal process, posterior, 198
| |
| sinus, inferior, 1607
| |
| superior, 1606
| |
| | |
| Petro-sphenoid ligament, 193
| |
| Pfliiger, cords of, 753
| |
| Phalanges of foot, 384, 385
| |
| ossification of, 386
| |
| of hand, 329
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 329
| |
| Pharyngeal artery, ascending, 1219
| |
| bursa, 168, 1373
| |
| plexus, 1329
| |
| pouches, 70, 76, 1373
| |
| recess, 1372
| |
| tubercle, 258
| |
| | |
| Pharyngo-basilar fascia, 1371
| |
| Pharyngo-epiglottic folds, 73, 1380
| |
| Pharyngo-tympanic canal, 257 "
| |
| groove, 257
| |
| tube, 1378
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 74, 1378
| |
| Pharynx, 1366
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 1373
| |
| development of, 1373
| |
| laryngeal part of, 1373
| |
| lymphatics of, 1373
| |
| muscles of (constrictor), 1368
| |
| nasal part of, 1371
| |
| oral part of, 1373
| |
| Phenozygous skulls, 243
| |
| Philtrum, 1336
| |
| Phrenic artery, 827
| |
| | |
| nerve in neck, 430, 1189
| |
| in thorax, 1015
| |
| Phylogeny, 7
| |
| Pia mater, cranial, 1610
| |
| spinal, 1414
| |
| | |
| Pigmentary layer of retina, 1657
| |
| Pillars of fornix, 1516, 1517
| |
| Pineal body, 1540
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1390
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1 Pineal recess, 1534
| |
| Pinna, development of, 67, 1697
| |
| Pisiform bone, 318, 333
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| joint, 524
| |
| | |
| Piso-hamate ligament, 473, 524
| |
| Piso-metacarpal ligament, 473, 524
| |
| Pit for ligament of head of femur, 346
| |
| Placenta, 24, 108
| |
| | |
| formation of, 106
| |
| separation of, 107
| |
| septa, 109
| |
| | |
| sinus, marginal, of, 106, no
| |
| structure of, 108
| |
| Plagiocephalus, 270
| |
| Plane, intertubercular, 755
| |
| subcostal, 755
| |
| Plantar aponeurosis, 642
| |
| arch, 655, 657
| |
| artery, lateral, 655 , 657
| |
| medial, 654 , 657
| |
| ligament, long, 667
| |
| short, 667
| |
| nerve, lateral, 653
| |
| medial, 652
| |
| triangle, 650
| |
| Plantaris, 620
| |
| Planum temporale, 178
| |
| Plasmodi-trophoblast, 27
| |
| Plasmodium in embedding of ovum, 27
| |
| Platycnemism, 363
| |
| Platymeria, 354
| |
| Platyrhine skulls, 269
| |
| Platysma, 1175
| |
| Pleura, 1005
| |
| | |
| development of, 78, ion
| |
| lymphatics of, ion
| |
| reflection of, 1005
| |
| lines of, 1007
| |
| | |
| Pleural sacs, development of, 78
| |
| differences between, ion
| |
| Plexus, choroid, of fourth ventricle, 1492
| |
| of lateral ventricle, 1521
| |
| | |
| of inferior horn of, 1525
| |
| | |
| of nerves—
| |
| | |
| annularis, of cornea, 1645
| |
| aortic, 811
| |
| brachial, 429, 1193
| |
| buccal, 1275, 1277
| |
| cardiac, deep and superficial,
| |
| 1046
| |
| | |
| carotid, internal, 1170
| |
| cervical, 1185
| |
| coccygeal, 531, 931
| |
| coeliac, 807, 809
| |
| coronary, 1048
| |
| diaphragmatic, 809
| |
| gastric, 809
| |
| hepatic, 809
| |
| hypogastric, 811, 922
| |
| infra-orbital, 1274, 1276
| |
| intra-epithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| lumbar, 844
| |
| | |
| mesenteric, inferior, 811
| |
| superior, 809
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1757
| |
| | |
| | |
| Plexus of nerves ( continued )—
| |
| myenteric, 863, 869
| |
| oesophageal, 1043, 1087
| |
| ovarian, 811
| |
| parotid, 1273
| |
| patellar, 557
| |
| pelvic, 922
| |
| pharyngeal, 1329
| |
| phrenic, 809
| |
| pudendal, 929
| |
| pulmonary, 1043, 1045
| |
| renal, 809
| |
| sacral, 928
| |
| splenic, 809
| |
| | |
| subepithelial, of eye, 1645
| |
| of submucosa of small intestine, 863, 869
| |
| subsartorial, 558
| |
| subtrapezial, 399
| |
| suprarenal, 809
| |
| testicular, 811
| |
| tympanic, 1325
| |
| of veins—
| |
| | |
| dorsal, of foot, 610
| |
| of hand, 467
| |
| spinous, 1435
| |
| occipital, 1147
| |
| ovarian, 979
| |
| pampiniform, 738
| |
| prostatic, 952
| |
| pterygoid, 1308
| |
| suboccipital, 1152
| |
| vesical, 952
| |
| Plica fimbriata, 1343
| |
| | |
| semilunaris of conjunctiva, 1289,
| |
| 1292
| |
| | |
| sublingualis, 1336
| |
| Plicae villosae, 858
| |
| Point, alveolar, 244, 268
| |
| auricular, 251, 268
| |
| jugal, 251, 268
| |
| mental, 244, 268
| |
| nasal, 240, 244, 268
| |
| occipital, 243, 268
| |
| pre-auricular, 1629
| |
| Rolandic, inferior, 1633
| |
| superior, 1633
| |
| subnasal, 244, 268
| |
| Sylvian, 1632
| |
| Polar bodies, 16, 17
| |
| Pollicis, abductor brevis, 493
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| adductor, 494, 496
| |
| dorsalis artery, 511
| |
| extensor brevis, 505
| |
| longus, 505
| |
| flexor brevis, 494
| |
| longus, 482, 496
| |
| opponens, 494
| |
| princeps artery, 487, 497
| |
| Pons of brain, 1444, 1468
| |
| hepatis, 775, 777
| |
| Pontine flexure, 57
| |
| Pontis, cisterna, 1609
| |
| Poto-bulbar body, 1584
| |
| | |
| | |
| Popliteal artery, 541, 546
| |
| | |
| genicular branches, 548
| |
| fascia, 546
| |
| fossa, 541, 545
| |
| groove, 352
| |
| lymphatic glands, 551
| |
| nerve, lateral, 550 , 931
| |
| Popliteal nerve, medial, 550 , 93 i
| |
| vein, 546, 549
| |
| Popliteus, 621
| |
| nerve to, 550
| |
| Porta hepatis, 775
| |
| Portal canals, 885
| |
| sinus, 816
| |
| vein, 816 , 885
| |
| Porus opticus, 1653
| |
| Position, formal, 3
| |
| Post-anal gut, 98
| |
| Post-auditory process, 193
| |
| Post-axial, definition, 5, 122
| |
| Post-glenoid tubercle, 183
| |
| Post-trematic nerves, 69
| |
| Pouch or pouches—
| |
| | |
| of epitympanic recess, 1681
| |
| perineal, 679
| |
| of Rathke, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| recto-uterine, 966
| |
| recto-vesical, 918
| |
| vesico-uterine, 967
| |
| Praecuneus of brain, 1502
| |
| Pre-auricular, 1629
| |
| Pre-axial, definition, 5, 122
| |
| Precervical sinus, 67
| |
| Preglenoid tubercle, 186
| |
| Pregnancy, extra-uterine, 19
| |
| Pre-interparietal bone, 265
| |
| Prelaryngeal lymphatic glands, 1199,
| |
| 1386
| |
| | |
| Premaxilla, 218, 277
| |
| Prepatellar bursa, 554, 640
| |
| rete, 548
| |
| | |
| Prepuce of clitoris, 695
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| | |
| Pretracheal lymphatic glands, 1199, 1225
| |
| Pretrematic nerves, 69
| |
| Primitive jugular, 51, 1127
| |
| mesoderm, 26
| |
| oesophagus, 66
| |
| pharynx, 44, 65, 66
| |
| floor, 70
| |
| segments, 40
| |
| streak, 33 , 34
| |
| | |
| Princeps pollicis artery, 487, 497
| |
| Process or processes—
| |
| | |
| alveolar, of maxilla, 214
| |
| angular, medial, 181
| |
| articular, 139
| |
| | |
| auditory, external, of temporal, 194
| |
| clinoid, anterior and middle, 200, 261
| |
| posterior, 198, 261
| |
| condyloid, of mandible, 233
| |
| coracoid, 296
| |
| coronoid, of mandible, 232
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| costal, of cervical vertebrae, 128
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1758
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Process or processes ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, of inferior nasal concha,
| |
| 223
| |
| | |
| frontal, of maxilla, 214
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| infra-orbital, of zygomatic, 220
| |
| jugular, of occipital, 176 , 258
| |
| of lacrimal, descending, 222
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| mamillary, 139
| |
| maxillary—
| |
| | |
| of inferior nasal concha, 223
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| of zygomatic, 220
| |
| nasal, of frontal, 181
| |
| odontoid, 131
| |
| orbital, of zygomatic, 219
| |
| palatine, of maxilla, 215
| |
| paroccipital, 176
| |
| petrosal, posterior, 198
| |
| post-auditory, 195
| |
| pterygoid, of sphenoid, 203
| |
| sphenoidal, of palatine, 227
| |
| spinous, of cervical vertebrae, 127
| |
| styloid, of fibula, 364
| |
| of radius, 309
| |
| of temporal, 194, 257
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| supracondylar, 302
| |
| temporal, of zygomatic, 220
| |
| transverse, of cervical vertebrae, 128
| |
| uncinate, of ethmoid, 210
| |
| of pancreas, 806
| |
| vaginal, of sphenoid, 198
| |
| of temporal, 192, 194
| |
| xiphoid, 163
| |
| | |
| zygomatic, of frontal, 181
| |
| of maxilla, 214
| |
| of temporal, 185
| |
| | |
| Processus cochleariformis, 193, 1675
| |
| reticularis of spinal cord, 1421
| |
| tubarius, 204
| |
| Proctodaeum, 698
| |
| Profunda brachial artery, 455
| |
| femoris artery, 584 , 588
| |
| Prognathous skulls, 244, 269
| |
| Projection of facial canal, 1674
| |
| fibres of cerebrum, 1565
| |
| Proligerus, discus, 18, 982
| |
| Promontory of middle ear, 1674
| |
| of sacrum, 144
| |
| Pronator quadratus, 482
| |
| teres, 469, 470
| |
| Prone, definition, 5
| |
| Pronephros, 92, 94 , 912
| |
| Pronucleus, female, 8, 16
| |
| male, 8
| |
| | |
| Pro-otic centre, 196
| |
| Prostate gland, 937
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 960
| |
| development of, 960
| |
| lymphatics of, 960
| |
| structure of, 959
| |
| Prostatic fissure, 937
| |
| sinus, 939
| |
| | |
| | |
| Prostatic utricle, 939
| |
| Prostomial mesoderm, 36
| |
| Protocardiac area, 34
| |
| Protoplasm, 8
| |
| . Protuberance, mental, 229
| |
| occipital, external, 172
| |
| internal, 174
| |
| | |
| Pseudo-ganglion. See Gangliform enlargement
| |
| Psoas major, 841
| |
| minor, 842
| |
| sheath, 839
| |
| | |
| Pterion, 180, 239, 253, 268, 1631
| |
| Pterotic centre, 196
| |
| Pterygoid canal, 204, 255, 263
| |
| artery of, 1308, 1362
| |
| nerve of, 1321, 1360
| |
| fissure, 203
| |
| fossa, 203, 257
| |
| hamulus, 204
| |
| muscle, lateral, 1302
| |
| medial, 1304
| |
| | |
| plates of sphenoid, 203, 204
| |
| development, 277
| |
| plexus of veins, 1308
| |
| processes, 203
| |
| tubercle of sphenoid, 204
| |
| Pterygo-mandibular ligament, 1181
| |
| Pterygo-maxillary fissure, 253
| |
| Pterygo-palatine canal, 227
| |
| fissure, 253
| |
| fossa, 254
| |
| | |
| Pterygo-spinous foramen, 203
| |
| ligament, 1181
| |
| Pubic angle, 339, 552
| |
| artery, 731
| |
| crest, 339, 552
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| | |
| relation of structures at, 728
| |
| lymphatic glands, 558
| |
| symphysis, 992
| |
| tubercle, 339
| |
| | |
| guides to, 551, 706
| |
| Pubis, os, 339
| |
| | |
| Pubo-femoral ligament, 599
| |
| Pudendal arteries—
| |
| | |
| external, deep, 584
| |
| | |
| superficial, 548, 710
| |
| internal, 539, 686, 703, 925
| |
| accessory, 689
| |
| band, 929
| |
| canal, 688
| |
| nerve, 690, 704, 931
| |
| Pulmonary alveoli, 1028
| |
| groove of thorax, 166
| |
| orifice of heart, 1059
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| outgrowth from foregut, 70, 77
| |
| valve of heart, 1059, 1064
| |
| Pulvinar of thalamus, 1537
| |
| Punctum lacrimale, 1289
| |
| Pupil, 1648
| |
| | |
| Pupillaris, membrana, 1652
| |
| Purkinje, cells of, i486
| |
| fibres of, 1070
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1759
| |
| | |
| | |
| Pyloric antrum, 760
| |
| glands, 859
| |
| sphincter, 857, 861
| |
| valve, 861
| |
| Pylorus, 861
| |
| | |
| position of, 761
| |
| Pyramid of cerebellum, 1480
| |
| of medulla, 1452 , 1470
| |
| of middle ear, 190, 1765
| |
| Pyramidal fibres in mid-brain, 1559
| |
| layer of cortex, 1562
| |
| lobe of thyroid, 1221
| |
| tract, 1565
| |
| | |
| Pyramids, decussation of, T451, T433
| |
| Pyriform fossa, 76, 1373, 1386
| |
| Pyriformis, 534, 948
| |
| | |
| Quadrate lobe of liver, 774
| |
| lobule of brain, 1502
| |
| Quadratus femoris, 535
| |
| | |
| nerve to, 540, 930
| |
| lumborum, 843
| |
| Quadriceps femoris, 572, 573
| |
| Quadrigemina, corpora, 1547
| |
| Quadrilateral space, 441
| |
| | |
| Radial artery, 473
| |
| | |
| first part, 474
| |
| | |
| recurrent branch of, 475
| |
| second part, 509
| |
| third part, 497
| |
| varieties of, 475, 498
| |
| nerve, 433
| |
| | |
| in arm, 459
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 433, 460,
| |
| 467
| |
| | |
| in forearm, 475
| |
| | |
| muscular branches of, 433,
| |
| | |
| 460, 461
| |
| vein, 450
| |
| | |
| Radiata, corona, 1515, I 53 1
| |
| of ovum, 14, 19
| |
| Radiatio corporis callosi, 1513
| |
| Radiation, auditory, 1568
| |
| callosal, 1568
| |
| optic, 1566, 1568
| |
| thalamic, 1567
| |
| Radius, 306
| |
| | |
| grooves of, 309
| |
| head of, 306
| |
| lines, 307
| |
| ossification of, 311
| |
| styloid process, 309
| |
| tubercle, dorsal, of, 309
| |
| tuberosity of, 307
| |
| Rami communicantes, 1635
| |
| in abdomen, 838
| |
| cervicales, 1189, 1206
| |
| in neck, 1334
| |
| in pelvis, 947
| |
| of pubis, 339
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| | |
| Ramus descendens hypoglossi, 1205
| |
| of ischium, 338
| |
| of mandible, 231
| |
| | |
| | |
| Raphe, palpebral lateral, 1265
| |
| scrotal, 716
| |
| | |
| Rathke, pouch of, 87 , 206, 1171
| |
| Rays, medullary, of kidney, 901
| |
| Receptive cone, 21
| |
| Recess or recesses—
| |
| cochlear, 1683
| |
| elliptical, 1683
| |
| epitympanic, 1681
| |
| | |
| infundibular, of third ventricle, 1533
| |
| lateral, of fourth ventricle, 1489
| |
| optic, of third ventricle, 1533
| |
| peritoneal, duodenal, 791
| |
| duodeno-jejunal, 792
| |
| inguinal, 745
| |
| pararectal, 919
| |
| paravesical, 919
| |
| pericaecal, 792
| |
| sphero-ethmoidal, 1337
| |
| suprapineal, 1334
| |
| tubo-tympanic, 73
| |
| of the utricle, 1687
| |
| Rectal arteries, inferior, 963
| |
| middle, 925, 963
| |
| superior, 802, 963
| |
| pits, 961
| |
| | |
| Recti muscles of eyeball, 1249
| |
| Recto-uterine folds, 967
| |
| pouch, 966
| |
| | |
| Recto-vesical pouch, 918
| |
| Rectum, ampulla of, 944
| |
| blood-supply of, 963
| |
| development of, 965
| |
| female, 978
| |
| flexures of, 944
| |
| horizontal folds of, 961
| |
| lymphatics of, 964
| |
| male, 943
| |
| | |
| peritoneal relations of, 944
| |
| structure of, 960
| |
| Rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| sheath of, 727
| |
| capitis anterior, 1397
| |
