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| ==Introduction==
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| We will study human development over a series of 3 practical classes spanning the overall human prenatal developmental timecourse. There will be an additional class covering the extramebryonic tissues formed from the conceptus (the embryonic membranes and placenta).
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="10"
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| | bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | '''Practical 3 - Fertilization to Implantation'''
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| | '''Practical 6 - Implantation to 8 Weeks'''
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| | '''Practical 12 - Fetal Period'''
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| | colspan="2" | <center>'''Practical 8 - Placenta and Fetal Membranes'''</center>
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| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
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| ==Practical - Fertilization to Implantation==
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| ===Aim===
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| This laboratory is an introduction to the earliest event in development, from fertilization of the ovum (egg) by sperm through to implantation.
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| ===Key Concepts===
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|
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| [[G#gonad|Gonad]], [[G#gametogenesis|gametogenesis]], [[O#ovary|ovary]], [[T#testis|testis]], [[M#menstral cycle|menstral cycle]], [[O#oocyte|oocyte development]] (oogenesis), [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa (sperm) development]] (spermatogenesis), sperm morphology/motility, meiosis/mitosis, [[F#follicle|follicle development]], [[O#ovulation|ovulation]], [[Z#zona pellucida|zona pellucida]], [[P#polar body|polar bodies]], hormonal changes, [[F#fertilization|mechanism of fertilization]], post-fertilization changes, [[C#corpus luteum|corpus luteum]], [[Z#zygote|zygote]], [[M#morula|morula]], [[B#blastocyst|blastocyst]], [[I#inner cell mass|inner cell mass]] ([[E#embryoblast|embryoblast]]), [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]], [[I#implantation|implantation]], [[E#ectopic implantation|ectopic implantation]], abnormalities.
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| ===Key Reading===
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| * Human Embryology, WJ. Larsen Chapter 1, 2, 3
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| * The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Moore & Persaud Chapter 1, 2
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| ==Online Practical Help==
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| # '''Online Practical Pages''' contain movies which work better using the Firefox browser on your desktop (Internet Explorer may crash)
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| # '''Bookmark''' this current page (so you don't get lost)
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| # '''Work''' through the series of linked online resources with the demonstrator (listed in order after the green BGD icon on each page)
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| # '''Online Page Organisation''' is the same on each page with a lefthand menu and righthand content.
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| # '''Page Content''' has a series of images, text and movies down the page in sequence, a list of Terms and a link to a Glossary.
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| # '''Highlighted words''' within the page text link to the [[Glossary]] brief description, all additional pages and resources are always shown as "Links:"
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| # '''External Links''' there are links on some pages which may take you to other places outside the current Practical (navigate carefully, remember point 2!)
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| # '''Finished''' when we have reached and discussed Week 3 Overview (additional pages are not covered in the Practical but for your own additional study)
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| ==Textbooks==
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| {|
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| | [[File:The Developing Human, 8th edn.jpg|80px]]
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| | Moore, K.L. & Persuad, T.V.N. (2008). <i>The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology</i> (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
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| The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this [http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000048007 UNSW Library connection].
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50005-0 Chapter 2 - The Beginning of Human Development: First Week]
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50006-2 Chapter 3 - Formation of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc: Second Week]
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-1-4160-3706-4&eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-3706-4..50007-4 Chapter 4 - Formation of Germ Layers and Early Tissue and Organ Differentiation: Third Week]
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| | [[File:Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg|80px]]
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| | Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). <i>Larsen’s Human Embryology</i> (4<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
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| The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this [http://searchfirst.library.unsw.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UNSW&fn=search&vl(freeText0)=UNSW_SFX14190000000047996 UNSW Library connection].
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10001-6 Chapter 1 - Gametogenesis, Fertilization, and First Week]
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10002-8 Chapter 2 - Second Week: Becoming Bilaminar and Fully Implanting]
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| * [http://www.mdconsult.com/books/linkTo?type=bookPage&isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06811-9..10003-X Chapter 3 - Third Week: Becoming Trilaminar and Establishing Body Axes]
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| | [[File:Logo.png|80px]]
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| | Hill, M.A. (2011) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (11<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
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| * [[Menstrual Cycle|Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Oocyte]] | [[Spermatozoa]] | [[Cell Division - Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[Cell Division - Mitosis|Mitosis]]
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| * [[Fertilization]] | [[Zygote]] | [[Morula]] | [[Blastocyst]] | [[Implantation]]
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| * [[Gastrulation]] | [[Somitogenesis]]
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| * [[Week 1]] | [[Week 2]] | [[Week 3]]
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| * [[2010_Lecture_2|Lecture - Fertilization]] | [[2010_Lecture_3|Lecture - Week 1 and 2]]
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| |}
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| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
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| ==Introduction==
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| This page covers gametogenesis within the ovary. With the help of the tutors and other students you will work your way through identifying features described in the text.
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| Begin by looking at the ovary and the formation of the follicle containing the egg which matures and is released upon ovulation. The images are arranged in series so that progressive stages of the maturing follicle can be seen. The final image on this current page is a link to a movie showing follicle development and ovulation. Use the series of images of the cat ovary below to identify the key features described in the associated text.
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| Note: This should be a revision of the Ovary Histology Practical you have already completed. If you have trouble with the terms, there is a glossary at the bottom of each page.
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| == Oogenesis ==
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| The graph below shows the changes in human [[G#germ cell|germ cell]] numbers in the ovary with age, peaking at about 7 million (occuring in early fetal development) and then decreasing by [[A#apoptosis|apopotic cell death]]. At [[P#puberty|puberty]] there remain only about 400,000 and only about 10% of these will be released through reproductive life. (More? [[Menstrual Cycle]])
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| [[Image:oocytenumber.jpg|400px]] [[File:Infant_ovary.jpg|400px]]
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| (Based on data from: Hassold, etal., Environ Mol Mutagen 1996. 28: 167-175)
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| == Whole Ovary ==
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| Ovary (cat, cross-section) showing histology and maturation of follicle.