| lateralis, 1397
| |
| posterior major, 1149
| |
| minor, 1150
| |
| femoris, 572
| |
| | |
| Recurrent artery, anterior tibial, 609
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| | |
| interosseous, posterior, 508
| |
| radial, 475
| |
| | |
| laryngeal nerve, 1044, 1045, 1330 ,
| |
| 1395
| |
| | |
| Red nucleus, 1539, 1553
| |
| Reduction division, 14, 16, 17
| |
| Refracting media of eyeball, 1661
| |
| Reichert’s cartilage (of second arch), 74,
| |
| 75, 273, 278
| |
| scar, 104
| |
| | |
| Reid, base line of, 1633
| |
| Renal artery, 827
| |
| | |
| sympathetic plexus, 809
| |
| vein, 828
| |
| | |
| Respiratory apparatus, development of,
| |
| 1029
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1760
| |
| | |
| | |
| Rete, carpal, anterior, 478, 479 , 498
| |
| cords, 100, 752
| |
| olecranon, 479
| |
| prepatellar, 548
| |
| testis, 751
| |
| Retina, 1652
| |
| | |
| central artery of, 1260, 1658
| |
| ciliary part of, 1647
| |
| development of, 1667
| |
| fovea centralis, 1653, 1658
| |
| macula lutea, 1653, 1658
| |
| nerve cells of, 1660
| |
| optic disc, 1653
| |
| ora serrata, 1652, 1658
| |
| rods and cones layer, 1656
| |
| structure of, 1653
| |
| sustentacular fibres of, 1657
| |
| Retinaculum or retinacula—
| |
| of ankle, 601
| |
| extensor, of ankle, 603
| |
| of hand, 508
| |
| flexor, of ankle, 602
| |
| of hand, 493
| |
| of hip-joint, 393
| |
| patella, 629
| |
| peroneal, 601
| |
| | |
| Retro-pharyngeal space, 1179
| |
| Retro-pubic cellular tissue, 919
| |
| Retzius, cave of, 339
| |
| Rhinencephalon, 1512
| |
| Rhinion, 240, 244, 268
| |
| Rhombencephalon, 1451
| |
| Rhomboideus major, 401
| |
| minor, 401
| |
| | |
| Rhomboids, nerve to, 402, 430
| |
| Rib, first, 157
| |
| second, 158
| |
| Ribs, 154
| |
| | |
| development of, 59, 170
| |
| ossification of, 160
| |
| varieties, 159
| |
| Rider’s bone, 354
| |
| Ridge, pectoral, 300
| |
| | |
| pelvic, transverse, 101
| |
| supinator, of ulna, 314
| |
| teres, 300
| |
| | |
| Rima glottidis, 1388
| |
| Ring, femoral, 551, 566
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| inguinal, deep, 735
| |
| | |
| guide to, 708
| |
| superficial, 551, 720
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| Risorius, 1269
| |
| Rods of retina, 1656
| |
| Rolandic angle, 1633
| |
| points, 1633
| |
| Roof-plate, 53
| |
| Roots of spinal nerves, 1419
| |
| | |
| development of, 54
| |
| Rostrum of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| Rotatores, 410
| |
| Rotunda, fossa, 1674
| |
| Rotundum, foramen, 201 , 255, 263
| |
| Rugarum, columnae, of vagina, 986
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sac, lacrimal, 1293
| |
| | |
| development of, 1294
| |
| peritoneal, greater, 786, 789
| |
| lesser, 785, 790
| |
| | |
| opening into, 790
| |
| Saccule of internal ear, 1688
| |
| of larynx, 1387
| |
| | |
| Sacculus endolymphaticus, 1688
| |
| Sacral groove, 153
| |
| | |
| nerves, posterior rami, 528, 530
| |
| plexus, 928
| |
| spina bifida, 154
| |
| Sacro-spinous ligament, 991
| |
| Sacro-tuberous ligament, 542, 990
| |
| Sacro-vertebral angle, 15T
| |
| Sacrum, 144
| |
| alae, 148
| |
| apex, 148
| |
| canal of, 148
| |
| ossification, 149
| |
| promontory of, 144
| |
| sexual characteristics, 149
| |
| varieties, 148
| |
| Sagittal line, 1630
| |
| suture, 237, 1630
| |
| | |
| Saphenous branch of descending genicular
| |
| artery, 587, 589
| |
| nerve, 557
| |
| | |
| opening, 551, 552, 561
| |
| guide to, 707
| |
| vein, long, 559, 600
| |
| short, 600, 615
| |
| Sartorius, 568
| |
| Sauropsida, 23, 33
| |
| Scala tympani, 1689
| |
| vestibuli, 1689
| |
| Scalene tubercle, 157
| |
| Scalenus anterior, 1235
| |
| medius, 1236
| |
| posterior, 1236
| |
| Scalp, anterior part of, 1153
| |
| fascia of, 1153
| |
| | |
| superficial veins and nerves of, 1153'
| |
| as a whole, 1162
| |
| Scansorius, 534
| |
| Scaphocephalus, 270
| |
| Scaphoid bone, 316
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| tubercle of, 316, 332
| |
| fossa of auricle, 1295
| |
| of sphenoid, 204
| |
| Scapula, 292
| |
| | |
| acromion, 296
| |
| coracoid process, 296
| |
| glenoid cavity, 294
| |
| ossification, 298
| |
| spine, 295
| |
| varieties, 298
| |
| Scapular anastomosis, 441
| |
| circumflex artery, 427
| |
| ligaments, 445
| |
| Schindylesis, 242 , 394
| |
| Sciatic band, 929
| |
| | |
| nerve, 540, 544, 931
| |
| notch, greater, 340
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1761
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sciatic notch, lesser, 340
| |
| Sclera, 1642
| |
| Scrotum, 715
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 717
| |
| development of, 700, 717
| |
| lymphatics of, 717
| |
| nerves of, 717
| |
| septum, 716
| |
| skin of, 716
| |
| | |
| structures forming wall, 716
| |
| Segmentation, 40
| |
| cavity, 24
| |
| | |
| in archenteron, 38
| |
| cells, 21, 22
| |
| nucleus, 21
| |
| in ovum, 21
| |
| | |
| Sella turcica of sphenoid, 197, 261
| |
| Sellae, diaphragma, 1163, 1603
| |
| Semicircular canals, 1684
| |
| ducts, 1688
| |
| | |
| Semicircularis stria, 1532
| |
| Semilunar cartilages of knee, 632
| |
| tract of cord, 1430
| |
| Semilunaris, hiatus, 1357
| |
| Semimembranosus, 543
| |
| Seminal vesicles, 936
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 959
| |
| development of, 959
| |
| lymphatics of, 959
| |
| structure of, 958
| |
| Seminiferous tubules 752
| |
| Semispinalis capitis, 407
| |
| cervicis, 408
| |
| thoracis, 408
| |
| Septum of clitoris, 694
| |
| ilio-pectineal, 856
| |
| linguae, 1346
| |
| lucidum, 1518
| |
| of nose, 248
| |
| | |
| formation of, 85
| |
| of penis, 953
| |
| primum, 1075
| |
| * secundum, 1076
| |
| | |
| transversum, 46, 78, 79
| |
| of ear, 1688
| |
| | |
| Serial homology, 6, 41, 122
| |
| Serosa, 32
| |
| | |
| Serrata, ora, of retina, 1652, 1658
| |
| Serratus anterior, 401, 434
| |
| posterior, inferior, 403
| |
| superior, 402
| |
| | |
| Sesamoid bones, foot, 386
| |
| | |
| gastrocnemius, 618
| |
| great toe, 648
| |
| hand, 329
| |
| patella, 574
| |
| | |
| in peroneus longus, 617
| |
| thumb, 494
| |
| | |
| in tibialis posterior, 623
| |
| Sheath, axillary, 429
| |
| carotid, 1207
| |
| femoral, 565 , 568
| |
| of Hertwig, 287
| |
| of rectus, 727
| |
| | |
| Shoulder-girdle generalized, 298
| |
| | |
| | |
| Shoulder-joint, 4&1
| |
| ligaments of, 461
| |
| Sigmoid groove of temporal, 188
| |
| sinus, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1632
| |
| Sino-atrial node, 1070
| |
| Sinus, annularis, 1124
| |
| basilar, 1607
| |
| cavernous, 1169, 1606
| |
| cervicalis, 1377
| |
| circular, 1606
| |
| of epididymis, 748
| |
| ethmoidal, 210
| |
| frontal, 184
| |
| of larynx, 1387
| |
| marginal, 1606
| |
| | |
| of placenta, 106, no
| |
| maxillary, 217
| |
| of Morgagni, 1370
| |
| occipital, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| petrosal, inferior, 1607
| |
| superior, 1606
| |
| | |
| petro-squamosal, of foetus, 241
| |
| petro-squamous, 1607
| |
| portal, 816
| |
| precervical, 67
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| sagittal, inferior, 1604
| |
| superior, 1603
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| sigmoid, 1606
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1632
| |
| spheno-parietal, 1606
| |
| straight, 1605
| |
| tarsi, 370, 390
| |
| tonsillaris, 1355
| |
| transverse, 1605
| |
| guide to, 1631
| |
| of pericardium, 1018
| |
| tympani, 1674
| |
| uro-genital, 99
| |
| venosus, 46, 52, 90, 1124
| |
| sclerae, 1645
| |
| | |
| Sinuses of dura mater, 1163, 1603
| |
| paranasal, 250
| |
| Sinusoids, 1125
| |
| Skeleton, 113
| |
| | |
| general principles, 122
| |
| Skull at birth, 265
| |
| | |
| deformities of, 269
| |
| development of, 270
| |
| of female, 267
| |
| racial peculiarities of, 268
| |
| sexual characters, 267
| |
| as a whole, 237
| |
| Smegma, prseputii, 713
| |
| Snuff-box, anatomical, 484
| |
| Sockets of mandible, 231
| |
| of maxilla, 214
| |
| Sole of foot, 641
| |
| Soleal line, 361
| |
| Soleus, 619
| |
| | |
| Solitarius, fasciculus, 1625, 1626
| |
| nucleus of, 1619, 1625
| |
| | |
| | |
| in
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1762
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Solitary lymphatic nodules, 868
| |
| Somatopleure, 40
| |
| Somites, mesodermal, 40
| |
| Space or spaces—
| |
| | |
| interglobular, 285
| |
| intervillous, 105, 108
| |
| of irido-corneal angle, 1645
| |
| middle palmar, 492
| |
| perivitelline, 14
| |
| quadrilateral, 441
| |
| retropharyngeal, 1179
| |
| suprasternal, 1179
| |
| thenar, 492
| |
| triangular, 441
| |
| zonular, 1664
| |
| Spermatic cord, 736
| |
| | |
| coverings of, 739
| |
| fascia, external, 739
| |
| internal, 739
| |
| | |
| Spermatids, 12, 14, 16, 752
| |
| Spermatocytes, 13 , 1 7 > 752
| |
| Spermatogenesis, 13, 14
| |
| Spermatozoa, 8 , 12 , 14. 752
| |
| Sphenodon, 302
| |
| Spheno-ethmoidal plate, 90
| |
| recess, 1357
| |
| | |
| Spheno-mandibular ligament, 234, 1181,
| |
| 1316
| |
| | |
| Spheno-palatine artery, 1308, 1361
| |
| foramen, 255
| |
| ganglion, 1320
| |
| nerves, 1322, 1338, 1361
| |
| notch, 228
| |
| Sphenoid bone, 197
| |
| lingula, 200
| |
| openings in, 204
| |
| ossification of, 205
| |
| spine of, 201, 257
| |
| | |
| ethmoidal, of, 197
| |
| varieties 205
| |
| wing, greater, 201
| |
| lesser, 200
| |
| Sphenoidal air-cells, 199
| |
| chonchae, 204
| |
| crest, 199
| |
| | |
| process of palatine, 227
| |
| Sphincter ani externus, 675
| |
| internus, 961, 963
| |
| pupillae, 1650, 1652
| |
| pyloric, 857, 861
| |
| vesicae, 950
| |
| | |
| Spinal arteries, anterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| posterior, 1434, 1447, 1575
| |
| cord, 1410
| |
| cauda equina, 1417
| |
| caudal end of, 1440
| |
| central canal of, 1422
| |
| columns of, 1418
| |
| commissures of, 1418
| |
| conus medullaris, 1416
| |
| development of, 53, 1436
| |
| enlargements of, 1416
| |
| fibres, association of, 1425
| |
| filum terminale of, 1417
| |
| grey matter of, 1420
| |
| | |
| | |
| Spinal arteries, growth of, 1442
| |
| horns of, 1421, 1422
| |
| ligamenta denticulata of, 1415
| |
| meninges of, 1410
| |
| nerve fibres of, course of, 1426
| |
| processus reticularis, 1421
| |
| sections of, 1423
| |
| structure of, internal, 1420
| |
| minute, 1424
| |
| sulci of, 1418
| |
| surfaces of, 1420
| |
| tracts of, 1429
| |
| white matter of, 1423, 1426
| |
| ganglia, 1419, 1428
| |
| groove, 397
| |
| nerves, 1418
| |
| | |
| origin of, 1418
| |
| | |
| relation of vertebrae to, 1420
| |
| posterior primary rami of, 411,
| |
| 1419
| |
| | |
| roots of, 1419
| |
| Spinalis, 406
| |
| | |
| thoracis, 406
| |
| Spindle, 10
| |
| Spine or spines —
| |
| definition, 115
| |
| ethmoidal, of sphenoid, 197
| |
| iliac, anterior, 334, 335, 551, 707
| |
| posterior, 335
| |
| of ischium, 338
| |
| | |
| nasal, anterior, of maxilla, 221
| |
| of frontal, 181
| |
| posterior, 225
| |
| of scapula, 295
| |
| of sphenoid, 201, 257
| |
| suprameatal, 187
| |
| Spino-glenoid ligament, 445
| |
| notch, 294
| |
| | |
| Spino-thalamic tract, 1432
| |
| Spino-umbilical lines, 707
| |
| Spiral ganglion, 1694
| |
| | |
| groove of humerus, 300
| |
| organ, 1691
| |
| Spireme, 10
| |
| | |
| Splanchnic ganglion, 1105
| |
| nerves, pelvic, 930, 947
| |
| thoracic, 1105
| |
| Splanchnopleure, 41
| |
| Spleen, 768
| |
| | |
| accessory, 771
| |
| | |
| component parts, connections and
| |
| position of, 768
| |
| development of, 81, 897
| |
| ligaments of, 771, 789
| |
| lymphatic nodules of, 896
| |
| lymphatics of, 897
| |
| nerves of, 897
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 771
| |
| structure of, 895
| |
| Splendens, linea, 1415
| |
| “ Splenic dulness, area of, 771
| |
| sympathetic plexus, 809
| |
| Splenium of corpus callosum, 1514
| |
| Splenius, 404
| |
| capitis, 404
| |
| | |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| i 7 6 3
| |
| | |
| | |
| Splenius cervicis, 404
| |
| Spongioblasts, 54
| |
| Spongioplasm, 8
| |
| Squamo-mastoid suture, 241
| |
| Squamosal suture, 239, 1631
| |
| Squamo-tympanic fissure, 1673
| |
| Stapedius, 1680
| |
| Stapes, 1679
| |
| | |
| development of, 75, 1679
| |
| Stellate ganglion, 1104
| |
| Stephanion, 251, 268
| |
| Sternal angle, 162, 1013
| |
| plate, 170
| |
| Sternalis, 420
| |
| Sternebrae, 161
| |
| Sterno-clavicular joint, 443
| |
| Sterno-costalis, 1002
| |
| Sterno-hyoid, 1201
| |
| Sterno-mastoid, 1145, 1182
| |
| Sterno-pericardial ligaments, 1018
| |
| Sterno-thyroid, 1201
| |
| Sternum, 160
| |
| | |
| angle of, 162
| |
| body,162
| |
| | |
| development of, 164, 170
| |
| foramen of, 164, 171
| |
| manubrium, 161
| |
| ossification of, 164
| |
| sexual characteristics, 164
| |
| varieties, 163
| |
| xiphoid process, 163
| |
| Stomach, 758
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 860
| |
| component parts, connections and
| |
| position of, 758
| |
| curvatures of, 759
| |
| development of, 79, 862
| |
| divisions of, 760
| |
| gastro-phrenic ligament, 789
| |
| gastro-splenic ligament, 789
| |
| glands of, 858
| |
| lymphatics of, 860
| |
| nerves of, 860
| |
| orifices of, 760
| |
| peritoneal relations of, 761
| |
| structure of, 856
| |
| topography of, 761
| |
| trigone or uncovered area of, 761
| |
| Stomodaeum, 46, 81, 1339
| |
| Straight sinus, 1605 ,
| |
| | |
| Stratum cinereum, 1550
| |
| granulosum, 1570
| |
| laciniosum, 1569
| |
| lemnisci, 1550
| |
| opticum, 1550, 1564
| |
| radiatum, 1569
| |
| zonale, 155°
| |
| | |
| Stria longitudinalis and medialis, 1510,
| |
| | |
| 1513, 1514
| |
| | |
| Striae, auditory, 1471, 1489, 1620
| |
| habenulae, 1534, 1541
| |
| Striatum, corpus, 1526
| |
| Strio-frontal fibres, 1529
| |
| Stylo-glossus, 1232
| |
| Stylo-hyal, 75, 197
| |
| | |
| | |
| Stylo-hyoid ligament, 1232
| |
| muscle, 1228
| |
| | |
| Stylo-mandibular ligament, 1181, 1317
| |
| Stylo-mastoid foramen, 192
| |
| Stylo-pharyngeus, 1323
| |
| Styloid, definition of, 115
| |
| pr^pess of fibula, 364
| |
| of radius, 309
| |
| of temporal, 194, 257
| |
| of ulna, 315
| |
| | |
| Subacromial bursa, 436, 464
| |
| Subanconeus, 459
| |
| Subarachnoid space of brain, 1608
| |
| of spinal cord, 1413
| |
| Subarcuate fossa, 191, 264
| |
| Subcallosal gyrus, 1514
| |
| Subclavian artery, 1237
| |
| | |
| development of, 1240
| |
| left, first part of, 1240
| |
| in thorax, 1040
| |
| right, first part of, 1237
| |
| second part of, 1240
| |
| third part of, 1191
| |
| | |
| guide to, 1192
| |
| | |
| groove, 290
| |
| triangle, 1190
| |
| vein, 1192, 1244
| |
| Subclavius, 421
| |
| | |
| nerve to, 431, 1195
| |
| Subcostal angle, 165
| |
| line, 755
| |
| nerve, 728, 849
| |
| | |
| lateral cutaneous branch of, 531,
| |
| 728
| |
| | |
| plane, 755
| |
| | |
| Subdural space of brain, 1599, 1608
| |
| of spinal cord, 1412
| |
| Sublingua, 1343
| |
| Sublingual artery, 1216
| |
| ducts, 1235
| |
| fossa, 230
| |
| gland, 1234
| |
| | |
| development of, 1235
| |
| Submandibular duct, 1233
| |
| fossa, 230
| |
| ganglion, 1315
| |
| gland, 1233
| |
| | |
| development of, 1234
| |
| lymphatic glands, 1198
| |
| triangle, 1196
| |
| | |
| Submental lymphatic glands, 1199, 1203
| |
| triangle, 1202
| |
| Subnasal fossa, 244
| |
| point, 244, 268
| |
| | |
| Suboccipital nerve, 1141, 1153
| |
| region, 1149
| |
| triangle, 1150
| |
| venous plexus, 1152
| |
| Subpubic angle, 344
| |
| arch, 344
| |
| | |
| Subsartorial canal, 580
| |
| plexus, 558
| |
| | |
| Subscapular artery, 427
| |
| nerves, 431
| |
| Subscapularis, 440
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1764
| |
| | |
| Substance, perforated, anterior, 1445, 1511
| |
| posterior, 1445, 1561
| |
| Substantia ferruginea, 1491
| |
| | |
| gelatinosa, 1421, 1426, 1459
| |
| nigra, 1539, 1560
| |
| reticularis of medulla, 1458
| |
| Subthalamic nuclei, 1540
| |
| region, 1539
| |
| tegmental region, 1558
| |
| Subtrapezial plexus, 399
| |
| Suctorial pad of fat, 1270, 1337
| |
| Sulcus, callosal, 1507
| |
| central, 1495
| |
| centralis insulae, 1506
| |
| cingulate, 1496
| |
| circular, 1497
| |
| ethmoidal, of nose, 221
| |
| fimbrio-dentate, 1509
| |
| frontal, 1498
| |
| hypothalamic, 1533
| |
| interaminar, 54
| |
| intermedius, 759
| |
| intraparietal, 1500
| |
| lateralis, of mid-brain, 1551
| |
| occipital, lateral, 1503
| |
| transverse, 1503
| |
| occipito-temporal, 1505
| |
| oculo-motor, 1551
| |
| olfactorius, 214
| |
| olfactory, 1498
| |
| orbital, 1498
| |
| postcentral, 1500
| |
| | |
| postero-lateral, of spinal cord, 1418
| |
| precentral, 1500
| |
| sagittal, 181
| |
| temporal, 1505
| |
| | |
| terminalis, of right atrium, 1052
| |
| of tongue, 1342
| |
| tympanic, 1673
| |
| Superciliary arch, 181
| |
| Supination, 5
| |
| | |
| Supinator ridge of ulna, 314
| |
| Supracallosal gyrus, 1514
| |
| Supraclavicular branches of brachial
| |
| plexus, 430, 1194 *
| |
| | |
| nerves, 412, 1144
| |
| | |
| Supracondylar process of humerus, 302
| |
| Suprahyoid muscles, 1227
| |
| region, 1202
| |
| Supramastoid crest, 185
| |
| Suprameatal spine, 187
| |
| triangle, 187, 1682
| |
| Supra-occipital bone, 275
| |
| Supra-orbital artery, 1154, 1260
| |
| foramen, 244
| |
| margin, 181
| |
| | |
| nerve, 1153, 1254, 1276
| |
| notch, 181, 247
| |
| vein, 1154
| |
| | |
| Suprapatellar tendon, 574
| |
| Suprapineal recess, 1534
| |
| Suprapleural membrane, 1007, 1246
| |
| Suprarenal glands, 823
| |
| | |
| blood-supply of, 898
| |
| development of, 899
| |
| | |
| | |
| Suprarenal glands, lymphatics of, 898
| |
| nerves of, 899
| |
| structure of, 897
| |
| plexus, 809
| |
| | |
| Suprascapular artery, 402, 438, 1193, 1243
| |
| nerve, 431, 438, 1195
| |
| notch, 294
| |
| vein, 1193
| |
| | |
| Supraspinatus, 437
| |
| | |
| Suprasternal bones, 165
| |
| | |
| branch of suprascapular atrery, 438,
| |
| | |
| 1243
| |
| | |
| notch, 162
| |
| space, 1179
| |
| | |
| Supratrochlear arteries,—
| |
| of brachial, 456
| |
| ophthalmic, 1154, 1261
| |
| nerve, 1154, 1254, 1276
| |
| vein, 1154
| |
| | |
| Sural cutaneous arteries, 548
| |
| nerve, 550, 616
| |
| | |
| communicating, 551
| |
| | |
| Suspensoria, ligamenta, of mammary
| |
| gland, 414
| |
| | |
| Suspensory ligament of lens, 1664
| |
| of penis, 713
| |
| | |
| Sustentacular cells of testis, 14, 752
| |
| fibres of retina, 1657
| |
| | |
| Sustentaculum hepatis, 789
| |
| lienis, 767
| |
| tali, 371, 388
| |
| | |
| Sutural bones, 180, 237, 265
| |
| | |
| Sutures, 237, 394
| |
| closure of, 240
| |
| coronal, 238
| |
| frontal, 238
| |
| fronto-maxillary, 240
| |
| fronto-nasal, 240
| |
| fronto-parietal, 239
| |
| fronto-squamosal, 240
| |
| harmonic, 394
| |
| intermaxillary, 240
| |
| internasal, 240
| |
| interpalatine, 241
| |
| lambdoid, 237
| |
| limbous, 238
| |
| maxillo-maxillary, 255
| |
| metopic or frontal, 238
| |
| naso-maxillary, 240
| |
| occipito-mastoid, 237
| |
| palato-maxillary, 241
| |
| parieto-mastoid, 238
| |
| petro-basilar, 242
| |
| petro-sphenoid, 241
| |
| petro-squamosal, 241
| |
| premaxillary, 216, 218
| |
| sagittal, 237, 1630
| |
| schindylesis, 242, 394
| |
| serrated, 394
| |
| spheno-parietal, 239
| |
| spheno-squamosal, 240
| |
| squamo-mastoid, 240
| |
| squamosal, 239, 1631
| |
| zygomatico-maxillary, 240
| |
| zygomatico-temporal, 240
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1765
| |
| | |
| | |
| Sylvian line, 1632
| |
| point, 1632
| |
| | |
| Sympathetic ganglia, 1635
| |
| | |
| cervical, inferior, 1335
| |
| middle, 1334
| |
| superior, 1333
| |
| | |
| plexuses. See Nerves or Plexus
| |
| system, 1410, 1635
| |
| trunk in abdomen, 838
| |
| in neck, 1335
| |
| in pelvis, 946
| |
| in thorax, 1104
| |
| Symphysis of mandible, 229
| |
| pubis, 992
| |
| | |
| Synapsis in reduction division, 18
| |
| Synchondroses, 242
| |
| | |
| petro-occipital, 242
| |
| spheno-occipital, 242
| |
| spheno-petrosal, 242
| |
| Syndesmosis, 392
| |
| Synovia, 393
| |
| Synovial bursae, 395
| |
| joints, 393
| |
| membrane, 393, 395
| |
| | |
| of ankle-joints, 663
| |
| of elbow-joint, 519
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| of knee-joint, 553, 634
| |
| of radio-ulnar joint, 520
| |
| inferior, 521
| |
| superior, 520
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 463
| |
| of tibio-fibular joint, 659
| |
| superior, 659
| |
| of wrist-joint, 523
| |
| sheaths at ankle, 602, 603 ^ .
| |
| | |
| of biceps tendon, 465
| |
| of extensor tendons of hand, 509
| |
| of flexor digitorum longus, 622
| |
| hallucis longus, 624
| |
| tendons in hand, 491
| |
| of toes, 646
| |
| of hand, 490
| |
| palmar, great, 332
| |
| of peroneal tendons, 617
| |
| of tibialis posterior, 623
| |
| at wrist, 490
| |
| | |
| Taeniae coli, 768
| |
| Tali-sustentaculum, 371, 388
| |
| Talo-calcaneal joint, 664
| |
| Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint, 665
| |
| Talus, 367
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 378
| |
| os trigonum of, 370
| |
| varieties of, 370
| |
| Tapetum of choroid, 1647
| |
| | |
| of corpus callosum, 1515
| |
| Tarsal arteries, 612
| |
| tunnel, 370, 390
| |
| Tarso-metatarsal joints, 669
| |
| Tarsus, 367
| |
| | |
| of conjunctiva, 1290
| |
| varieties of, 378
| |
| as a whole, 378
| |
| | |
| | |
| Taste-buds, 1347
| |
| | |
| Tectoria, membrana, of occipital joint,
| |
| 1407
| |
| | |
| of spiral organ, 1693
| |
| Teeth, 278
| |
| | |
| auditory, 1691
| |
| canine, 280
| |
| development of, 285
| |
| eruption of, 282, 288
| |
| incisor, 279
| |
| molar, 280
| |
| premolar, 280
| |
| present at birth, 288
| |
| sockets of, 214, 231
| |
| structure of, 283
| |
| temporary or milk, 282
| |
| Tegmen tympani, 187, 189, 263, 1674
| |
| Tegmentum of brain, 1552
| |
| Tela choroidea of fourth ventricle, 1492*
| |
| 1610
| |
| | |
| of third ventricle, 1553, 1610
| |
| Telencephalon, 1493
| |
| Telolecithal eggs, 25
| |
| Telophase, 11
| |
| | |
| Temporal arteries, deep, 1307
| |
| | |
| artery, superficial, 1158
| |
| bone, 184
| |
| | |
| mastoid portion of, 187
| |
| process of, 187
| |
| ossification of, 195
| |
| petrous portion of, 188
| |
| squamous portion of, 185
| |
| structure of, 195
| |
| styloid process, 194, 257
| |
| varieties, 195
| |
| zygomatic process, 185
| |
| fascia, 1161
| |
| fossa, 251
| |
| | |
| gyn of cerebrum, 1505
| |
| line, 178
| |
| | |
| lobe of cerebrum, 1504
| |
| nerves, deep, 1309, 1311
| |
| pole of cerebrum, 1444
| |
| process of zygomatic, 220
| |
| region, 1153
| |
| sula of cerebrum, 1505
| |
| vein, superficial, 1159
| |
| veins, deep, 1308
| |
| Temporalis, 1302
| |
| | |
| Tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis, 726
| |
| | |
| Tendo calcaneus, 599, 619
| |
| Tendon, conjoint, 725
| |
| suprapatellar, 574
| |
| Tensor fasciae latae, 570
| |
| palati, 1353, 1378
| |
| tympani, 1680
| |
| | |
| Tentorium cerebelli, 1163, 1602, 1633
| |
| development of, 90
| |
| Teres major, 439
| |
| minor, 438
| |
| ridge, 300
| |
| | |
| Terminale, filum, of cord, 1417
| |
| Terms, embryological, 4
| |
| position, 2
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1766
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Testicular artery, 738, 829
| |
| plexus, 811
| |
| vein, 829, 830
| |
| Testis, 749
| |
| | |
| abnormal positions of, 104, 743
| |
| descent of, 103, no, 739
| |
| development of, 100, 752
| |
| lymphatics of, 750
| |
| structure of, 750
| |
| Thalamencephalon, 58
| |
| Thalamic radiation, 1539, 1567
| |
| Thalamo-frontal fibres, 1529
| |
| Thalamo-striate fibres, 1529
| |
| Thalamus, 1535
| |
| | |
| connections of, 1539
| |
| development of, 58, 1539
| |
| pulvinar of, 1537
| |
| structure of, 1538
| |
| Theca folliculi, 982
| |
| | |
| of spinal cord, 1410
| |
| Thenar space, 492
| |
| Theories of nerve growth, 55
| |
| Thoracic artery, alar, 427
| |
| lateral, 427
| |
| superior, 426
| |
| cavity, 1002
| |
| | |
| contents of, 1002
| |
| diameters of, 1114, 1115
| |
| duct, abdominal part of, 838
| |
| cervical part of, 1246
| |
| cisterna chyli, 838, 1100
| |
| thoracic part of, 1100
| |
| vertebras, 134
| |
| wall, 994
| |
| Thorax, 165
| |
| | |
| apertures of, 165
| |
| boundaries of, 165
| |
| in different animals, 78
| |
| sexual characteristics, 167
| |
| as a whole, 165
| |
| Thymus, 1019
| |
| | |
| in adult, 1019
| |
| development of, 76, 1020
| |
| structure of, 1020
| |
| Thyro-arytenoideus, 1392
| |
| Thyro-epiglottic ligament, 1380
| |
| Thyro-epiglotticus, 1392, 1394
| |
| Ihyro-glossal duct, 1222
| |
| Thyro-hyals, 236
| |
| Thyro-hyoid arch, 278
| |
| ligaments, 1384
| |
| membrane, 1384
| |
| muscle, 1201
| |
| | |
| Thyroid artery, inferior, 1242
| |
| superior, 1213, 1242
| |
| cartilage, 1380
| |
| | |
| development of, 1381
| |
| gland, 1204, 1220
| |
| accessory, 1221
| |
| blood-supply of, 1221
| |
| development of, 70, 76, 1222
| |
| pyramidal lobe of, 1221
| |
| structure, 1222
| |
| veins, 1222, 1215, 1245
| |
| Ihyroidea ima artery, 1038, 1204, 1221
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tibia, 357
| |
| | |
| condyles of, 357
| |
| crest of, 359
| |
| head of, 357
| |
| | |
| retroverted, 363
| |
| intercondylar eminence, 358
| |
| medial malleolus, 361
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| notch, fibular, 363
| |
| ossification of, 363
| |
| pressure (squatting) facet, 363
| |
| shaft, 359
| |
| structure, 363
| |
| torsion of shaft, 363
| |
| tubercle of, 357, 553
| |
| guide to, 598
| |
| varieties of, 363
| |
| Tibial artery, anterior, 607
| |
| guide to, 599
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| | |
| guide to, 599
| |
| nerve, anterior, 610, 614
| |
| posterior, 627
| |
| recurrent arteries, 609
| |
| Tibialis anterior, 602
| |
| posterior, 622
| |
| | |
| Tibio-fibular joints, 659, 660
| |
| Tomes, fibres of, 284
| |
| Tongue, 1342
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 1347
| |
| development of, 72, 1348
| |
| lymphatics of, 1347
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1343
| |
| muscles of, intrinsic, 1346
| |
| nerves of, 1347
| |
| veins of, 1347
| |
| | |
| Tonsil, naso-pharyngeal, 1373
| |
| Tonsils, 1354
| |
| | |
| development of, 76
| |
| structure of, 1355
| |
| Tooth, structure of, 283
| |
| Topography, cranio-cerebral, 1629
| |
| Torticollis, 1183
| |
| | |
| Torus occipitalis transversus, 177
| |
| palatinus, 216, 1338
| |
| Trabeculae carneae, 1056
| |
| Trachea, cervical part of, 1223, 1224
| |
| development of, 77, 1226
| |
| lymphatics of, 1225
| |
| thoracic part of, 1085
| |
| Tracheotomy, 1205
| |
| Tract, arcuate, 1464
| |
| | |
| cortico-thalamic, 1566
| |
| fronto-pontine, 1529, 1566
| |
| fronto-striate, 1529
| |
| fronto-thalamic, 1529
| |
| ilio-tibial, 560
| |
| | |
| mamillo-thalamic, 1517, 1543
| |
| olfactory, 1445, 1511, 157°
| |
| olivo-cerebellar, 1484
| |
| | |
| optic, 1445, 1545
| |
| | |
| pallido-rubro-olivary, 1556
| |
| pyramidal, 1565
| |
| strio-thalamic, 1529
| |
| temporo-pontine, 1566
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1767
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tract, trigemino-thalamic, 1615
| |
| | |
| vago-glosso-pharyngeal, ascending
| |
| thalamic, 1627
| |
| | |
| Tracts of spinal cord. See also Fasciculi
| |
| cerebro-spinal, anterior, 1431
| |
| lateral, 1430
| |
| intersegmental, 1431
| |
| olivo-spinal, 1432
| |
| ponto-spinal, 1464
| |
| rubro-spinal, 1432, 1553
| |
| semilunar, 1430
| |
| spino-cerebellar, dorsal, 1432
| |
| ventral, 1432
| |
| spino-thalamic, 1432
| |
| spino-tectal, 1433
| |
| | |
| tecto-spinal, 1432, 1464. 1353. 1555
| |
| vestibulo-spinal, 1431
| |
| Tractus spiralis foraminosus, 1686
| |
| Tragicus, 1296
| |
| Transversalis fascia, 733
| |
| Transverse carpal joints, 525
| |
| ligament of atlas, 1405
| |
| of foot, deep, 671
| |
| of hip-joint, 595
| |