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| [[File:Ovary-_histology_overview.jpg|600px]]
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| Image (low magnification) showing cortical primordial follicles with primary (preantral) and secondary (antral) follicles lying deeper. [[M#mesovarium|Mesovarium]] at lower right and blood vessels in medullary region.
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| At this magnification, the overall organization of the ovary can be observed, cortex/medulla organization and arrangement of the maternal blood vessels, but few specific follicle details can be seen.
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| The next image is of the ovarian cortical region.
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| == Ovary Cortex (low power) ==
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| Ovary cortex showing primordial follicles.
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| [[Image:ovary5x.gif]]
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| At the top of the image, is the outside of the ovary.
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| The thick connective tissue outer layer is the tunica albuginea. Over which a single layer of cells called the germinal epithelium (not visible) cover the surface of the ovary.
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| The next layer contains the earliest primordial follicles, single cells with pale cytoplasm and darkly stained nuclei.
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| The next layer contains many growing follicles at various stages of maturity and development. There is also evidence of degeneration as atretic follicles.
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| At the bottom of the image, is the medullary region of the ovary. Note the large number of maternal blood vessels which are the circulatory conduits for the estrogens and progesterones produced by the theca surrounding the ovarian follicles.
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| Note: [[G#germinal epithelium|germinal epithelium], [[T#tunica albuginea|tunica albuginea]], primordial and atretic follicles. Note larger preantral follicle with (from the centre out) nucleus of maturing oocyte, oocyte cytoplasm, [[Z#zona pellucida|zona pellucida]] (pink ring), follicle cells, [[S#stroma|stromal cells]].
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| == Ovary Cortex Primordial and Primary Follicles ==
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| [[File:Ova41he.jpg]]
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| View of cortical ovary region showing primordial follicles and a single preantral follicle, with atretic follicle to its left. Bottom of picture shows outer cells of antral follicle.
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| High power view of ovary cortical region showing primordial follicles and a single preantral follicle.
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| Features: germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, preantral follicle, nucleus of oocyte, oocyte cytoplasm, zona pellucida, [[C#Call-Exner body|Call-Exner body]], stratum granulosa, basement membrane, theca, blood vessels surrounding follicle in theca layer.
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| == Ovary Cortex and Medulla ==
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| [[File:Ovary10x.jpg]] [[File:Ova20he.jpg]]
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| Low power view of ovary cortex and medullary region. Note 3 stages of follocle development (primordial, preantral and antral).
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| Features:
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| * cortical primordial follicles
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| * oocyte
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| * follicular cells
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| * stromal cells
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| * preantral follicle- zona pellucida, stratum granulosa, theca
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| * early preovulatory follicle (Graafian) - oocyte, zona pellucida, [[C#corona radiata|corona radiata]], [[C#cumulus oophorus|cumulus oophorus]], [[L#liquor folliculi|liquor folliculi]], stratum granulosa, [[T#theca interna|theca interna]], [[T#theca externa|theca externa]], blood vessels surrounding follicle
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| == Follicle Development ==
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| [[File:Human_ovary_follicle_development.jpg|frame|Human ovary follicle development]]
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| The development of a primordial follicle to a preovulatory follicle takes in excess of 120 days. After it has become a primary follicle of about 0.2 mm diameter it takes about 65 days to develop into a preovulatory follicle. Cohorts of follicles continually develop but only one is most sensitive to hormonal stimulation and is "selected", becoming the dominant follicle. All others in this cohort will undergo atresia.
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| === Fertility Treatments===
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| Superovulation therapy is a fertility drug treatement (oral [[C#clomiphene citrate|clomiphene citrate]] and/or injectable FSH with or without LH) aimed at stimulating development/release of more than one follicle during a single menstrual cycle.
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|
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| == Follicle Classification ==
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| The above images show the histological changes that occur with follicle development ([[F#folliculogenesis|folliculogenesis]]). In humans, this entire process occurs over the timecourse of at least 3 menstrual cycles. This means that within the ovary during each cycle (at any point in time) many follicles can be either developing (folliculogenesis), regressing (atresis) and only a single follicle will be selected as ready for release. The selected follicle readied for release, generally one of the largest antral follicle, and can be classifed or described as: an antral preovulatory follicle or Graafian follicle or type 8 follicle (depending upon the classification used).
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| Classification systems - There are several different nomenclatures for the stages of follicle maturation (shown below) all of which makes the literature very confusing. The simplest is primordial, preantral, antral, Preovulatory (Graffian). You can also use the 5 step follicle classification: Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Preovulatory. Note that some classifications refer to the antral follicle as a secondary follicle and do not use the term tertiary follicle.
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| ===Primordial Follicle===
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| Alternative nomenclature: small follicle or type 1, 2, 3 (25 cells) less than 50 micron diameter
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| ===Preantral Follicle===
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| Alternative nomenclature: preantral follicle or type 4 (26-100 cells), type 5 (101-300 cells) up to 200 micron diameter
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| ===Antral Follicle===
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| Alternative nomenclature: small antral type 6 (301-500 cells), large antral type 7 (501-1000 cells) small antral 500 micron diameter, large antral 1000-6000 micron diameter
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| ===Preovulatory Follicle===
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| Alternative nomenclature: largest antral follicle or Graafian follicle or type 8 (>1000 cells) greater than 6000 micron diameter
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| ==Atresia==
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| At any one time the majority of follicles are destined not to complete maturation and at any stage (from type 4-7) degeneration of the follicle can occur, this process is called [[A#atresia|atresia]].
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| <gallery>
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| File:Ovary-_atretic_follicle_02.jpg|Atretic follicle
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| File:Ovary-_atretic_follicle_04.jpg|Atretic oocytes
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| </gallery>
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|
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| == Ovulation ==
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| [[File:Menstrual_cycle.png|thumb|The Menstrual Cycle]]
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| [[File:Ovulation_icon.jpg|120px|link=Movie_-_Ovulation 01]] [[File:Follicle 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Development_Animation_-_Ovulation]]
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| Movie (click image to play) showing process of ovulation (release of oocyte and follicular fluid). Click on movie to start.