| of knee-joint, 633
| |
| of palm, deep, 526
| |
| of perinaeum, 682
| |
| of shoulder-joint, 453, 463
| |
| of tibio-fibular joint, inferior, 660
| |
| pelvic ridge, 101
| |
| processes, development of, 59
| |
| sinus of dura mater, 1605
| |
| of pericardium, 1018
| |
| | |
| development of, 90
| |
| Transversus abdominis, 724
| |
| nuchae, 1145
| |
| | |
| perinaei, superficialis, 678
| |
| Trapezium, 318
| |
| crest of, 319
| |
| groove of, 319, 333
| |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| of pons, 1470, 1620
| |
| Trapezius, 398
| |
| | |
| cervical portion of, 1144
| |
| Trapezoid bone, 319
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| line, 290, 297
| |
| | |
| Trapezoides, corpus, of cerebellum, 1484
| |
| Triangle or triangles—
| |
| | |
| anterior, of neck, 1196
| |
| of auscultation, 400
| |
| Bryants’, 552
| |
| carotid, of neck, 1196
| |
| digastric, of neck, 1198
| |
| femoral, 552, 563
| |
| inguinal, 708, 736
| |
| of Lesser, 1228
| |
| lumbar, 400, 708, 772
| |
| muscular, of neck, 1196
| |
| occipital, of neck, 1184
| |
| perineal, deep, 682
| |
| plantar, 650
| |
| posterior, of neck, 1183
| |
| subclavian, of neck, 1190
| |
| submandibular, 1196
| |
| | |
| | |
| Triangle or triangles ( continued )—submental, 1202
| |
| suboccipital, 1150
| |
| suprameatal, 187
| |
| vagal, 1490
| |
| | |
| Triangular spaces (shoulder), 441
| |
| Triceps brachii, 458, 501
| |
| Tricuspid orifice, 1057
| |
| | |
| position of, 1064
| |
| valve, 1057
| |
| | |
| Trigeminal ganglion, 1167
| |
| impression, 189, 263
| |
| nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| Trigone, external, of bladder, 934
| |
| internal, of bladder, 951
| |
| Trigonocephaly, 270
| |
| Trigonum, habenulae, 1541
| |
| olfactorium, 1511
| |
| Trilaminar blastoderm, 34
| |
| Triquetral bone, 317
| |
| | |
| ossification of, 322
| |
| Trochanter, definition, 115
| |
| greater, 346, 529
| |
| guide to, 552
| |
| lesser, 348
| |
| third, 354
| |
| | |
| Trochanteric anastomosis, 585
| |
| fossa, 348
| |
| | |
| Trochlea, definition, 115
| |
| of humerus, 304
| |
| Trochlear fossa, 183, 245, 1251
| |
| notch of ulna, 312
| |
| Trophoblast, 26, 27, 28
| |
| Tubal pregnancy, 19
| |
| Tube, pharyngo-tympanic, 1378
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 1378
| |
| muscles connected with, 1378
| |
| uterine, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 987
| |
| Tuber cinereum, 1445, 1544
| |
| | |
| development of, 58, 1589
| |
| omentale, of liver, 774
| |
| of pancreas, 807
| |
| valvulae, 1480
| |
| | |
| Tubercle, adductor, 350, 354, 553
| |
| amygdaloid, 1524
| |
| anterior, of thalamus, 1537
| |
| articular, of temporal, 185
| |
| auricular, 1295
| |
| carotid, 134, 1172
| |
| condylar, 235
| |
| conoid, 289
| |
| cuneate, 1455
| |
| dorsal, of radius, 309
| |
| of epiglottis, 1380
| |
| of fifth metacarpal, 327
| |
| genial, 230
| |
| hyoid, 235
| |
| infraglenoid, 294
| |
| mental, 229
| |
| of palatine, 226
| |
| peroneal, 372, 388
| |
| pharyngeal, 174
| |
| post-glenoid, 185
| |
| pre-glenoid, 186
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 1768
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tubercle, pterygoid, 204
| |
| pubic, 339, 551, 706
| |
| quadrate, 350
| |
| of rib, 156
| |
| scalene, 157
| |
| of scaphoid, 316, 332
| |
| of talus, 368
| |
| of tibia, 357, 553, 598
| |
| vestibular, 1491
| |
| Tuberculum impar, 70
| |
| sellae, 197
| |
| | |
| Tuberosity of calcaneum, 370
| |
| deltoid, 300
| |
| gluteal, 350
| |
| | |
| greater, of humerus, 299
| |
| of ischium, 338, 529
| |
| lesser, of humerus, 300
| |
| of maxilla, 213
| |
| of navicular, 373, 388
| |
| of radius, 307
| |
| of ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| Tubo-tympanic recess, 73
| |
| Tubules, seminiferous, 752
| |
| uriniferous, 901
| |
| Tunica albuginea, 750
| |
| vaginalis, 748
| |
| vasculosa, 750
| |
| Tympani, sinus, 1674
| |
| Tympanic annulus, 1672
| |
| antium, 188, 1681
| |
| canaliculus, 191, 258
| |
| cavity, 1673
| |
| membrane, 1675
| |
| | |
| arterial supply, 1677
| |
| nerves of, 1677
| |
| secondary, 1677
| |
| structure of, 1676
| |
| part of temporal, 194, 195
| |
| ring, 195
| |
| sulcus, 1673
| |
| | |
| Tympano-hyal, 75, 197, 276
| |
| Tympano-mastoid fissure, 192
| |
| Tympanum, 1673
| |
| arteries of, 1683
| |
| | |
| development of, 73, 74, 75, 1696
| |
| mucous membrane of, 1681
| |
| muscles of, 1680
| |
| nerves of, 1325, 1400
| |
| ossicles of, 1678
| |
| | |
| ligaments of, 1679
| |
| movements of, 1680
| |
| Typical, definition of, 6
| |
| | |
| Ulna, 312
| |
| | |
| beak, 312
| |
| | |
| coronoid process, 312
| |
| oblique line, 314
| |
| olecranon, 312
| |
| ossification, 315
| |
| radial notch, 313
| |
| shaft, 313
| |
| structure of, 315
| |
| styloid process, 315
| |
| supinator ridge, 314
| |
| trochlear notch, 313
| |
| | |
| | |
| Ulnar artery, 475
| |
| | |
| first part, 476
| |
| | |
| recurrent branches of, 477
| |
| second part, 480
| |
| third part, 487
| |
| varieties, 479, 498
| |
| collateral artery, 456
| |
| nerve, 433
| |
| nerve, 432
| |
| | |
| in arm, 458
| |
| | |
| cutaneous branches of, 448, 466,
| |
| 499
| |
| | |
| deep division of, 499
| |
| digital branches of, 499
| |
| dorsal branch of, 467
| |
| in forearm, 480
| |
| in hand, 499
| |
| | |
| palmar cutaneous branch of, 466,
| |
| | |
| 477 .
| |
| | |
| vein, anterior, 451
| |
| posterior, 451
| |
| U-loop, 62, 64, 875
| |
| Ultimo-branchial body, 76
| |
| Umbilical cord, 65, 105, 108, 110
| |
| hernia, 748
| |
| notch of liver, 756
| |
| sac with gut, 62
| |
| vessels, 51, 923, 1083
| |
| zone of abdomen, 755
| |
| subdivisions of, 755
| |
| Umbilicus, 63, 65, 705
| |
| Umbo, 1676
| |
| | |
| Uncinate process of ethmoid, 210
| |
| of pancreas, 806
| |
| Uncus of brain, 1507
| |
| Urachus, 65, 933
| |
| Ureter in abdomen, 822, 907
| |
| blood-supply of, 909
| |
| development of, 95, 910
| |
| lymphatics of, 909
| |
| nerves of, 909
| |
| structure of, 908
| |
| varieties, 823
| |
| Urethra, female; 978
| |
| | |
| development of, 988
| |
| external orifice of, 978
| |
| lymphatics of, 988
| |
| male, 938
| |
| | |
| bulb of, 941
| |
| development of, 956
| |
| external orifice of, 938
| |
| lymphatics of, 942
| |
| membranous part of, 940
| |
| prostatic part of, 939
| |
| spongy part of, 941
| |
| structure of, 940, 941, 942
| |
| Urethral crest, 939
| |
| glands, 942
| |
| | |
| Uriniferous tubules, 901
| |
| structure of, 901
| |
| summary of, 903
| |
| | |
| Uro-genital division of perinseum—
| |
| female, 692
| |
| male, 677
| |
| sinus, 99, 700
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1769
| |
| | |
| | |
| Uterine tube, 971
| |
| | |
| development of, 987
| |
| fimbriae, 972
| |
| lymphatics of, 983
| |
| ostia, 972
| |
| structure of, 982
| |
| Uterus, 972
| |
| | |
| anteflexion of, 975
| |
| anteversion of, 975
| |
| at birth, 977
| |
| body of, 973
| |
| | |
| cavity of, 976
| |
| broad ligament of, 968
| |
| cervix of, 973
| |
| | |
| arbor vitae of, 977
| |
| canal of, 976
| |
| development of, 101, 987
| |
| fundus of, 973
| |
| glands of, 985
| |
| gravid, 104
| |
| | |
| iigamentum teres of, 968
| |
| lymphatics of, 986
| |
| parametrium, 974
| |
| position of, 974
| |
| relations, general, of, 974
| |
| peritoneal, 974
| |
| structure of, 983
| |
| varieties of, 977
| |
| Utricle of internal ear, 1687
| |
| prostatic, 939
| |
| Uvula of cerebellum, 1480
| |
| of soft palate, 1350
| |
| vesicae, 951
| |
| | |
| Uvulae, musculus, 1352
| |
| | |
| Vagina, 977
| |
| | |
| arteries of, 986
| |
| development of, 101, 987
| |
| fornices of, 974
| |
| lymphatics of, 986
| |
| orifice, external, of, 695
| |
| structure of, 986
| |
| Vaginal process, 741
| |
| | |
| abnormal conditions of, 743
| |
| metamorphosis of, 742
| |
| of sphenoid bone, 198
| |
| of temporal bone, 192, 194, 257
| |
| vestige of, 969
| |
| | |
| Vagus nerve. See Cranial nerves
| |
| Valentin, ganglion of, 1320
| |
| Vallecula of cerebellum, 1479
| |
| cerebri, 1444, 1495
| |
| of tongue, 1343, 13 80
| |
| Value of anatomy in medicine, 1
| |
| Valve or valves—
| |
| anal, 962
| |
| aortic, 1062
| |
| of coronary sinus, 1055
| |
| of Gerlach, 872
| |
| of Guerin, 942
| |
| ileo-colic, 873
| |
| mitral, 1061
| |
| pulmonary, 1059, 1064
| |
| pyloric, 861
| |
| spiral, 890
| |
| | |
| | |
| I Valve, tricuspid, 1057
| |
| Valvulae, tuber, 1480
| |
| Valvule of Guerin, 942
| |
| Variable terms, descriptive, 4
| |
| Varieties of joints, 394
| |
| Vas aberrans of brachial artery, 456, 475
| |
| deferens, 757
| |
| | |
| ampulla of, 935
| |
| blood-supply of, 738
| |
| development of, 100, 102, 753
| |
| pelvic portion of, 935
| |
| structure, of 737
| |
| Vasa recta, false, of kidney, 905
| |
| Vastus intermedius, 573
| |
| lateralis, 572
| |
| medialis, 573
| |
| | |
| Vegetative pole of ovum, 25
| |
| Veins—
| |
| | |
| auricular, posterior, 1161, 1219
| |
| axillary, 428, 451
| |
| azygos. See Vena azygos
| |
| basilar, 1521, 1579
| |
| basilic, 450, 451
| |
| median, 450
| |
| of brain, 1578
| |
| bronchial, 1029, 1091
| |
| capsular, of liver, 885
| |
| cardiac, 1065, 1066
| |
| cardinal, 51, 92, 1127
| |
| central, of liver, 885
| |
| cephalic, 450, 451
| |
| median, 450
| |
| cerebellar, 1579
| |
| cerebral, 1578
| |
| | |
| anterior, 1521
| |
| deep middle, 1521
| |
| superficial middle, 1578
| |
| cervical, deep, 1149
| |
| | |
| transverse, 1193, 1245
| |
| chorionic, 51
| |
| choroid, 1521, 1578
| |
| clitoris, dorsal, of, 704
| |
| condylar, emissary, 1608
| |
| coronary sinus, 1065
| |
| of corpus striatum, 1521, 1578
| |
| cystic, 815, 891
| |
| | |
| development of principal veins, 1123
| |
| digital, of foot, 644
| |
| hand, 467
| |
| diploic, 1154, 1601
| |
| dorsal plexus of foot, 610
| |
| of hand, 467
| |
| emissary, 1608
| |
| epigastric, inferior, 731
| |
| superficial, 712
| |
| superior, 731
| |
| | |
| extraspinal, anterior, 1435
| |
| facial, anterior, 1218, 1280
| |
| common, 1218
| |
| deep, 1308
| |
| transverse, 1281
| |
| femoral, 563, 589
| |
| cutaneous, 559
| |
| profunda, 589
| |
| frontal, diploic, 1601
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 1770
| |
| | |
| | |
| Veins [continued )—
| |
| gastric, left, 813
| |
| gastro-epiploic, left, 813
| |
| right, 815
| |
| | |
| gluteal, inferior, 538
| |
| superior, 536
| |
| hepatic, 885
| |
| | |
| iliac, circumflex, deep, 732
| |
| common, 852
| |
| external, 854
| |
| internal, 927
| |
| infra-orbital, 1282
| |
| innominate, 1031, 1032
| |
| development, 927
| |
| intercostal, 999
| |
| anterior, 999
| |
| collateral, 999, 1094
| |
| posterior, 999, 1094
| |
| superior, 1094
| |
| intralobular, of liver, 885
| |
| intraspinal, 1435
| |
| jugular, anterior, 1175
| |
| arch, 1175
| |
| external, 1x76
| |
| internal, 1211
| |
| | |
| posterior, external, 1148, 1178
| |
| primitive, 51, 92
| |
| lingual, 1217
| |
| lumbar, 848
| |
| | |
| ascending, 839, 848
| |
| mammary, internal, 1001
| |
| mastoid, emissary, 1608
| |
| maxillary, 1308
| |
| median, 448
| |
| deep, 450
| |
| meningeal, 1601
| |
| mental, 1283
| |
| mesenteric, inferior, 802
| |
| superior, 798
| |
| nasal arch, 1154
| |
| emissary, 1608
| |
| | |
| oblique, of left atrium, 1052, 1066
| |
| occipital, 1148
| |
| diploic, 1601
| |
| emissary, 1148, 1608
| |
| ophthalmic, 1261
| |
| ovarian, 830, 979
| |
| plexus, 979
| |
| | |
| palpebral, lateral, 1281
| |
| pampiniform plexus, 738
| |
| pancreatico-duodenal, superior, 815
| |
| parietal emissary, 1147, 1608
| |
| parumbilical, 712, 789
| |
| penis, dorsal, of, 714
| |
| pharyngeal, descending, 1220
| |
| phrenic, 827
| |
| popliteal, 549
| |
| portal, 816, 885, 886
| |
| prepyloric, 815
| |
| prostatic plexus, 952
| |
| pudendal, internal, 689
| |
| pulmonary, 1028, 1043
| |
| radial, 450
| |
| | |
| rectal, inferior, 698, 964
| |
| middle, 964
| |
| | |
| | |
| Veins ( continued )—
| |
| | |
| rectal, superior, 964
| |
| renal, 828
| |
| sacral, median, 946
| |
| saphenous, long, 559, 600
| |
| short, 615
| |
| | |
| of spinal cord, 1436
| |
| spinous plexus, dorsal, 1435
| |
| splenic, 813
| |
| | |
| subcardinal, 1132, 1133
| |
| subclavian, 1192, 1244
| |
| subcostal, 848, 1098
| |
| sublobular, of liver, 885
| |
| suboccipital plexus, 1152
| |
| supracardinal, 1132, 1133
| |
| supra-orbital, 1154
| |
| suprarenal, 827
| |
| suprascapular, 1193, 1245
| |
| supratrochlear, 1154
| |
| temporal, diploic, anterior, 1601
| |
| superficial, 1159
| |
| testicular, 738, 829, 830
| |
| thyroid, 1222
| |
| | |
| inferior, 1245
| |
| superior, 1215
| |
| ulnar, anterior, 451
| |
| posterior, 451
| |
| umbilical, 51, 92, 1083
| |
| uterine, 980
| |
| vaginal, 980
| |
| | |
| of liver, 885
| |
| of vas deferens, 738
| |
| vertebral, 1244
| |
| | |
| anterior, 1245
| |
| | |
| 4 vitelline, 46, 63, 79, 91, 1124
| |
| Veli frenulum, 1485, 1548
| |
| Velum, medullary, inferior, 1485, 1491
| |
| superior, 1485, 1491
| |
| Vena azygos, 839, 1096
| |
| | |
| cava, inferior, 830, 1033
| |
| | |
| development of, 92, 1133
| |
| tributaries of, 831
| |
| superior, 1032
| |
| | |
| development of, 92, 1130
| |
| comitans hypoglossi, 1217
| |
| hemiazygos, inferior, 839, 1097
| |
| superior, 1097
| |
| magna cerebri, 1521
| |
| Venae advehentes, 1125
| |
| comites, brachial, 455
| |
| | |
| pudendal, internal, 689
| |
| radial, 474
| |
| tibial, anterior, 608
| |
| posterior, 624
| |
| ulnar, 477
| |
| | |
| cordis minimae, 1067
| |
| rectae of kidney, 907
| |
| revehentes, 1125
| |
| stellatae of kidney, 907
| |
| vorticosae, 1643
| |
| Venous plexuses—
| |
| | |
| dorsal, of foot, 610
| |
| of hand, 467
| |
| spinous, 1435
| |
| occipital, 1147
| |
CHAPTER XVI THE EYE
The eyeball is almost spherical. It consists of the segments of two
spheres—namely, a large posterior or sclerotic segment, which is
opaque, and a small anterior or corneal segment, which is transparent.