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| Note that following ovulation the remnant of the follicle will degenerate if implantation does not occur (non-pregnant) forming a corpus albicans or following implantation (pregnancy) a corpus luteum which provides endocrine support to the uterus.
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| An endocrine signal (hCG human Chorionic Gonadotropin) from the implanting conceptus syncitiotrophoblasts maintains the corpus luteum, which in turn supports the uterine functional lining, preventing menstruation.
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| ----
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| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
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| {{Template:Glossary}}
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| ==Additional Information==
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| '''The information below is not part of today's Practical.'''
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| '''Links:''' [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/FemaleRepro/femalerepro.htm Female Reproductive Tract Histology]
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| == Terms ==
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| * '''antral follicle''' - the stage following preantral in the decription of the sequence ovarian follicle development.
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| * '''antrum''' - (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
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| * '''atretic follicle''' - An ovarian follicle that fails to mature and degenerates. Also called "atresia" refering to the process of degeneration of the ovarian follicle. This process can occur at any stage of follicle development (folliculogenesis).
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| * '''clomiphene citrate''' - drug taken orally to promote the process of follicle/egg maturation.
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| * '''corona radiata''' - Layer of follicle cells of cumulus oophorus remaining attached to zona pellucida of oocyte after ovulation. Also called granulosa cells.
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| * '''corpus albicans''' - (L. ''corpus'' = body, L. ''albicans ''<nowiki>= whitish); a degenerating corpus luteum in ovary. </nowiki>
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| * '''corpus luteum''' - (L. ''corpus'' = body, L. ''luteum'' = yellow) The remains of ovarian follicle after ovulation that acts as an endocrine organ supporting pregnancy and preventing menstruation (loss of the endometrial lining). de Graaf first observed it in the ovary of a cow as a yellow structure.
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| * '''cortical''' - (L. ''corticalis'') at the outside (like the bark of a tree), usually combined with medulla meaning the core.
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| * '''cumulus oophorus''' - (L. ''cumulus ''<nowiki>= a little mound G. </nowiki>''oon'' = egg + phorus = bearing); part of the wall of an ovarian follicle surrounding and carrying the ovum (oocyte).
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| * '''follicle''' - (L. ''folliculus'' = little bag,dim. of L. ''follis''). A structure which develops in the ovary and contains a developing egg (oocyte).
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| * '''follicular fluid''' - the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
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| * '''germinal epithelium''' - cellular component covering surface of ovary, it is continuous with mesothelium covering mesovarium. Note that it is a historical misnomer, as it is not the actual site of germ cell formation.
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| * '''Graafian follicle''' - named after Regnier de Graaf (1641-1673), an historic Dutch physician embryologist who studied pregnancy using rabbits.
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| * '''granulosa cells''' - the supporting cells that surround the developing egg within the follicle thecal layers.
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| * '''mesovarium''' - mesentry of the ovary formed from a fold of the broad ligament that attaches the ovary
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| * '''medullary''' - (L. ''medius'' = in the middle) relating to the medulla; pith, marrow, inner portion of an organ. Usually combined with cortex (cortical) meaning the outer layer.
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| * '''oocyte''' - (Greek, ''oo'' = egg, ovum) The term used to describe the haploid egg or ovum formed within the [[O#ovary|ovary]] (female gonad) and released to enter the uterine tube and be transported to the [[U#uterus|uterus]]. The mature oocyte is the cell released from the [[O#ovary|ovary]] during ovulation.
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| * '''oocyte retrieval''' - ([[E#egg retrieval|egg retrieval]]) A clinical [[I#in vitro fertilization|in vitro fertilization]] (IVF) procedure to collect the eggs contained in the ovarian [[F#follicle|follicles]].
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| * '''oogenesis''' - (Greek, ''oo'' = egg + ''genesis'' = origin, creation, generation) process of diploid oogonia division and differentiation into an haploid oocyte (egg) within the [[O#ovary|ovary]] (female gonad). Mammalian meiosis will only be completed within the oocyte if [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] occurs.
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| * '''oogonia''' - (Greek, ''oo'' = egg) diploid germ cells within the [[O#ovary|ovary]] (female gonad) which provide the primary oocytes for oocyte (egg) formation. In humans, all oogonia form primary oocytes within the [[O#ovary|ovary]] before birth.
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| * '''oophorus''' - (Greek, ''oo'' = egg + ''phorus'' = carrying, egg-bearing) cumulus oophorus, used to describe the granulosa cells within the follicle that tether or link the oocyte to the wall of the follicle.
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| * '''ovulation''' - release of the oocyte from the mature follicle. In humans generally a single oocyte is released from a cohort of several maturing follicles.
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| * '''preantral follicle''' - the stage following primordial in the description of the sequence ovarian follicle development.
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| * '''primary follicle''' - the stage following primordial in the description of the sequence ovarian follicle development.
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| * '''primordial follicle''' - the first stage in the description of the sequence ovarian follicle development. Present in the ovary from birth, located in the stroma of the ovary cortex beneath the tunica albuginea. The primordial follicle is the oocyte and the surrounding follicular cells.
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| * '''primordial germ cell''' - oocyte present in the primordial follicle ovary from birth, located in the stroma of the ovary cortex beneath the tunica albuginea. The primordial follicle is the oocyte and the surrounding follicular cells.
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| * '''secondary follicles''' - the stage following primary in the description of the sequence ovarian follicle development.
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| * '''stromal cells''' - in the ovary, cells surrounding the developing follicle that form a connective tissue sheath (theca folliculi). This layer then differentiates into 2 layers (theca interna, theca externa). This region is richly vascularized and involved in hormone secretion.
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| * '''superovulation therapy''' - a fertility drug treatement (oral clomiphene citrate and/or injectable FSH with or without LH) aimed at stimulating development/release of more than one follicle during a single menstrual cycle.
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| * '''tertiary follicle''' - the stage following secondary in the description of the sequence ovarian follicle development.