The sclerotic segment forms five-sixths of the eyeball, and the corneal
segment one-sixth. The centre of the corneal segment is called the
anterior pole, and the centre of the sclerotic segment is known as
the posterior pole. The sagittal (antero-posterior) axis, or axis of
vision, of the eyeball is represented by a line connecting the anterior
and posterior poles. The equator is represented by a line encircling
the centre of the eyeball in a coronal plane, the diameter of the circle
being about I inch. The plane of this circle would therefore divide
the eyeball into two halves—an anterior half, consisting of the corneal
and the front part of the sclerotic segment, and a posterior half, consisting of the back part of the sclerotic segment. The meridian is
represented by a line encircling the eyeball horizontally at right
angles to the equator, and passing through the anterior and posterior
poles.
Posteriorly the eyeball receives the optic nerve, which pierces
the sclerotic coat at a point about J inch to the inner side of and
about -f T inch below the posterior pole.
The eyeball is composed of three coats concentrically arranged:
(i) an external coat, consisting of an opaque part, called the sclera,
and a transparent part, called the cornea; (2) a middle coat, which is
vascular, pigmented, and muscular, and consists of (a) a posterior
part, called the choroid coat, (b) an anterior part, the iris, and (c) an
intermediate part, representing the ciliary body; and (3) an internal
coat , called the retina. .
These three coats enclose the following refracting media : (1) a fluid,
called the aqueous humour, which lies between the cornea and the
crystalline lens, where it occupies the anterior and posterior chambers,
into which this region is divided by the iris; (2) a solid body, called
the crystalline lens, which lies behind the aqueous humour, and (3) a
soft gelatinous body, called the vitreous body, which occupies the laige
space behind the crystalline lens.
Coats of the Eyeball.
External=sclera and cornea.
Middle =choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
Internal = retina.
Refracting Media.
Aqueous humour.
Crystalline lens.
Vitreous body.
T64T
1642
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
External Coat.
Sclera (or Sclerotic Coat).—The sclera (white of the eye) is a strong
white fibrous coat of great density, which surrounds the posterior
five-sixths of the eyeball, and maintains the shape of the organ. Anteriorly it unites, and becomes continuous with the cornea, which it
slightly overlaps. The junction of the two is indicated by a slight
groove, called the sulcus sclerce, and the union is known as the corneoscleral junction . Posteriorly, as has been shown above, the sclera is
pierced by the optic nerve a little below and to' the inner side of the
centre. The part of the sclera corresponding to the optic entrance
Levatoi Palpebras Superioris
Fornix Conjunctive
Fig. 1005.—Vertical Sagittal Section of the Eye and its
Appendages (Hirschfeld and Leveille).
is pierced by a number of openings for the passage of the fasciculi
of the optic nerve, and hence is called the lamina cribrosa.
Around the optic entrance there are numerous minute openings
for the ciliary vessels and nerves, and here the dura matral sheath of
the optic nerve blends with the sclerotic coat. About midway between
the optic entrance and the corneo-scleral junction the sclera is pierced
by four openings for the passage of the vence vorticosce of the choroid.
The sclera is thickest posteriorly around the optic entrance. It
is also thick near the sclero-corneal junction, where it receives the
insertions of the recti muscles.
The outer surface of the sclera is covered by a membranous investment, called the fascial sheath of the eyeball (fascia bulbi or capsule
of Tenon), and between the two there is the episcleral lymph-space (or
Hyaloid Canal
(Canal of Cloquet)
Hyaloid Membrane
Retina
>
Sinus Venosus Sclera?
Anterior
Chamber \
. Choroid
Rectus Superior
i „--Sclera
Arteria
z Centralis
/ Retinas
Cornea
Ciliary / y.
Processes'’ ft
Zonuiar Space
Rectus Inferior
THE EYE
1643
Tenon’s space), which is broken up into a reticulum by processes of
connective tissue which pass between the sheath and the sclera.
This space communicates with the subdural and subarachnoid spaces.
The inner surface of the sclerotic coat is dark brown, and has grooves
for the ciliary vessels and nerves. It is lined with connective tissue
containing pigment-cells, forming the lamina fusca. Processes from
this layer pass to the choroid coat, and these, together with vessels
and nerves, traverse an interval, which represents the perichoroidal
lymph-space. This space communicates with the episcleral lymphspace through the vascular openings in the sclera. Anteriorly the sclera
blends with the cornea at the sclero-corneal junction, the sclera slightly
overlapping the cornea. Posteriorly around the optic entrance the
sclera blends with the dura matral sheath of the optic nerve.
Structure.—The sclera is composed of fibrous tissue mixed with
elastic fibres, and contains many connective-tissue corpuscles. The
fibres are arranged in bundles, which are disposed longitudinally and
transversely, and interlace with one another. The connective-tissue
corpuscles occupy spaces between the fibres, which may be regarded
as lymph-spaces.
Arteries.—These are the short ciliary group of posterior ciliary
arteries, and the anterior ciliary arteries, which are branches of the
ophthalmic. The vessels belonging to the former group are disposed
in the form of capillary networks; whilst the vessels derived from the
latter form a ring near the sclero-corneal junction beneath the conjunctiva, to which ring they converge in the substance of the
sclerotic coat.
The sclerotic veins open into the anterior ciliary veins, and into
the vencB vorticosce of the choroid. There is also a slight drainage
into the sinus venosus sclerce , a minute channel running deeply at the
sclero-corneal junction.
Nerve-supply.—The ciliary nerves.
Cornea.—The cornea is the transparent part of the external coat
of the eyeball, of which it forms the anterior sixth, and serves to
transmit light. It is almost circular, its transverse measurement being
slightly greater than the vertical. At its circumference it is continuous with the sclera, by which it is slightly overlapped. The anterior
surface is convex. The posterior surface is concave, and forms the
anterior boundary of the anterior chamber of the eye.
Structure.— The cornea consists of the following five layers, from
before backwards: .
1. The conjunctival epithelium.
2. The anterior elastic lamina.
3. The substantia propria.
4. The posterior elastic lamina.
5. A layer of endothelium.
The conjunctival epithelium is stratified, there being not less than
five strata of cells, and is continuous with the epithelium, which covers
1644
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
^ \ Stratified Epithelium of
/ Conjunctiva
Membrane of Bowman
or Anterior Elastic
Lamina
the free surface of the conjunctiva. The cells of the deepest stratum
are columnar; succeeding these there are layers of polygonal cells;
and these in turn are overlaid by layers of squamous cells.
The anterior elastic lamina (Bowman) is probably of the same
nature as the fibrous portion of the substantia propria. It is closely
connected with the substantia propria, is thin, and contains no
corpuscles.
The substantia propria is composed of modified connective tissue
arranged in bundles which form superimposed laminae. These laminae
amount in number to about sixty. The fibres of alternate laminae
cross each other at right angles, and at the circumference of the cornea
they are continuous with
the fibres of the sclerotic.
The successive laminae are
connected by cement substance, and within this
substance are branched
spaces, called the corneal
spaces or lacunae, which
communicate with each
other by very delicate
canaliculi. Each of these
spaces contains a nucleated connective-tissue corpuscle, called the corneal
corpuscle. These corpuscles, like the spaces which
they occupy, are branched,
and the offsets of adjacent
corpuscles communicate
with one another. As seen
in vertical sections of the
cornea, the corpuscles are
spindle - shaped, but in
Substantia Propria
Posterior Elastic
Lamina or
Membrane of Descemet
'Single Layer of Squamous
Epithelium lining
Descemet’s Membrane
Fig. 1006.—Vertical Section of the Cornea
(magnified) .
horizontal sections they appear flattened out, and give off their
branches.
The posterior elastic lamina (or membrane of Descemet) covers
the posterior surface of the substantia propria. It is thicker than the
anterior elastic lamina, and .is composed of an elastic homogeneous
membrane, which is very brittle. When stripped from the substantia
propria it comes away in shreds, and these curl up at their ends in
such a manner that the anterior or attached surface of each shred is
turned inwards. At the circumference of the cornea the posterior
elastic lamina becomes broken up into fibres. The most posterior of
these fibres pass in a radiating manner into the iris, and they form the
ligamentum pectinatum iridis, the intervals between the fibres of
which represent the spaces of the irido-corneal angle.
The layer of endothelium lines the posterior surface of the posterior
THE EYE 1645
elastic lamina, and consists of one stratum of cells. It is continued
over the front of the iris, and into the spaces of the angle.
The cornea in the adult is non-vascular, except at the circumference, in which situation there are the conjunctival and sclerotic
capillaries, which terminate in loops. Being destitute of blood-vessels,
the nourishment of the cornea is maintained by the flow of lymph
through its surface. It is about 1 mm. thick, slightly more peripherally.
Nerve-supply.—The nerves are derived from the ciliary nerves,
and are very numerous. They enter the deep surface of the anterior
part of the sclera, and form a plexus round the corneo-scleral junction.
Offsets from this plexus enter the cornea, and form what is known
as the plexus annularis. From this plexus delicate offsets are given
off, which traverse the substance of the cornea and pass through
the anterior elastic lamina. They then give rise to a fine plexus upon
the surface of that lamina, called the subepithelial plexus. From
this plexus, in turn, minute fibrils are given off, which pass amongst
the cells of the conjunctival epithelium, and almost reach the surface,
forming an intra-epithelial plexus.
Pectinate Ligament of Iris.—It has been seen that the posterior
elastic lamina at its circumference breaks up into fibres. The most
posterior of these pass in a radiating manner into the iris, constitute
the ligamentum pectinatum iridis, and are covered by a prolongation
of the endothelial layer of the cornea.
Spaces of Irido-corneal Angle (or Spaces of Fontana).—These spaces
represent the irregular intervals which lie between the radiating fibres
of the pectinate ligament. They are lined by a prolongation of the
endothelial layer of the cornea, and they communicate internally with
the anterior chamber and the lymph-spaces within the iris, and
externally with the sinus venosus sclerae.
Sinus Venosus Sclerse.—This canal (formerly known as the canal
of Schlemm) is situated deeply in the sclerotic, close to the corneo-scleral
junction. It communicates internally with the anterior chamber
through the spaces of the irido-corneal angle, and externally with
anterior ciliary veins of the sclera. It encircles the outer margin of
the cornea, and has a little projecting rim of sclerotic on its deep
surface, called the ‘ scleral spur/ from which the ciliary muscle takes
origin.
Middle Coat.
1. Choroid Coat.— This is a very vascular, deeply pigmented tunic
of a dark brown colour, which lies between the sclera and the retina.
It extends over the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball, and reaches as
far forwards as the ora serrata of the retina. Anteriorly it is connected
with the circumference of the iris, and posteriorly it is pierced by the
optic nerve. Its outer surface is connected to the inner surface of the
sclera by means of the lamina fusca and its processes, as well as by
vessels and nerves which cross the ‘ perichoroidal lymph-space.
Its inner surface is in contact with the pigmentary- layer of the retina.
1646
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
Structure.—The choroid coat consists of connective tissue, bloodvessels, and branched pigment-cells. It is composed of three layers,
which are as follows, from without inwards: (1) the lamina supra choroidea; (2) the choroid proper; and (3) the lamina basalis, or
membrane of Bruch.
The suprachoroid lamina is composed of delicate, non-vascular
lamellae, each of which is made up of elastic fibres arranged in a reticular
manner, and of branched pigment-cells.
The choroid proper consists principally of bloodvessels and pigmentcells supported by connective tissue. The bloodvessels are arranged
partly as arteries and veins, and partly as capillaries. The choroid
proper is therefore composed of two layers—external or lamina vasculosa, and internal or lamina chorio-capillaris.
The lamina vasculosa (arterio-venous layer) is composed of
(1) branches of the short ciliary group of the posterior ciliary arteries,
which pass forwards before they turn inwards to end in capillaries;
Suprachoroid Lamina
Arterio-Venous Layer
Membrana
Chorio-capillaris
Basal Lamina (Bruch’s Memb.)
Pigmentary Layer of the Retina
Fig. 1007.—Vertical Section of the Choroid Coat.
The pigmentary layer of the retina is also shown.
and (2) veins, which form the chief part of the lamina vasculosa,
and are called the vense vorticosae. These veins are very closely set,
and are arranged in a whorled manner. They ultimately converge
and form four or five vessels, which pierce the sclerotic nearly midway
between the optic entrance and the corneo-scleral junction at points
equally distant from each other. Scattered throughout the lamina
vasculosa are branched pigment-cells.
The lamina chorio-capillaris is composed of a plexus of capillary
bloodvessels, the arteries leading to it being derived from the short
ciliary arteries.
The lamina vasculosa and lamina chorio-capillaris are connected
by fine elastic fibres, which form what is known as the stratum intermedium.
The lamina basalis, or membrane of Bruch, is situated on the inner
surface of the lamina chorio-capillaris, which it separates from the
pigmentary layer of the retina. It is a very delicate membrane without any very definite structure.