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| * '''theca folliculi''' - stromal cells in the ovary, cells surrounding the developing follicle that form a connective tissue sheath. This layer then differentiates into 2 layers (theca interna, theca externa). This region is vascularized and involved in hormone secretion.
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| * '''theca externa''' - stromal cells forming the outer layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle. Consisting of connective tissue cells, smooth muscle and collagen fibers.
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| * '''theca interna''' - stromal cells forming the inner layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle. This vascularized layer of cells respond to LH (leutenizing hormone) synthesizing and secreting androgens which are processed into estrogen.
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| * '''tunica albuginea''' - dense connective tissue layer lying between germinal epithelium and cortical region of ovary.
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| * '''uterus''' - site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 major layers: endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. Endometrium can be further divided into the functional layer (shed/lost during menstruation) and basal layer (not lost during menstruation).
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| * '''zona pellucida''' - extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Has an important role in egg development, fertilization and blastocyst development. This thick extracellular matrix consists of glcosaminoglycans and 3 glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
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| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
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|
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| ==Introduction==
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| This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).
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| Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.
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| == Fertilization Dynamics ==
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|
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| {| border='0px'
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|
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| | [[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Fertilization 01]]
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| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
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| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
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| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Sperm Events ==
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| '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of sperm mitochondria
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| '''Binding''' - ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
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| '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
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| '''Membrane fusion''' - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
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| == Egg Events ==
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| '''Sperm membrane fusion''' - causes depolarization of egg membrane, primary block to polyspermy
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|
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| '''Cortical reaction''' - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules, enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3743 cortical reaction])
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| '''2nd meiotic division''' - completion of 2nd meiotic division, forms second polar body
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| == Sperm Penetration ==
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| {| border='0px'
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|
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| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
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| | The animation shows:
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|
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| # sperm moving between granulosa cells to contact the zona pellucida.
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| # sperm releasing acrosomal contents to breakdown zona pellucida.
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| # sperm fusing with egg membrane.
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| # egg releasing cortical granule contents.
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| # egg completing meiosis.
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Pronuclear Fusion ==
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|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # zona pellucida (yellow).
| |
| # polar bodies (green) which contain excess DNA.
| |
| # two pronuclei (blue) which loose their nuclear membranes and fuse together.
| |
| # chromosomes pairing to form the diplod zygote
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | In the mouse zygote, separation of chromatin according to parental origin is preserved up to the four-cell embryo stage and then gradually disappears.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Overview ==
| |
|
| |
| === Capacitation ===
| |
|
| |
| * The mammalian spermatozoa once released, must remain for a time in the female genital tract before having the capacity to fertilize the oocyte. This process involves modifying the spermatozoa.
| |
|
| |
| === Acrosome Reaction ===
| |
|
| |
| * Penetration of egg by spermatozoa is initiated by the acrosome reaction which takes different forms in different species.
| |
| * Mammalian acrosomal lysins contain proteinases which lyse the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida.
| |
| * The central part of the acrosome elongates into a tube which extends form the head of the spermatozoon. On contact with the egg the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane thus opening the acrosomal vesicle and liberating the granules containing acrosomal lysins.
| |
| * The inner portion of the acrosomal membrane everts and lengthens to form the acrosomal tubule through which the sperm nucleus enters the egg.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Contact ===
| |
|
| |
| The act of fertilization changes the egg from a stage of slow structural and metabolic decline to one of renewed activation. Morphologically egg activation is a series of surface changes immediately following sperm contact.
| |
|
| |
| * Mammals - No phenomenon comparable to the raising of the fertilization membrane is displayed. Mammalian eggs are surrounded by the zona pellucida which undergoes a structural change known as the zonal reaction after sperm penetration. On sperm contact with the egg plasma membrane, cortical granules break down as in above forms, substances liberated into the perivitelline space rapidly modify the zona pellucida resulting in a block to further sperm penetration.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Activation of Egg ===
| |
|
| |
| * During fertilization sperm activates the egg by induction of a calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) oscillation within the egg's cytoplasm.
| |
| * Induction occurs by a sperm protein factor (unidentified) which can stimulate '''only once''' calcium ion oscillations in metaphase eggs.
| |
| * Another sperm derived factor is then responsible for the inactivation of this oscillation.
| |
| * The activation of the egg by this calcium ion oscillation is essential for entry of the egg into the first mitotic cycle.
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote - Sperm Contribution ==
| |
| What the fertilizing sperm contributes in addition to the genetic material to the zygote differes between species.
| |
|
| |
| * '''Centriole''' - most mammalian species, sperm contribute a centriole to reconstitute the zygotic centrosome. In rodents, only a maternal centrosomal inheritance occurs.
| |
| * '''Sperm Mitochondria''' - may enter the zygote, but are eliminated by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism.
| |
|
| |
| Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| '''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| == Zona Pellucida ==
| |
| The specialized extracellular matrix layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. The structure consists of glcosaminoglycans and three main glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
|
| |
| After fertilization, the zona pellucida:
| |
|
| |
| # blocks polyspermic fertilization
| |
| # physically protects the preimplantation embryo during early embryonic development (aided by an initial "hardening" after fertilization)
| |
| # aids uterine tube transport
| |
| # impacts upon blastocyst development
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote Contributions ==
| |
| '''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Paternal''' - spermatozoon contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=books&rid=dbio.chapter.1334 Dev Biol - Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.6118#6135 MBoC - Fertilization]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| == Terms ==
| |
| * '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.
| |
| * '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
| |
| * '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
| |
| * '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
| |
| * '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
| |
| * '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
| |
| * '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].
| |
| * '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid|haploid]] gametes to form the first [[D#diploid|diploid]] cell, the [[Z#zygote|zygote]]. (More? [[Fertilization]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Testis Development]] | [[Ovary Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 2|Lecture - Fertilization]])
| |
| * '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.
| |
| * '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
| |
| * '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
| |
| * '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
| |
| * '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
| |
| * '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
| |
| * '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
| |
| * '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
| |
| * '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
| * '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).