THE EYE
1647
Tapetum. —This is present in certain animals. It lies between the lamina
vaseulosa and the lamina chorio-capillaris in the stratum intermedium, and it
gives rise to an iridescent or rainbow-like appearance. In some animals it is
fibrous in structure, and in others cellular.
2. Ciliary Body.—The ciliary body connects the anterior part of
the choroid to the circumference of the iris. It is composed of
(1) the orbicularis ciliaris, (2) the ciliary processes, and (3) the
ciliary muscle.
The orbicularis ciliaris, or ciliary ring, is a narrow zone which lies
immediately in front of the anterior part of the choroid, with which
it is continuous. In it are folds which are radially disposed, and it
separates the ciliary processes from the ora serrata of the retina.
The ciliary processes, about seventy in number, are infoldings
(Fig. 1005) of the anterior part of the choroid, and consist of the choroid
proper and the basal membrane (of Bruch). They constitute a series
Conjunctiva
Choroid
Sclera
Optic Nerve
Retina
Ciliary Body
Iris
Cornea
" Lens
'Anterior Chamber
Posterior Chamber
— Sinus Venosus Scleras
. Ora Serrata
Vitreous
Fig. 1008.—Diagram of Section through the Eyeball to show
the Main Layers mentioned in the Description.
S, S, suspensory ligament of lens.
of rays arranged in a circular manner, and converge as they pass inwards and forwards to the periphery of the crystalline lens on its
anterior aspect. They are somewhat conical in outline.. Their bases
or free extremities, which are round and prominent, lie behind the
circumference of the iris upon the anterior aspect of the periphery of
the crystalline lens. Their apices are connected with the orbicularis
ciliaris Anteriorly they are related to the posterior chamber of the
eyeball at its circumference. Posteriorly they are related to and
connected with the suspensory ligament of the lens.
Structure._The ciliary processes are similar in structure to the
choroid, but the pigment-cells are not so numerous. On their deep
or posterior surfaces the processes are covered by the ciliary part
of the retina, which is prolonged from the pigmentary layer of the
retina, and is continuous with the pars iridica retinae (uvea) on the
posterior surface of the iris.
1648
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
The arteries of the ciliary processes are derived from those of the
anterior part of the choroid, and from the anterior ciliary arteries.
The veins pass to those of the choroid.
Ciliary Muscle. —This muscle is composed of unstriped fibres. It
forms a greyish-white ring, about T V inch broad, which is situated at
the anterior part of the choroid opposite the ciliary processes. The
fibres are arranged in two sets—radial and circular. The radial
fibres arise from the calcar sclerae close to the corneo-scleral junction
and behind the sinus venosus of the sclera. From this origin they
pass backwards in a radiating manner, and are inserted into the
orbicularis ciliaris and the attached ends of the ciliary processes. The
circular fibres form a ring around the circumference of the iris internal
to the radial fibres.
Pupil
Fig. 1009.—The Iris and Ciliary Processes (Posterior View)
(Hirschfeld and Leveille).
The ciliary muscle is supplied by the short ciliary nerves, which are
branches of the ciliary ganglion, and derive their fibres from the
motor oculi nerve.
Action. —The ciliary muscle is the muscle of accommodation , and
adjusts the eye to the vision of near objects. When it contracts it
draws forwards the choroid and the ciliary processes; the suspensory
ligament of the crystalline lens is thereby relaxed, and, as a consequence, the anterior surface of the lens is rendered convex.
The circular fibres of the ciliary muscle are well developed in
cases of hypermetropia, but are deficient in cases of myopia.
3. Iris. —The iris forms the anterior part of the middle coat of the
eyeball. It is a coloured contractile diaphragm, which is suspended
in the aqueous humour between the cornea and the crystalline lens.
It is perforated by an almost circular aperture, called the pupil, which
is situated slightly to the nasal or inner side of its centre, and serves
for the transmission of light. The margin which surrounds the pupil
is known as the pupillary margin. Its circumference is continuous
THE EYE
1649
with the ciliary body, and is connected with the posterior elastic
lamina of the cornea by means of the ligamentum pectinatum iridis
Anterior Wall of Capsule of Lens..(I
Sphincter Pupillae ...
Membrane
of Descemet —
Epithelium .
of Cornea
Sinus Venosus
Scleras
Suspensory
Ligament
Middle Portion of
Suspensory Ligament
Posterior Portion of
Suspensory Ligament
Margin of Cornea
Conjunctiva —
Ciliary Muscle
"Radiating Fibres)
Fig. ioio.—Meridional Section through the Anterior Portion of
the Eye (magnified 16X1) (Fuchs).
C.P., C.P., zonular spaces.
at the iridial angle. The circumference is known as the ciliary margin.
The surfaces of the iris are anterior and posterior. The anterior
TO4
1650
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
surface is directed towards the cornea. Its colour varies in different
individuals, and it presents a striated appearance, the striae converging
towards the margin of the pupil, and being produced by the underlying vessels. The posterior surface is directed towards the crystalline
lens and ciliary processes. It has a purple colour, and is covered by
two layers of columnar epithelium, the cells of which contain dark
pigment. These two layers of pigmented cells constitute the pars
iridica retinae (uvea), which is continuous with the pars ciliaris retinae.
_ The iris divides the space between the cornea and the crystalline lens
into two compartments, the anterior chamber and posterior chamber,
both of which contain the aqueous humour.
Structure. —The component parts of the iris are (1) a layer of
endothelium; (2) a connective-tissue stroma, with branched pigmentcells; (3) muscular tissue; and (4) pigment.
The layer of endothelium covers the anterior surface of the iris,
and is continuous with the endothelium which lines the posterior
elastic lamina of the cornea.
Long Ciliary Artery
Fig. ioii.—The Arteries of the Choroid and Iris (Lateral View).
The connective-tissue stroma is composed of fibres which for the
most part pass in a radiating manner towards the pupillary margin.
Some, however, are disposed circularly at the ciliary margin. They
support the bloodvessels and nerves, and scattered between their
bundles there are branched cells. These cells contain pigment in darkcoloured eyes, but in blue eyes there is little pigment here.
The muscular tissue is of the unstriped variety, and its fibres are
arranged in two sets, circular and radiating. The circular fibres form
a ring round the pupil, and are nearer the posterior surface than the
anterior. They are known as the sphincter pupillse. The radiating
fibres converge from the ciliary margin of the iris towards the pupillary
margin, where they blend with the circular fibres. The radiating
fibres constitute the dilator pupillse. Some authorities regard the
radiating fibres as elastic, and not muscular.
The pigment of the iris is variously situated, according to the
colour of the eye. In the eyes of albinos there is no pigment. In
other eyes pigment is contained in the cells of the two layers of columnar
THE EYE
1651
epithelium which line the posterior surface of the iris, and form the
pars iridica retinae (uvea). In blue eyes the pigment is largely confined to this region, but in other coloured eyes it is also present in the
branched cells of the connective-tissue stroma.
Blood-supply—Arteries. —The arteries of the iris are derived from
(1) the long ciliary, and (2) the anterior ciliary vessels.
The long ciliary arteries are two in number, and belong to the
posterior ciliary group of branches from the ophthalmic artery. They
pierce the back part of the sclera, one on each side of the optic
nerve, and pass forwards between the sclera and the choroid towards
the ciliary margin of the iris. Here each vessel divides into two
branches, upper and lower, which anastomose with those of the
opposite side to form an arterial ring round the ciliary margin of the
iris, called the circuius arteriosus major. This ring is joined by some
of the anterior ciliary arteries, and it gives offsets to the ciliary muscle
Pupil
- Iris
Fig. 1012. —The Choroid and Iris, showing the Ven,e Vorticose
and Ciliary Nerves (after Hirschfeld and Leveille).
The sclera and cornea have been removed.
and iris. The branches which enter the iris are supported by the
connective-tissue stroma, and converge towards the pupillary margin,
near which they form by their anastomoses another arterial ring,'
called the circulus minor.
The anterior ciliary arteries are about six in number, and are
derived from the muscular and lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic
artery. They are of small size, and pierce the anterior part of the
sclera close to the corneo-scleral junction. Some of them supply the
ciliary processes, and others join the circulus major (see Fig. ion).
The veins of the iris accompany the arteries, and are in communication with the sinus venosus sclerse.
Nerves of the Choroid Coat and Iris. —These are derived from the
ciliary nerves, short and long, the former coming from the ciliary
ganglion, and the latter from the naso-ciliary branch of the ophthalmic
or first division of the fifth cranial nerve. They are about sixteen
1652
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
in number, and pierce the back part of the sclera around the optic
nerve. They then pass forwards between the sclerotic and choroid,
giving branches to the latter coat, which become disposed in a plexiform manner amongst the bloodvessels. Having reached the corneoscleral junction, the nerves enter the ciliary muscle, in which they form
a plexus. From this plexus branches enter the iris at the ciliary
margin. These branches accompany the vessels, and by their subdivisions and communications they form a copious plexus of nonmedullated fibres in the connective-tissue stroma of the iris. The
sphincter pupillse is supplied by fibres which are derived from the oculomotor or third cranial nerve by means of the motor root of the ciliary
ganglion. The dilator pupillae is supplied by fibres which may be
traced to the second thoracic ganglion through the sympathetic root
of the ciliary ganglion (see p. 1637).
Membrana Pupillaris. —During intra-uterine life the pupil is closed by a
delicate membrane, called the membrana pupillaris. This disappears shortly
before birth, but remnants of it are sometimes found.
Internal Coat.
Retina.—The retina is the internal or nervous tunic of the eyeball. It is soft in consistence, translucent, and of a pinkish colour.
Its internal surface is in contact with the hyaloid membrane, which
Fig. 1013.—The Posterior Portion of the Right Retina
(Anterior View).
encloses the vitreous body, and its external surface is in contact with
the choroid coat. Posteriorly it receives the fibres of the optic
nerve. Anteriorly it extends almost to the ciliary body, where there
is a notched border, called the ora serrata. Here its nervous elements
cease, but its pigmentary layer is continued over the deep or posterior
THE EYE
1653
surfaces of the ciliary processes on to the posterior surface of the iris,
forming, with the addition of a layer of columnar epithelial cells,
the pars ciliaris retinae and pars iridica retinae (uvea) respectively.
The retina diminishes in thickness from behind forwards.
The external surface is formed by a stratum of hexagonal pigmentcells, which send processes into the adjacent layer. When the choroid
is separated from the retina these processes are torn, and the stratum
of pigment-cells remains attached to the choroid, being apparently
a part of it. The pigmentary layer, however, really belongs to the
retina.
The internal surface shows, in the line of the visual axis of the
eyeball, the macula lutea or yellow spot, where vision is most distinct.
This spot is transversely oval, and measures about X V inch from side
Fig. 1014.—Longitudinal Section through the Head of the Optic
Nerve (14X1)
r. Retina
b. Centre of Porus Opticus
ch. Choroid
s. Sclera
so. Outer Part of Sclera
si. Inner part of Sclera
ci. Ciliary Artery (in longitudinal section)
sd. Subdural Space
nasal, Medial Side
(Fuchs).
sa. Subarachnoid Space
n. Bundles of Nerve-fibres
se. Septa between the Nerve-bundles
a. Arteria Centralis Retinae
v. Vena Centralis Retinae
p. Sheath formed by Pia Mater
ar. Sheath formed by Arachnoid
du. Sheath formed by Dura Mater
temporal, Lateral Side
to side. At its centre is a slight depression, called the fovea centralis.
In this situation the retina is thinnest, and the dark colour of the
hexagonal pigment-cells is visible through it, giving it the appearance
of a foramen. About inch to the inner side of the posterior pole
of the eyeball, and about iucb below its level, is the porus opticus,
or optic disc. This is circular in outline, and its circumference is
slightly elevated. It is the point of entrance of the fibres of the optic
nerve, and the centre of the disc is pierced by the arteria centralis
retinae which immediately divides into two branches upper and
lower. * The optic disc consists entirely of nerve-fibres, and is known
as the ‘ blind spot,’ vision being absent in this situation.
Structure of the Retina.— The retina consists of eight superimposed layers, seven of which are nervous and one pigmentary.
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
1654
In addition to these, there are sustentacular fibres. The eight layers
are as follows, from within outwards:
1. Stratum opticum, or layer of nerve-fibres.
2. Ganglionic layer, or layer of nerve-cells.
3. Inner plexiform (inner molecular) layer.
4. Inner nuclear or granular layer.
5. Outer plexiform (outer molecular) layer.
6. Outer nuclear or granular layer.
7. Layer of rods and cones.
8. Pigmentary layer.
Pigmentary Layer
1 Layer of Rods and Cones
A. Membrana Limitans Externa
> Outer Nuclear Layer
„_Outer Plexiform Layer
. Inner Nuclear Layer
In addition to the foregoing layers, there are two very delicate
membranes, which really belong to the sustentacular fibres of the
retina, but are known
as the membrana limitans interna and externa. The membrana
limitans interna covers
the retina on its internal surface, and the
membrana limitans externa intervenes between the outer nuclear
layer and that of the
rods and cones. The
layers of the retina
are supported by fibres
called the sustentacular
fibres.
1. Stratum Opticum.
—This layer consists of
the fibres of the optic
nerve, and it extends
from the optic disc to
the ora serrata. The
fibres are non-medullated, and are chiefly
centripetal, but some
are centrifugal. The
centripetal fibres arise
Fus ioi 5. Diagrammatic Section of the Human mainly as the axons of
• R =mIT LTZE) COPIED FR0M QUAIN ’ S the “ lls of the S an 8
lionic layer. The centrifugal fibres pass towards the inner plexiform and inner nuclear
layers.
2. Ganglionic Layer.—This consists of large, somewhat flaskshaped, multipolar ganglion-cells, which for the most part form a
single layer. In the macula lutea, however, they form several layers.
> Inner Plexiform Layer
Layer of Nerve-cells
(Ganglionic Layer)
I Layer of Nerve-fibres
Membrana Limitans Interna
THE EYE
1655
The round ends of the cells rest upon the stratum opticum, and from
each of these ends an axon is given off, which enters the stratum
opticum obliquely, and forms one of its component fibres. The
tapering end of each cell sends off several dendrites, which enter the
inner plexiform layer, within which they arborize.
3. Inner Plexiform (Inner Molecular) Layer contains the arborizations of the dendrites of (1) the cells of the ganglionic layer, and
(2) the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer. The intercommunications between these two sets of dendrites give rise to five strata, according to Ramon y Cajal. Besides these, there are the arborizations. of
the processes of the spongioblasts of the inner nuclear layer, which
are likewise arranged in strata.
4. Inner Nuclear or Granular Layer.—This layer consists of cells
which are arranged in three groups: (1) bipolar cells, (2) horizontal
cells, and (3) spongioblasts, or amacrine cells. The bipolar cells are
the most numerous, and are nucleated. Each cell gives off two processes—internal and external. The internal processes of the cells enter
the inner plexiform layer, and end at different levels in arborizations.
The external processes pass into the outer plexiform layer, and form
arborizations in its outermost part, which are closely related to the
terminal parts of the rods and cones of the bacillary layer. According to Cajal, the bipolar cells are of two kinds—rod-bipolars and conebipolars. The external processes of the rod-bipolars ramify round the
terminal parts of the rod-fibres, and the internal processes arborize
round the cells of the ganglionic layer. The external processes of
the cone-bipolars form horizontal arborizations round the ends of
the cone-fibres, and the internal processes terminate in arborizations
in the inner plexiform layer at different levels.
The horizontal cells occupy the outer part of the inner nuclear
layer. Their dendrites enter the outer plexiform layer, and come
into relation with the terminal parts of the cone-fibres, whilst their
axons run in a horizontal direction. .
The spongioblasts are situated in the innermost part of the inner
nuclear layer. They are destitute of axons, and ha\ e been called
amacrine cells, because each cell is ‘ without a long fibre or process.
Their dendrites enter the inner plexiform layer, and end in arboriza
tions, which are arranged in strata.
=; Outer Plexiform (Outer Molecular) Layer.—This layer is composed of the following structures: (i) the external processes of the
rod-bipolars and cone-bipolars of the inner nuclear layer; (2) the
dendrites of the horizontal cells of the inner nuclear layer; and (3) the
terminal parts of the rod-fibres, and filaments from the foot-plates
of the cone-fibres. ,
6 Outer Nuclear or Granular Layer.—This consists of granules,
which are of two kinds—rod-granules and cone-granules. The rodgranules are the more numerous, and are oval enlargements m the course
of the rod-fibres, as these pass to the outer plexiform layer'• Each
rod-fibre has only one rod-granule, and the granules lie at different
1656
A MANUAT, OF ANATOMY
levels. Each granule has a nucleus, which has transverse striations,
there being at least two clear bands. The external process of each
rod-granule is continuous with one of the rods of the bacillary layer,
and the internal process passes into the outer plexiform layer, where
it comes into relation with the arborizations of the external process of
a rod-bipolar.