| |
|
| |
| Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Dynamics ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Fertilization 01]]
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Events ==
| |
| '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of sperm mitochondria
| |
|
| |
| '''Binding''' - ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
| |
|
| |
| '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
| |
|
| |
| '''Membrane fusion''' - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
| |
|
| |
| == Egg Events ==
| |
| '''Sperm membrane fusion''' - causes depolarization of egg membrane, primary block to polyspermy
| |
|
| |
| '''Cortical reaction''' - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules, enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3743 cortical reaction])
| |
|
| |
| '''2nd meiotic division''' - completion of 2nd meiotic division, forms second polar body
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Penetration ==
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # sperm moving between granulosa cells to contact the zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm releasing acrosomal contents to breakdown zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm fusing with egg membrane.
| |
| # egg releasing cortical granule contents.
| |
| # egg completing meiosis.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Pronuclear Fusion ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # zona pellucida (yellow).
| |
| # polar bodies (green) which contain excess DNA.
| |
| # two pronuclei (blue) which loose their nuclear membranes and fuse together.
| |
| # chromosomes pairing to form the diplod zygote
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | In the mouse zygote, separation of chromatin according to parental origin is preserved up to the four-cell embryo stage and then gradually disappears.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Overview ==
| |
|
| |
| === Capacitation ===
| |
|
| |
| * The mammalian spermatozoa once released, must remain for a time in the female genital tract before having the capacity to fertilize the oocyte. This process involves modifying the spermatozoa.
| |
|
| |
| === Acrosome Reaction ===
| |
|
| |
| * Penetration of egg by spermatozoa is initiated by the acrosome reaction which takes different forms in different species.
| |
| * Mammalian acrosomal lysins contain proteinases which lyse the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida.
| |
| * The central part of the acrosome elongates into a tube which extends form the head of the spermatozoon. On contact with the egg the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane thus opening the acrosomal vesicle and liberating the granules containing acrosomal lysins.
| |
| * The inner portion of the acrosomal membrane everts and lengthens to form the acrosomal tubule through which the sperm nucleus enters the egg.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Contact ===
| |
|
| |
| The act of fertilization changes the egg from a stage of slow structural and metabolic decline to one of renewed activation. Morphologically egg activation is a series of surface changes immediately following sperm contact.
| |
|
| |
| * Mammals - No phenomenon comparable to the raising of the fertilization membrane is displayed. Mammalian eggs are surrounded by the zona pellucida which undergoes a structural change known as the zonal reaction after sperm penetration. On sperm contact with the egg plasma membrane, cortical granules break down as in above forms, substances liberated into the perivitelline space rapidly modify the zona pellucida resulting in a block to further sperm penetration.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Activation of Egg ===
| |
|
| |
| * During fertilization sperm activates the egg by induction of a calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) oscillation within the egg's cytoplasm.
| |
| * Induction occurs by a sperm protein factor (unidentified) which can stimulate '''only once''' calcium ion oscillations in metaphase eggs.
| |
| * Another sperm derived factor is then responsible for the inactivation of this oscillation.
| |
| * The activation of the egg by this calcium ion oscillation is essential for entry of the egg into the first mitotic cycle.
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote - Sperm Contribution ==
| |
| What the fertilizing sperm contributes in addition to the genetic material to the zygote differes between species.
| |
|
| |
| * '''Centriole''' - most mammalian species, sperm contribute a centriole to reconstitute the zygotic centrosome. In rodents, only a maternal centrosomal inheritance occurs.
| |
| * '''Sperm Mitochondria''' - may enter the zygote, but are eliminated by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism.
| |
|
| |
| Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| '''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| == Zona Pellucida ==
| |
| The specialized extracellular matrix layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. The structure consists of glcosaminoglycans and three main glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
|
| |
| After fertilization, the zona pellucida:
| |
|
| |
| # blocks polyspermic fertilization
| |
| # physically protects the preimplantation embryo during early embryonic development (aided by an initial "hardening" after fertilization)
| |
| # aids uterine tube transport
| |
| # impacts upon blastocyst development
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote Contributions ==
| |
| '''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Paternal''' - spermatozoon contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=books&rid=dbio.chapter.1334 Dev Biol - Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.6118#6135 MBoC - Fertilization]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| == Terms ==
| |
| * '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.
| |
| * '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
| |
| * '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
| |
| * '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
| |
| * '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
| |
| * '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
| |
| * '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].
| |
| * '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid|haploid]] gametes to form the first [[D#diploid|diploid]] cell, the [[Z#zygote|zygote]]. (More? [[Fertilization]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Testis Development]] | [[Ovary Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 2|Lecture - Fertilization]])
| |
| * '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.
| |
| * '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
| |
| * '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
| |
| * '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
| |
| * '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
| |
| * '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
| |
| * '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
| |
| * '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
| |
| * '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
| * '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).
| |
|
| |
| Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Dynamics ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Fertilization 01]]
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Events ==
| |
| '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of sperm mitochondria
| |
|
| |
| '''Binding''' - ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
| |
|
| |
| '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
| |
|
| |
| '''Membrane fusion''' - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
| |
|
| |
| == Egg Events ==
| |
| '''Sperm membrane fusion''' - causes depolarization of egg membrane, primary block to polyspermy
| |
|
| |
| '''Cortical reaction''' - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules, enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3743 cortical reaction])
| |
|
| |
| '''2nd meiotic division''' - completion of 2nd meiotic division, forms second polar body
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Penetration ==
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # sperm moving between granulosa cells to contact the zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm releasing acrosomal contents to breakdown zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm fusing with egg membrane.
| |
| # egg releasing cortical granule contents.
| |
| # egg completing meiosis.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Pronuclear Fusion ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # zona pellucida (yellow).
| |
| # polar bodies (green) which contain excess DNA.
| |
| # two pronuclei (blue) which loose their nuclear membranes and fuse together.