The cone-granules are larger than the rod-granules, but not so
numerous, and each contains an oval nucleus. Situated in the outermost part of the outer nuclear layer, they lie close to the membrana
limitans externa. The outer end of each granule is continuous with
one of the cones of the bacillary layer. The inner end is prolonged
into a cone-fibre, which passes into the outermost part of the outer
Fig. 1016. —Scheme of the Horizontal Cells and Spongioblasts of the
Retina (Ramon y Cajal).
A. Rod-fibres
B. Cone-fibres
1. Outer Plexiform Layer
a, b. Horizontal Cells, with arborizations
c. Horizontal Cell, with deep processes
2. Inner Plexiform Layer
/» S, h , f Spongioblasts extending to
j, l. 1 different depths
m, n. Spongioblasts with diffuse processes
o. Ganglionic Nerve-cell
plexiform layer, where it expands into a foot-plate, from which filaments are given off. These filaments come into relation with the
arborizations of the external process of a cone-bipolar cell.
7. Layer of Rods and Cones consists of rods and cones, the former
being cylindrical, and the latter flask-shaped. The rods are much
more numerous, longer, and narrower than the cones, and both are
placed perpendicularly.
Each rod and cone consists of two segments—outer and inner.
In the case of the rods the two segments are of almost equal length the
inner segment being rather larger than the outer. The outer segment
is the only seat of the colouring matter known as visual purple or
rhodopsin In the case of the flask-shaped cones, the inner segment
of each forms two-thirds of the cone, and is of large size; whilst the
THE EYE
1657
outer forms one-third, is narrow, and represents the tapering part of
the flask. The outer segments of both rods and cones have faint
transverse striations. The inner segments of both are subdivided.
The outer part is composed of delicate fibrils longitudinally arranged,
and therefore presents a longitudinally striated appearance. The
inner part is faintly granular. The rods and cones are continued at
their inner ends through the membrana limitans externa into the
rod-fibres and cone-fibres, which belong to the outer nuclear layer.
The outer ends of the rods project into the pigmentary layer.
8 . Pigmentary Layer.—The most external layer of the retina is
in close contact with the choroid coat. It consists of a single layer
of hexagonal epithelial cells, which contain pigment. The deep
surfaces of the cells
give off processes which
extend into the intervals between the outer
ends of the rods and
Layer of Rods and Cones
Membrana Limitans Externa
Outer Nuclear Layer
Outer Plexiform Layer
Inner Nuclear Layer
Inne’ Plexiform Layer
Ganglionic Layer
1 1 Nerve-fibre Layer
■/.Membrana Limitans Interna
Fig. 1017.—Section of the Retina as seen
UNDER THE MICROSCOPE (MAGNIFIED).
cones.
Sustentacular Fibres
(or Fibres of Muller).—
These fibres form the
supporting tissue of the
retina, and extend from
its internal surface to
the boundary-line between the outer nuclear
layer and the layer of
rods and cones. The
inner ends of the fibres
are expanded, and blend
at their edges to present
the appearance of a
distinct retinal layer,
which is called the membrana limitans interna. Their outer ends,
which are very numerous owing to the breaking up of the fibres,
also expand and form the membrana limitans externa, which lies
between the outer nuclear layer and the layer of rods and cones.
(The membrana limitans interna and externa are sometimes considered layers of the retina, under which circumstances the retinal
layers would be ten in number, instead of eight.) From the membrana
limitans externa delicate offsets enter the layer of rods and cones,
in the innermost part of which they form fibre-baskets in connection
with the deep ends of the rods and cones. As the sustentacular fibres
pass through the inner nuclear layer each has an oval nucleus, which
contains a nucleolus. This nucleus is variously described as being
situated on one side of the fibre, or as involving its whole circumference. Throughout their course the sustentacular fibres give off
lateral offsets, which increase in number from within outwards.
1658
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
Structure of the Macula Lutea and Fovea Centralis.—The chief
structural characters of the macula lutea and fovea centralis may
be stated in the following tabular manner:
Macula Lutea.
1. Cones only.
2. Outer nuclear layer has only cone
fibres disposed obliquely.
3. Ganglionic layer very thick, cells being
several layers deep.
4. Stratum opticum not continuously
disposed.
B
Fovea Centralis.
1. Thinnest part of the retina.
2. Pigmentary layer thick.
3. Cones only.
4. Outer nuclear layer has only
cone-fibres.
5. Ganglionic layer absent.
6. Stratum opticum absent.
A
Membrana Limitansv
Externa N, “
Fibrous Basket-work
Outer Plexiform
Layer
Nucleus of one of
Sustentacular Fibres
Inner Plexiform_
Layer
Sustentacular Fibres'
Limitans Interna 1 '
Membrana
Centrifugal Nerve-fibre
Rods and Cones
Outer Nuclear
Layer
Subepithelial
Ganglion-cell
Stellate Ganglioncell
Bipolar Q.anglioncell
Multipolar
Ganglion-cell
Multipolar
Ganglion-cell
Layer of Nervefibres
Fig. 1018.—Diagram of the Elements of the Retina (Wiedersheim,
AFTER PH. StoHR).
A, nervous elements; B, supporting elements.
Structure of the Ora Serrata.—At the ora serrata the nervous
elements of the retina end, and its pigmentary layer is continued over
the deep or posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes. Here is added
to its deep or posterior surface a layer of columnar epithelial cells,
and the two layers form the pars ciliaris retinas, which is continued
into the pars iridica retinae (uvea). In the latter the cells of both
layers are pigmented.
Blood-supply of the Retina.—The retina is supplied with blood by
the arteria centralis retinae, a branch of the ophthalmic artery. Within
the orbit the artery pierces the under aspect of the optic nerve a little
behind the eyeball, and passes forwards in the centre of the nerve.
At the centre of the optic disc it divides into two branches, upper
and lower. Each of these breaks up into two branches, nasal or medial,
THE EYE
1659
and temporal or lateral. The temporal branches keep clear of the
macula lutea, but give small twigs to it, which, however, do not enter
the fovea centralis, this part being non-vascular. As the branches
pass inwards and outwards respectively towards the periphery of the
retina they ramify freely, and end at last in capillary networks.
The arteries do not extend farther outwards than the inner nuclear
layer. No anastomoses take place between the branches of the arteria
centralis retinae.
Fig. 1019._Scheme of the Retina, showing the Connection between
the Layer of Rods and Cones and the Ganglionic Layer (Ramon
y Cajal).
A. Layer of Rods and Cones
B. Outer Nuclear Layer
C. Outer Plexiform Layer
E. Inner Nuclear Layer
F. Inner Plexiform Layer
G. Ganglionic Layer
H. Layer of Nerve-fibres
M. Sustentacular fibre
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Granule of Cones
d. Granule of Rods
e. Bipolar Cells of Rods
f. Bipolar Cells of Cones
g, h, i, \ Ganglionic Corpuscles ramifying at different
j, k. f levels in Inner Plexiform Layer
r, r'. Deep arborizations of Bipolar Cells
s. Centrifugal Nerve-fibre
t. Nucleus of Sustentacular Fibre
X. Deep ends of Rod-fibres amongst superficial
arborizations of Bipolar Cells
Z. Meeting of arborizations of Cones and Bipolar
Cells
In the foetus the arteria centralis retinae sends a branch to the
posterior part of the capsule of the crystalline lens, which reaches it
through the ‘ canal of Cloquet in the vitreous body.
The veins are ultimately collected into two vessels, upper and
lower, which pass through the optic disc, one above and the other
below' the artery. They then form one vessel which opens into the
superior ophthalmic vein. The veins of the retina are destitute of
muscular tissue, the wall of each being formed by a single layer of
endothelial cells, external to which there is a perivascular lymph
i66o
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
space, this in turn being limited by another layer of endothelial cells.
These lymph-spaces are in communication with those of the optic
nerve.
Relation of the Retinal Layers to One Another.—The only two
layers which are in direct continuity are the stratum opticum and
ganglionic layer, some fibres of the former being the axons of the
cells of the latter. As regards most of the strata, the constituent
elements of successive layers are brought into communication by
means of the interlacements which take place between the arborizations formed by their various processes. These interlacements occur
in the inner and outer plexiform layers.
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Hyaloid Canal >
(Canal of Cloquet)
Hyaloid Membrane
Retina
Sinus Venosus
S clerae
Posterior
Chamber
Anterior
Chamber
Choroid
Rectus Superior
s „ Sclera
Arteria
, l /Centralis
Cornea
Ciliary / y.
Processes'
Zonular Space
Rectus Inferior
Fornix Conjunctivas
Fig. 1020.—Vertical Sagittal Section of the Eye and its
Appendages (Hirschfeld and Leveille).
In the inner plexiform layer there are several strata of interlacements, by means of which the dendrites of the cells of the ganglionic
layer are brought into communication with the internal processes of
the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer. In the outer plexi orm
layer there is a free intermingling between the external processes of
the bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer and the rod-fibres and conefibres.
Nerve-cells of the Retina.—These are arranged in three strata,
and communicate with one another through interlacing arborizations.
The outermost stratum consists of the rods and cones; the middle
stratum is formed by the bipolar cells; and the innermost stratum
represents the cells of the ganglionic layer. The axons of the gang
THE EYE
1661
lionic cells enter the stratum opticum as centripetal fibres, which pass
in the optic nerve to the brain. The centrifugal fibres of the stratum
opticum ramify in the inner plexiform or inner nuclear layer.
Refracting Media.
Aqueous Humour and Chambers of the Eye.—The aqueous humour
occupies the space between the cornea and the front of the crystalline
lens, which is divided by the iris into two chambers, anterior and
posterior. It is a clear fluid having an alkaline reaction, and is
composed of H ? 0 , holding in solution a very small amount of sodium
chloride and traces of albumen.
The anterior chamber is bounded anteriorly by the cornea, and
posteriorly by the iris and the central portion of the crystalline lens
enclosed within its capsule. The anterior
chamber communicates with the irido-corneal
spaces, through them with the sinus venosus
sclerae, and through this canal with the veins
of the sclera.
The posterior chamber, which is of limited
extent, is bounded anteriorly by the iris, and
posteriorly by the peripheral part of the
crystalline lens and its suspensory ligament,
and by the ciliary processes. The anterior and
posterior chambers communicate with each
other through the pupil; with lymph-spaces in
the iris; and through the latter spaces with
the perichoroidal lymph-space.
Crystalline Lens.—The crystalline lens is
situated directly behind the pupil and iris, from
which latter it is separated by the posterior
chamber. It is a solid, transparent, biconvex
disc, the posterior surface being more convex
than the anterior, and is enclosed within a A ’ 0 fi n br e e 4° e f ) . th ^°L ( man
homogeneous, transparent envelope, called the fibres (seen on end).
capsule of the lens. The centre of the anterior
surface is called the anterior pole, and that of the posterior surface
the posterior pole. The line connecting these two poles constitutes
the axis of the lens, and a line surrounding the periphery represents
the equator. The transverse measurement of the lens, is about
•it inch, and its axis measures about inch. The . anterior surface
at its central part faces the pupil. External to this, the pupillary
margin of the iris rests upon it, and external to this again is the
posterior chamber, with part of the aqueous humour. The posterior
surface is received into the ‘ patellar fossa on the anterior aspect
of the vitreous body. The periphery is related to the suspensory
ligament, the zonular spaces present in this ligament, and the ciliary
processes. From the anterior and posterior poles delicate lines radiate
Fig. 1021.—Fibres of
the Crystalline
Lens (highly magnified) (after Kolliker).
1662
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
towards the equator. In early life these are three on each surface.
Those on the posterior surface form an inverted while those on
the anterior form an erect Y. These lines represent the free margins
of septa within the lens upon which the ends of the lens-fibres terminate.
Structure.—The lens is laminar in structure. The outer laminae
are soft in consistence, but the succeeding ones gradually become
firmer, and the central portion, which constitutes the nucleus, is
very firm and hard. The laminae are arranged concentrically, and
after boiling or immersion in alcohol they may be peeled off, like
the coats of an onion. The fibres of which the laminae are composed
terminate upon septa within the lens, of which the radiating lines on
the surfaces, already referred to, are the free margins. The concentric laminae are therefore not continuous all round, but are split
up along these lines. The lens-fibres, which are disposed in a curved
manner, are of small size, and have serrated edges, which fit closely
to each other. In transverse section the fibres appear as hexagonal
prisms. The fibres are the elongated cells which line the posterior
part of the ectodermal vesicle (lens vesicle) from which the lens is
developed. In early life each fibre has a nucleus, but after the lens has
attained its full development only the outermost fibres are nucleated.
Capsule of the Lens.—This is a transparent, homogeneous, elastic
and brittle membrane, which surrounds and encloses the lens. Its
anterior wall is thicker and more elastic than the posterior. In the
adult the lens and its capsule are non-vascular, but in the foetus they
receive the hyaloid branch of the arteria centralis retinae, which reaches
it through the hyaloid canal in the vitreous body.
Epithelium of the Lens.—The posterior surface of the lens is devoid
of epithelium, and is in direct contact with the posterior wall of the
capsule. The anterior surface is covered by a single layer of columnar
cells, which intervenes between the anterior surface and the anterior
wall of the capsule. Towards the equator these cells become elongated,
and pass into short fibres, which become continuous with the superficial
lens-fibres.
Crystalline Lens at Different Ages.—The characters of the lens at
different ages are as follows:
Foetal Lens.
Almost spherical.
Pinkish colour.
Semitransparent.
Soft in consistence.
Adult Lens.
Biconvex
Colourless.
Transparent.
Firm in consistence.
Lens in Old Age.
Flattened.
Amber colour.
Opaque, more or less.
Very firm in consistence.
Vitreous Body.—This body occupies about four-fifths of the space
within the eyeball, and is situated between the crystalline lens and the
retina. It is transparent and gelatinous, and is composed of water,
holding in solution a small quantity of sodium chloride and albuminous
matter. It is surrounded by a transparent, homogeneous envelope,
called the hyaloid membrane. This membrane is in contact with the
retina, except anteriorly, where there is an excavation called the fossa
/
THE EYE 1663
patellaris , into which the posterior surface of the crystalline lens is
received.
Anterior Wall of Capsule of Lens __I
Sphincter Pupillae_
Membrane
of Descemet
Epithelium
of Cornea
Suspensory
Ligament
Middle Portion of
Suspensory Ligament
Posterior Portion of
Suspensory Ligament
Sinus Venosus
Sclera
Margin of
Cornea
Conjunctiva
Ciliary Muscle
'Radiating Fibres)
Fig. 1022.—Meridional Section through the Anterior Portion of
the Eye (magnified 16X1) (Fuchs).
C.P., C.P., zonular spaces.
Towards its circumference the vitreous body is laminated, the
laminae being arranged concentrically. Laminae are also said to radiate
1664
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
from its antero-posterior axis towards the circumference. Scattered
throughout the vitreous body there are some amoeboid corpuscles,
and it is traversed from behind forwards by a minute passage called
the hyaloid canal (canal of Cloquet, canal of Stilling). This extends
from the centre of the optic disc to the posterior wall of the capsule
of the lens, and posteriorly it communicates with the lymph-spaces of
the optic nerve. In the foetus the canal transmits a branch of the
arteria centralis retinae, called the hyaloid artery , which supplies the lens.
No vessels enter the vitreous body, its nutrition being derived
from the vessels of the retina and ciliary processes.
Zonula ciliaris, or zonule of Zinn, is the thickened portion of the
hyaloid membrane which is situated in front of the ora serrata of the
retina. From this point it extends inwards behind the ciliary processes towards the periphery of the crystalline lens. Behind the
ciliary processes are radial folds with intervening depressions. The
depressions receive the ciliary processes, and the radial folds are
separated from the intervals between the ciliary processes by lymphspaces, which communicate with the posterior chamber of the eye.
Suspensory Ligament of the Lens, and Zonular Spaces.—The ciliary
zonule, as it approaches the periphery of the lens, divides into three
layers—posterior, middle, and anterior. The posterior layer lines the
fossa patellaris in front of the hyaloid membrane. The middle layer
consists of a few scattered fibres which pass to the equator of the lens.
The anterior layer is the thickest, and forms the suspensory ligament
of the lens, which is attached to the anterior wall of its capsule not
far from the equator (see Fig. 1022). When the radiating fibres of
the ciliary muscle contract the suspensory ligament is relaxed, and
the convexity of the anterior surface of the lens is increased.
Behind the suspensory ligament of the lens there is a sacculated
lymph-space, called the zonular space, which surrounds the equator
of the lens.
Development of the Eye.