| |
| # chromosomes pairing to form the diplod zygote
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | In the mouse zygote, separation of chromatin according to parental origin is preserved up to the four-cell embryo stage and then gradually disappears.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Overview ==
| |
|
| |
| === Capacitation ===
| |
|
| |
| * The mammalian spermatozoa once released, must remain for a time in the female genital tract before having the capacity to fertilize the oocyte. This process involves modifying the spermatozoa.
| |
|
| |
| === Acrosome Reaction ===
| |
|
| |
| * Penetration of egg by spermatozoa is initiated by the acrosome reaction which takes different forms in different species.
| |
| * Mammalian acrosomal lysins contain proteinases which lyse the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida.
| |
| * The central part of the acrosome elongates into a tube which extends form the head of the spermatozoon. On contact with the egg the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane thus opening the acrosomal vesicle and liberating the granules containing acrosomal lysins.
| |
| * The inner portion of the acrosomal membrane everts and lengthens to form the acrosomal tubule through which the sperm nucleus enters the egg.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Contact ===
| |
|
| |
| The act of fertilization changes the egg from a stage of slow structural and metabolic decline to one of renewed activation. Morphologically egg activation is a series of surface changes immediately following sperm contact.
| |
|
| |
| * Mammals - No phenomenon comparable to the raising of the fertilization membrane is displayed. Mammalian eggs are surrounded by the zona pellucida which undergoes a structural change known as the zonal reaction after sperm penetration. On sperm contact with the egg plasma membrane, cortical granules break down as in above forms, substances liberated into the perivitelline space rapidly modify the zona pellucida resulting in a block to further sperm penetration.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Activation of Egg ===
| |
|
| |
| * During fertilization sperm activates the egg by induction of a calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) oscillation within the egg's cytoplasm.
| |
| * Induction occurs by a sperm protein factor (unidentified) which can stimulate '''only once''' calcium ion oscillations in metaphase eggs.
| |
| * Another sperm derived factor is then responsible for the inactivation of this oscillation.
| |
| * The activation of the egg by this calcium ion oscillation is essential for entry of the egg into the first mitotic cycle.
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote - Sperm Contribution ==
| |
| What the fertilizing sperm contributes in addition to the genetic material to the zygote differes between species.
| |
|
| |
| * '''Centriole''' - most mammalian species, sperm contribute a centriole to reconstitute the zygotic centrosome. In rodents, only a maternal centrosomal inheritance occurs.
| |
| * '''Sperm Mitochondria''' - may enter the zygote, but are eliminated by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism.
| |
|
| |
| Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| '''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| == Zona Pellucida ==
| |
| The specialized extracellular matrix layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. The structure consists of glcosaminoglycans and three main glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
|
| |
| After fertilization, the zona pellucida:
| |
|
| |
| # blocks polyspermic fertilization
| |
| # physically protects the preimplantation embryo during early embryonic development (aided by an initial "hardening" after fertilization)
| |
| # aids uterine tube transport
| |
| # impacts upon blastocyst development
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote Contributions ==
| |
| '''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Paternal''' - spermatozoon contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=books&rid=dbio.chapter.1334 Dev Biol - Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.6118#6135 MBoC - Fertilization]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| == Terms ==
| |
| * '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.
| |
| * '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
| |
| * '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
| |
| * '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
| |
| * '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
| |
| * '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
| |
| * '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].
| |
| * '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid|haploid]] gametes to form the first [[D#diploid|diploid]] cell, the [[Z#zygote|zygote]]. (More? [[Fertilization]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Testis Development]] | [[Ovary Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 2|Lecture - Fertilization]])
| |
| * '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.
| |
| * '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
| |
| * '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
| |
| * '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
| |
| * '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
| |
| * '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
| |
| * '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
| |
| * '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
| |
| * '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
| * '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:BGDALab3}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).
| |
|
| |
| Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Dynamics ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Fertilization 01]]
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Events ==
| |
| '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of sperm mitochondria
| |
|
| |
| '''Binding''' - ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
| |
|
| |
| '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
| |
|
| |
| '''Membrane fusion''' - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
| |
|
| |
| == Egg Events ==
| |
| '''Sperm membrane fusion''' - causes depolarization of egg membrane, primary block to polyspermy
| |
|
| |
| '''Cortical reaction''' - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules, enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3743 cortical reaction])
| |
|
| |
| '''2nd meiotic division''' - completion of 2nd meiotic division, forms second polar body
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Penetration ==
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # sperm moving between granulosa cells to contact the zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm releasing acrosomal contents to breakdown zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm fusing with egg membrane.
| |
| # egg releasing cortical granule contents.
| |
| # egg completing meiosis.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Pronuclear Fusion ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # zona pellucida (yellow).
| |
| # polar bodies (green) which contain excess DNA.
| |
| # two pronuclei (blue) which loose their nuclear membranes and fuse together.
| |
| # chromosomes pairing to form the diplod zygote
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | In the mouse zygote, separation of chromatin according to parental origin is preserved up to the four-cell embryo stage and then gradually disappears.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Overview ==
| |
|
| |
| === Capacitation ===
| |
|
| |
| * The mammalian spermatozoa once released, must remain for a time in the female genital tract before having the capacity to fertilize the oocyte. This process involves modifying the spermatozoa.
| |
|
| |
| === Acrosome Reaction ===
| |
|
| |
| * Penetration of egg by spermatozoa is initiated by the acrosome reaction which takes different forms in different species.
| |
| * Mammalian acrosomal lysins contain proteinases which lyse the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida.
| |
| * The central part of the acrosome elongates into a tube which extends form the head of the spermatozoon. On contact with the egg the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane thus opening the acrosomal vesicle and liberating the granules containing acrosomal lysins.
| |
| * The inner portion of the acrosomal membrane everts and lengthens to form the acrosomal tubule through which the sperm nucleus enters the egg.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Contact ===
| |
|
| |
| The act of fertilization changes the egg from a stage of slow structural and metabolic decline to one of renewed activation. Morphologically egg activation is a series of surface changes immediately following sperm contact.
| |
|
| |
| * Mammals - No phenomenon comparable to the raising of the fertilization membrane is displayed. Mammalian eggs are surrounded by the zona pellucida which undergoes a structural change known as the zonal reaction after sperm penetration. On sperm contact with the egg plasma membrane, cortical granules break down as in above forms, substances liberated into the perivitelline space rapidly modify the zona pellucida resulting in a block to further sperm penetration.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Activation of Egg ===
| |
|
| |
| * During fertilization sperm activates the egg by induction of a calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) oscillation within the egg's cytoplasm.
| |
| * Induction occurs by a sperm protein factor (unidentified) which can stimulate '''only once''' calcium ion oscillations in metaphase eggs.
| |
| * Another sperm derived factor is then responsible for the inactivation of this oscillation.
| |
| * The activation of the egg by this calcium ion oscillation is essential for entry of the egg into the first mitotic cycle.
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote - Sperm Contribution ==
| |
| What the fertilizing sperm contributes in addition to the genetic material to the zygote differes between species.
| |
|
| |
| * '''Centriole''' - most mammalian species, sperm contribute a centriole to reconstitute the zygotic centrosome. In rodents, only a maternal centrosomal inheritance occurs.
| |
| * '''Sperm Mitochondria''' - may enter the zygote, but are eliminated by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism.
| |
|
| |
| Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| '''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| == Zona Pellucida ==
| |
| The specialized extracellular matrix layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. The structure consists of glcosaminoglycans and three main glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
|
| |
| After fertilization, the zona pellucida:
| |
|
| |
| # blocks polyspermic fertilization
| |
| # physically protects the preimplantation embryo during early embryonic development (aided by an initial "hardening" after fertilization)
| |
| # aids uterine tube transport
| |
| # impacts upon blastocyst development
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote Contributions ==
| |
| '''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Paternal''' - spermatozoon contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=books&rid=dbio.chapter.1334 Dev Biol - Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.6118#6135 MBoC - Fertilization]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| == Terms ==
| |
| * '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.
| |
| * '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
| |
| * '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
| |
| * '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
| |
| * '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
| |
| * '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
| |
| * '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].
| |
| * '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid|haploid]] gametes to form the first [[D#diploid|diploid]] cell, the [[Z#zygote|zygote]]. (More? [[Fertilization]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Testis Development]] | [[Ovary Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 2|Lecture - Fertilization]])
| |
| * '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.
| |
| * '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
| |
| * '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
| |
| * '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
| |
| * '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
| |
| * '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
| |
| * '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
| |
| * '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
| |
| * '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
| |
| * '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
| * '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| This page covers the process of mammalian fertilization. A complex interaction between the two haploid gametes (oocyte and spermatozoa) resulting in a single diploid cell (zygote). Following entry of the spermatazoa into the oocyte a series of changes occur within the oocyte and zona pellucida that block further fertilization by additional bound spermatozoa (polyspermy).
| |
|
| |
| Due to both scientific and medical research on this process, this can now occur outside the body (''in vitro fertilization'') as well as fertility therapies to aid normal (''in vivo fertilization''). In addition, our understanding of fertilization has led to the development of a number of alternative fertility control methods.
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Dynamics ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Fertilization 01]]
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|90px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Events ==
| |
| '''Capacitation''' - removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins, alteration of sperm mitochondria
| |
|
| |
| '''Binding''' - ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
| |
|
| |
| '''Acrosome reaction''' - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium ion mediated), enzymes to digest the zona pellucida, exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
| |
|
| |
| '''Membrane fusion''' - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
| |
|
| |
| == Egg Events ==
| |
| '''Sperm membrane fusion''' - causes depolarization of egg membrane, primary block to polyspermy
| |
|
| |
| '''Cortical reaction''' - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules, enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.3743 cortical reaction])
| |
|
| |
| '''2nd meiotic division''' - completion of 2nd meiotic division, forms second polar body
| |
|
| |
| == Sperm Penetration ==
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Fertilization 002 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Fertilization]]
| |
| | The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # sperm moving between granulosa cells to contact the zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm releasing acrosomal contents to breakdown zona pellucida.
| |
| # sperm fusing with egg membrane.
| |
| # egg releasing cortical granule contents.
| |
| # egg completing meiosis.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Pronuclear Fusion ==
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Pronuclear_fusion 001 icon.jpg|200px|link=Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion]]
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
| The animation shows:
| |
|
| |
| # zona pellucida (yellow).
| |
| # polar bodies (green) which contain excess DNA.
| |
| # two pronuclei (blue) which loose their nuclear membranes and fuse together.
| |
| # chromosomes pairing to form the diplod zygote
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| border='0px'
| |
|
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[File:Parental_genome_mix_01_icon.jpg|200px|link=Movie_-_Parental_genomes]]
| |
| | In the mouse zygote, separation of chromatin according to parental origin is preserved up to the four-cell embryo stage and then gradually disappears.
| |
| |-
| |
|
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Fertilization Overview ==
| |
|
| |
| === Capacitation ===
| |
|
| |
| * The mammalian spermatozoa once released, must remain for a time in the female genital tract before having the capacity to fertilize the oocyte. This process involves modifying the spermatozoa.
| |
|
| |
| === Acrosome Reaction ===
| |
|
| |
| * Penetration of egg by spermatozoa is initiated by the acrosome reaction which takes different forms in different species.
| |
| * Mammalian acrosomal lysins contain proteinases which lyse the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida.
| |
| * The central part of the acrosome elongates into a tube which extends form the head of the spermatozoon. On contact with the egg the acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane thus opening the acrosomal vesicle and liberating the granules containing acrosomal lysins.
| |
| * The inner portion of the acrosomal membrane everts and lengthens to form the acrosomal tubule through which the sperm nucleus enters the egg.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Contact ===
| |
|
| |
| The act of fertilization changes the egg from a stage of slow structural and metabolic decline to one of renewed activation. Morphologically egg activation is a series of surface changes immediately following sperm contact.