The retina, optic nerve, and crystalline lens are developed from the ectoderm,
the retina and optic nerve being derived from the ectoderm of the anterior
primary cerebral vesicle, whilst the crystalline lens is developed from the ectoderm of the side of the head. The accessories of the eye— e.g., the sclera, cornea,
choroid, ciliary body, and iris—are all developed in mesoderm, but ectoderm, as
will be seen, is also employed in some of these. The vitreous body, though
developed to a certain extent from the mesoderm, is principally formed from the
ectoderm.
The earliest indication of the future eye is in the form of a shallow marginal
groove on each side in the widely open cerebral plate of embryos with a few
somites. As the region grows these grooves become deepened by the upgrowth
of the lateral margins, which ultimately fuse in the middle line, in continuity
with the fusion of the edges of the medullary folds further back. In this way
the open grooves are converted into recesses or lateral pockets of the closed
fore-brain, each pocket being in contact from the beginning with the ectoderm
of the surface.
The pocket formed in this way is termed the optic recess, and becomes the
optic vesicle very soon by its rounded enlargement under the surface ectoderm;
such enlargement is mainly at its distal part, its connection with the brain
THE EYE 1665
being slightly constricted, forming a ' neck ' for the vesicle. As the development
goes on this neck is drawn out into a definite stalk, which connects the vesicle
with the fore-brain. Stages in these changes can be seen in Fig. 1025. The
vesicle is hollow, its cavity being carried into the stalk, and, through this, communicating with that of the fore-brain, which will be the third ventricle. The
Lens Pit
Ectoderm
srjer
Optic Stalk
Optic Vesicle
prifT&yKS-'Ka.
ilM /
Lens
Cavity of Vesicle
a?- m
6i ; w'sn'j.;! . ..£31 «
Optic Stalk
Pigmentary
Layer of I
Optic Cup Retinal Layer
of Optic Cup
Fig. 1023.—Development of Crystalline Lens and Optic Vesicle
(Scheme).
The lens is lying in the optic cup.
enlargement formed by the optic vesicle lies deep to, and in contact with, the
ectoderm of the lateral surface of the head (Fig. 1025).
The ectoderm in relation with the optic vesicle becomes thickened and
depressed, this depressed portion constituting the lens area. The depressed
ectoderm is deepened and converted into a kind of cup, and, the mouth of the
fossa becoming constricted, its lips unite. In this manner the lens area becomes
transformed into a closed ectodermic sac, called the lens vesicle, from which the
Fig. 1024.—Diagram showing (see Text) the Conversion of Optic
Vesicle into Optic Cup.
crystalline lens is differentiated. The lens vesicle now becomes completely
separated from the surface ectoderm, with which it was originally continuous
^ Fl The outer wall of the vesicle, facing the rudiment of the lens, is invaginated
so as to obliterate the cavity of the vesicle, which is now converted into the
oi>tic cut> Fig 1024 gives diagrammatic sections which may help in the comprehension of this change. The middle vertical row of figures here shows sections
105
1666
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
along the length of the optic outgrowth; the simple optic vesicle is seen at the
top, the commencing invagination of its lower lateral wall is seen next, while
the completed invagination is shown in the lowest section. It can be seen that the
invagination extends into the optic stalk also. On the left side the invagination
is shown by transverse sections of the vesicle, corresponding more or less with
the stages of the middle column. Observe that the cavity (V) of the optic
Fig. 1025.—Different Stages in the Development of the Eye
(from Reconstruction Models at St. Mary’s Hospital).
A piece of the wall of the optic vesicle has been removed in the first specimen,
showing the cavity of the vesicle ; the lens thickening of the ectoderm is
beginning to be depressed. In the second the optic outgrowth is entire,
and the lens depression is projecting into the cavity of the optic cup. In the
third figure removal of part of the wall has opened the cavity of the vesicle,and also the cavity of the cup, in which the lens vesicle is lying, still attached
to the ectoderm, its cavity opened by the section. The figures also show
the formation of the stalk of the vesicle and the extension into it of the cleft
continuous with the cavity of the optic cup.
vesicle is being obliterated, replaced by the cavity (C) of the optic cup, which is
still open in front and below; the last section in the middle column has gone
along this interval between the two sides of the cup. The interval is termed
the choroidal or foetal fissure, and extends into the stalk. It closes later by the
apposition and rapid fusion of its lips, so completing the optic cup. The righthand column of sections is made from the distal end towards the brain; they show
the concavity in the vesicle, and in the stalk, lost in the last section.
THE EYE
1667
The lens vesicle, when it separates from the surface ectoderm, lies in the
opening of the optic cup. Vascular mesoderm extends into the cavity of the
cup through the choroidal fissure, behind and below the lens vesicle; when the
fissure closes, the mesoderm within the cavity of the cup loses its connection
with the outer mesoderm, except at the end of the fissure, where a relatively
large vessel persists, and becomes ultimately the central artery of the retina.
Since the end of the fissure is in the optic stalk, which becomes the optic nerve,
this artery passes in the terminal piece of the nerve to enter the eye. The artery,
when first formed, is known as the hyaloid artery, and is distributed over the
posterior surface of the lens.
In cases of non-closure of the choroidal fissure the region of the fissure
remains unpigmented, and one of two congenital deficiencies in the eye is met
with, each being known by the general term coloboma. If the patent fissure
affects the ventral wall of the optic cup, then the deficiency in pigment affects
the choroid, and the condition is known as coloboma choroidea. If the patent
fissure affects the lower margin of the optic cup, then the deficiency affects the
lower part of the iris, and the condition is known as coloboma iridis.
As stated, the wall of the optic cup consists of two layers. The outer layer,
which is comparatively simple, gives rise to the pigmentary layer of the retina.
The inner layer is, on the other hand, very complicated. After much differentiation it gives rise to all the other layers of the retina. The mesodermic tissue,
which invests the optic cup, gives rise to the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary
body (including the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle), and iris. The ciliary
processes are covered by layers from the (ectodermal) walls of the cup.
Crystalline Lens. —The lens is of ectodermic origin. The surface ectoderm
on the lateral aspect of the head opposite the optic vesicle becomes thickened
and depressed to form, as stated, the lens area. The depressed ectoderm is
deepened and converted into a kind of cup. The mouth of the cup becomes
constricted, and its lips unite. In this manner the lens area becomes transformed into a closed ectodermic sac, called the lens vesicle, from which the
crystalline lens is differentiated. The lens vesicle becomes completely separated
from the surface ectoderm, with which it was originally continuous. It is now
received into the optic cup, which has been formed in connection with the optic
vesicle, its position being just within the mouth of the cup, the circumference
of the margin projecting slightly in advance of the vesicle.
The anterior and posterior walls of the lens vesicle at this stage consist of
several layers of cylindrical cells, and the vesicle contains a small central cavity.
The anterior wall becomes gradually thin, and is ultimately formed of one layer
of flattened cells, these cells constituting the anterior epithelium of the adult
crystalline lens. The cells of the posterior wall become elongated in a forward
direction, obliterating the cavity of the vesicle, and coming into contact with
the anterior wall. By this process of cell elongation the lens-fibres are formed.
At the equator of the lens the cells of the anterior and posterior walls merge
gradually into one another through the medium of a transitional zone of columnar
cells.
At this stage in its development the crystalline lens consists of (1) an anterior
epithelial wall, and (2) a posterior wall composed of elongated cells forming
the lens-fibres.
As development proceeds, additional lens-fibres are formed by the proliferation of cells at the equator of the lens. These fibres are laid down in successive
layers, which are arranged concentrically.
Capsule of the Crystalline Lens.— At an early period in its development the
lens becomes invested by a mesodermic capsule, freely supplied with bloodvessels derived from the hyaloid artery and anterior ciliary arteries. This
capsule is known as the tunica vasculosa. It persists throughout the period of
active growth of the lens, and then undergoes retrogression to form the permanent lens capsule. The portion of the tunica vasculosa which covers the
front part of the lens is called the membrana papillaris, but this usually disappears
prior to birth. It may, however, be present at birth, giving rise to the condition
i668
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
known as atresia pupillce. Towards the end of intra-uterine life the tunica
vasculosa undergoes retrogression and becomes transformed, as stated, into the
permanent lens capsule, which is a transparent, homogeneous, elastic membrane.
This mesodermal pupillary membrane is a continuation across the open
mouth of the cup of the plane of the choroidal layer. It is, therefore, on the
outer surface of the developing iris, of which it forms the mesodermal base, the
muscles being derived from the actual ectodermal or retinal layer itself.
Development of the Optic Cup and Optic Stalk. —The optic cup, as stated, is
formed by the invagination of the distal or outer wall of the optic vesicle, the
invagination also affecting the ventral wall of the optic vesicle and the ventral
wall of the part of the optic stalk which is adjacent to the optic vesicle, thereby
giving rise to the choroidal fissure. The mouth of the optic cup is directed
towards the lateral aspect of the head, and the lens vesicle lies just within the
mouth. That the invagination of the optic cup is not caused by the growth
of the lens vesicle has been proved by experimental transplantations on amphibian
embryos. The margin of the cup projects slightly over the lens vesicle, and the
circumference of this margin represents the outline of the pupil. The wall of the
cup consists of two layers —namely, inner and outer, the inner representing the
distal or outer wall of the optic vesicle, which has now become invaginated, or
folded inwards. The cup is divisible into two regions—namely, (i) the ciliary
region, adjoining the margin of the cup; and (2) the fundus. The line of separation between these two regions corresponds to the ora serrata of the adult eye.
The ciliary region of the optic cup is associated with the ciliary body (including the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle) and the iris, which are developed
from the thickened anterior part of the choroid. The outer layer of the ciliary
portion, as elsewhere, forms the pigmentary layer of the retina. The inner
layer of the ciliary portion, which is very thin, forms (1) the pars ciliaris retinae
on the posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes, and (2) the pigmented pars
iridica retinae [uvea) on the posterior surface of the iris.
The fundus of the optic cup is the proper retinal region. The outer layer
forms, as in the ciliary region, the pigmentary layer of the retina. The inner
or retinal layer becomes differentiated into all the layers of the retina except the
pigmentary layer. The changes which it undergoes are very complicated.
Its thickness is considerably increased, and it subdivides into two layers—
outer and inner—from which the various retinal strata (except the outer pigmentary layer) are specialized.
The optic stalk is transformed into the optic nerve. The stalk is at first
hollow, its cavity communicating with that of the optic vesicle on the one hand,
and with the third ventricle of the brain on the other. As stated, the choroidal
fissure involves the under surface of the optic stalk near the optic vesicle, as
well as the under surface of the optic vesicle itself. When the choroidal fissure
undergoes closure, the hyaloid artery, which passed through that fissure, becomes
enclosed within the optic stalk, and forms the arteria centralis retincc of adult
life. By the closure of the choroidal fissure, and the consequent enclosure of
the hyaloid artery, the cavity of the distal portion of the optic stalk becomes
obliterated. Inasmuch as the ventral or lower wall of this part of the stalk
has been previously invaginated, the wall of the stalk is now composed of two
layers—outer and inner—the inner being formed by the invaginated ventral
or lower wall. The outer layer of the optic stalk is now continuous with the
outer layer of the optic cup, whilst the inner layer of the optic stalk is continuous
with the inner layer of the optic cup. As regards the proximal part of the optic
stalk, its cavity becomes gradually closed. The wall of the optic stalk becomes
thickened, its cells proliferate, and they give rise to the neuroglial or sustentacular
tissue of the future nerve. The nerve-fibres which build up the optic nerve are
regarded as having two sources. The majority of them represent the axons of
the ganglion cells of the retina, which pass in the optic stalk to the diencephalon
and mesencephalon. These are therefore centripetal fibres. Other fibres are
regarded as being centrifugal, these arising in connection with the diencephalon
and mesencephalon.
THE EYE
1669
Vitreous Body. —This body is formed within the optic cup, for the most part
posterior to the lens vesicle. It is principally developed from the ectoderm, but
the mesoderm also takes part in its formation. The ectodermic fibres are derived
from those cells which pertain to the sustentacular fibres of the retina.
These ectodermal fibres form a very delicate reticulum (Fig. 1026) connecting
the lens vesicle and the inner layer of the optic cup. Mesodermal ingrowth
through the choroidal fissure brings in vessels which ramify to some extent
between the ectodermal connecting strands, but for the most part pass forward
to the back of the growing lens, over which the vessels spread, with their thin
mesodermal surrounding. The main vessel thus reaching the lens is the hyaloid
artery, and this with its surrounding fine mesoderm occupies at first a large part
of the small cavity of the cup, enclosed by ectodermal processes, more or less
avascular in the more peripheral parts of the cup. This is the state known as
the primary vitreous, characterized by
ectodermal formations connected in
origin with both retina and lens, and
associated fairly intimately with vascular mesoderm. The central hyaloid
artery is distributed over the back of
the lens, its terminal branches meeting, at the periphery of this structure,
vessels which enter the cup from the
outside, turning round its rim.
The primary vitreous is gradually
succeeded and replaced by the secondary vitreous. The time of the beginning of the change is usually considered to be about the fifth to sixth
week, when the posterior hyaloid
capsule of the lens makes its appearance; after this the slowly increasing
ectodermal element can be produced
only by the retina. It is this element
which, by its growth, occupies the extra
space resulting from the increasing size
of the eyeball, so that it gradually
comes about that the original vascu- C, wall of fore-brain ; OP.V., points to
lar mesodermo-ectodermal formation cavity of optic vesicle; OC, to cavity
Fig. 1026.—Vertical Section through
Eye in 5 Mm. Embryo.
of optic cup; L.P., lens pit; ECT., surface ectoderm. Protoplasmic processes
connect the lens pit with the inner
wall of the cup.
(primary vitreous) is surrounded and
enclosed by an increasing mass of ectodermal secondary vitreous ; this is
largely non-vascular, but does not
become completely avascular until the
hyaloid artery atrophies. The vessels are contained in a central funnel-shaped
‘ space ’ in this stage, surrounded by the secondary vitreous, which does not
compress them in any way; the broad end of the funnel is behind the lens, over
which the vessels extend as before, making a vascular capsule for the structure,
and joining round the periphery with vessels reaching its anterior surface. The
anterior part of this tunica vasculosa has been seen already to form the pupillary
m The bloodvessels atrophy and disappear in the latter part of foetal life, when the
interval in which they lay persists as the hyaloid (or vitreous) canal, or canal
of Cloquet, the remaining ectodermal substance, now avascular, being the
definite vitreous. r , r J ,
About the end of the third month the growth forward of the nm of the optic
cup (to form the ectodermal portion of the iris) is accompanied by the appearance
of a more fibrillar vitreous formation corresponding with it; this is sometimes
referred to as the tertiary vitreous, and the fibrils of the suspensory ligament of
the lens are developed in this formation.
1670
A MANUAL OF ANATOMY
That part of the hyaloid artery which lies in the fissure in the optic stalk
remains as the extra-ocular part of the arteria retinae centralis. The actual
arteries of the retina are secondary and late branches which extend into that
layer from the hyaloid artery as this enters the eyeball; when the lentine part of
the vessel atrophies, these retinal branches remain and enlarge.
Derivatives of the Mesodermic Envelope of the Optic Cup. —These are as
follows: (1) Sclera, (2) cornea, (3) choroid, (4) ciliary body (including the ciliary
processes and ciliary muscle), and (5) iris.
The mesoderm which invests the outer surface of the optic cup is disposed in
two layers —outer and inner. The outer layer has a fibrous character, and gives
rise to the sclera, of which the cornea is a forward extension. The inner layer
is vascular, and gives rise to the choroid, and mesodermal bases of the ciliary
body and iris. The outer dense fibrous layer of the mesoderm of the outer
surface of the optic cup, as stated, gives rise to the sclera. From its anterior
margin a thick lamina of mesoderm is prolonged between the lens vesicle and the
surface ectoderm. This lamina shows two layers—superficial and deep. The
superficial layer becomes differentiated into the cornea, which is thus genetically
continuous with the sclera. The deep layer becomes the pupillary membrane
(see above). Between these two layers there is an interval, which represents the
aqueous chamber.
The inner vascular layer of the mesoderm of the outer surface of the optic
cup, as stated, gives rise to the choroid. The anterior margin of the choroid,
which adjoins the margin of the optic cup (ciliary region) becomes thickened,
and gives rise to the ciliary body, in connection with which the ciliary processes
and ciliary muscle are developed. The ciliary processes become covered posteriorly
by the pars ciliaris retince, which is a thin retinal expansion from the ciliary
region of the optic cup. The iris is also developed at the anterior margin of the
choroid in the form of a ring of mesoderm. In this mesoderm the fibres forming
the dilator pupillce and sphincter pupillce muscles are formed by proliferation
of the ectodermal cells of the edge of the optic cup, which has extended forward
in front of the lens, and the back of the iris receives a pigmentary covering {uvea)
from the pars iridica retince.