| |
|
| |
| * Mammals - No phenomenon comparable to the raising of the fertilization membrane is displayed. Mammalian eggs are surrounded by the zona pellucida which undergoes a structural change known as the zonal reaction after sperm penetration. On sperm contact with the egg plasma membrane, cortical granules break down as in above forms, substances liberated into the perivitelline space rapidly modify the zona pellucida resulting in a block to further sperm penetration.
| |
|
| |
| === Sperm Activation of Egg ===
| |
|
| |
| * During fertilization sperm activates the egg by induction of a calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) oscillation within the egg's cytoplasm.
| |
| * Induction occurs by a sperm protein factor (unidentified) which can stimulate '''only once''' calcium ion oscillations in metaphase eggs.
| |
| * Another sperm derived factor is then responsible for the inactivation of this oscillation.
| |
| * The activation of the egg by this calcium ion oscillation is essential for entry of the egg into the first mitotic cycle.
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote - Sperm Contribution ==
| |
| What the fertilizing sperm contributes in addition to the genetic material to the zygote differes between species.
| |
|
| |
| * '''Centriole''' - most mammalian species, sperm contribute a centriole to reconstitute the zygotic centrosome. In rodents, only a maternal centrosomal inheritance occurs.
| |
| * '''Sperm Mitochondria''' - may enter the zygote, but are eliminated by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism.
| |
|
| |
| Perinuclear Theca - located in the sperm head perinuclear region. Contains a cytoskeletal element to maintain the shape of the sperm head and functional molecules leading to oocyte activation during fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| '''Note''' - ART intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques may introduce sperm components normally lost during in vivo fertilization.
| |
|
| |
| == Zona Pellucida ==
| |
| The specialized extracellular matrix layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. The structure consists of glcosaminoglycans and three main glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
| |
|
| |
| After fertilization, the zona pellucida:
| |
|
| |
| # blocks polyspermic fertilization
| |
| # physically protects the preimplantation embryo during early embryonic development (aided by an initial "hardening" after fertilization)
| |
| # aids uterine tube transport
| |
| # impacts upon blastocyst development
| |
|
| |
| == Zygote Contributions ==
| |
| '''Maternal''' - mitochondria, nucleolus, oocyte contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Paternal''' - spermatozoon contributes one centriole during fertilization
| |
|
| |
| '''Both Parents''' - chromosomes (inherent epigenetic differences between the paternal and maternal pronuclei), plasma membranes spermatozoon/oocyte mingle to form a mosaic plasma membrane
| |
|
| |
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| '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=books&rid=dbio.chapter.1334 Dev Biol - Fertilization] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.6118#6135 MBoC - Fertilization]
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| {{Template:2010BGDLab3}}
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| == Terms ==
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| * '''adplantation '''- Initial adhesion of blastocyst (released from zona pellucida) to uterine wall. Adplantation is followed by implantation.
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| * '''ampulla''' - longest segment (approximately 2/3 of overall length) of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube). Medial segment forming the remainder of the tube is called the isthmus.
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| * '''antrum'''- (L. a cave), cavity; a nearly-closed cavity or bulge. In the ovary this refers to the follicular fluid-filled space within the follicle.
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| * '''blastocyst '''- the developmental stage following morula, as this stage matures, the zona pellucia is lost allowing the coceptus to adplant and then implant into the uterine wall.
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| * '''capacitation''' - the process of activation of sperm, requires removal of surface glycoproteins and increased motility. The sperm now become capable of fertilizing an egg.
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| * '''cavitates'''- to form a space within a solid object.
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| * '''conceptus''' - the entire structure generated from the [[Z#zygote|zygote]].
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| * '''fertilization''' - (fertilisation) The process of penetration of the oocyte (egg) by the [[S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] and the combining of their genetic material that initiates development of the [[E#embryo|embryo]]. The union of two [[H#haploid|haploid]] gametes to form the first [[D#diploid|diploid]] cell, the [[Z#zygote|zygote]]. (More? [[Fertilization]] | [[Spermatozoa Development]] | [[Testis Development]] | [[Ovary Development]] | [[2009 Lecture 2|Lecture - Fertilization]])
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| * '''fimbriae'''- ( L. = a fringe) fingerlike projections at the ovarian end of uterine tube.
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| * '''follicular fluid'''- (or follicular fluid) the fluid found in the antrum of a secondary follicle. Secreted by cells in the wall of the follicle. This fluid is released along with the oocyte at ovulation.
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| * '''infundibulum'''- funnel-shaped initial segment of uterine tube (oviduct or Fallopian tube) opening into peritoneal cavity and connected to the ampulla. The peritoneal opening sitting over the ovary.
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| * '''morula''' -(L. morus = mulberry) early stage of development (12-15 cells) when conceptus is a solid ball of cells, further cell division forms the blasocyst.
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| * '''oocyte''' - (egg or ovum) female germ cell.
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| * '''ovulation'''- release of the oocyte from the mature follicle.
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| * '''uterine tube'''- (also called oviduct or Fallopian tube) the laterally paired tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus. Is the site for oocyte fertilization and initial development of the conceptus.
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| * '''uterine wall ''' - the site of normal blastocyst implantation.
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| * '''zona pellucida'''- glycoprotein shell that surrounds the oocyte through to blastula stage of development
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| * '''uterus'''- site of embryo implantation and development. Uterine wall has 3 layers; endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
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| * '''zona pellucida'''- extracellular layer lying directly around the oocyte underneath follicular cells. Consists of glcosaminoglycans and glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3).
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| * '''zygote''' - The first diploid cell that forms following [[F#fertilization|fertilization]] by fusion of haploid [[O#oocyte|oocyte]] (egg or ovum) and [S#spermatozoa|spermatozoa]] (sperm), resulting in the combination of their separate genomes. This single cell will divide by mitosis to form all cells of the embryo, fetal membranes and the embryonic component of the placenta. The term conceptus is used to describe all these cells derived from the fertilization event forming the zygote.
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