Paper - Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord - two cases, one associated with persistent cloaca: Difference between revisions
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CONGENITAL HBRNIA INTO THE UMBILICAL CORD; TWO CASES, ONE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT CLOACA | CONGENITAL HBRNIA INTO THE UMBILICAL CORD; TWO CASES, ONE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT CLOACA | ||
BY C. W. BURNs, M.D. AND M. A. 0eRYzLo, M.D. | BY C. W. BURNs, M.D. AND M. A. 0eRYzLo, M.D. Winmäpeg | ||
Winmäpeg | |||
Oksn 1 | Oksn 1 | ||
HIS was a male baby, about fifteen hours old when | HIS was a male baby, about fifteen hours old when admitted to the Winnipeg General IIospit-al. It was normally delivered, born of healthy parents. The mother was thirty—two years old, para II, gravida II, the previous child having been normal. The baby was born on January 13, 1938, at three | ||
admitted to the Winnipeg General IIospit-al. It was | |||
normally delivered, born of healthy parents. The mother | |||
was thirty—two years old, para II, gravida II, the previous child having been normal. | |||
The baby was born on January 13, 1938, at three | |||
« o’clock in the morning on a farm in rural Manitoba | « o’clock in the morning on a farm in rural Manitoba | ||
Transportation to Winnipeg required a ten mile ride by | Transportation to Winnipeg required a ten mile ride by sleigh in below zero weather, one hundred miles by rai1, and taxi conveyance to the hospitaL The local physiciam who had skilfully conducted the accouchement, prepared the tiny patient for its journey by wrapping it in cottonwool and blankets, and placing it in an ordinary parcel This made a comfortable and essentially private conveyance. A male relative accepted the responsibility of the journey. At the expected time a basket was calm1y deposited on the admitting office counter, and from it was extracted the little patient, apparently none the worse for its unique experienca | ||
sleigh in below zero weather, one hundred miles by rai1, | |||
and taxi conveyance to the hospitaL The local physiciam | |||
who had skilfully conducted the accouchement, prepared | |||
the tiny patient for its journey by wrapping it in cottonwool and blankets, and placing it in an ordinary parcel | |||
This made a | |||
comfortable and essentially private conveyance. A male | |||
relative accepted the responsibility of the journey. At | |||
the expected time a basket was calm1y deposited on the | |||
admitting office counter, and from it was extracted the | |||
little patient, apparently none the worse for its unique | |||
experienca | |||
Physical examination revealed a robust, full-term | Physical examination revealed a robust, full-term infant, weighing eight pounds and thirteen ounces, whose only abnormality was a large hernia into the umbilical cord, about the size of its head. This hernia contained practically the whole of the small bowel, and was | ||
infant, weighing eight pounds and thirteen ounces, whose | |||
only abnormality was a large hernia into the umbilical | |||
cord, about the size of its head. This hernia contained | |||
practically the whole of the small bowel, and was | |||
covered only by a thin transparent membrane, throu h | covered only by a thin transparent membrane, throu h which the loops of intestine -and peristalsis could easi y be seen. The colour of the sac was a pearly grey, while the intestinal walls were a healthy red. The neck of the sac was about three inches in diameter, and a small cuff of skin about one inch wide was carried on to it from the abdominal wall. The membrane, though intact, showed local evidence of abrasions and peeling of its outer layer. « | ||
which the loops of intestine -and peristalsis could easi y | |||
be seen. The colour of the sac was a pearly grey, while | |||
the intestinal walls were a healthy red. The neck of | |||
the sac was about three inches in diameter, and a small | |||
cuff of skin about one inch wide was carried on to it | |||
from the abdominal wall. The membrane, though intact, | |||
showed local evidence of abrasions and peeling of its | |||
outer layer. « | |||
Since the child presented no other congenital anomaly an immediate operation was decided upon. A | Since the child presented no other congenital anomaly an immediate operation was decided upon. A normal passage of urine just before operation relieved any amciety of the bladder being abnormal. | ||
normal passage of urine just before operation relieved | |||
any amciety of the bladder being abnormal. | |||
Bther was administered as a general sanæsthetic in | Bther was administered as a general sanæsthetic in the usual manner, the period of anæsthesia being fifteen minutes. Observing strict aseptic technique, the loops of bowel were with diiiiculty reduced into the abdominal cavity. The sac was then opened and the abdominal wall closed with one continuous chromic cat-gut suture, catching the deep fascia along with the peritoneum. No attempt was made to separate the various layers, as this would only prolong the operation. The cuff of skin was then trimmed so as to cover over the wound, and this was closed with deep interrupted silkworm gut sutures. A small binder was applied to support the wound, and the infant was given a hypodermoclysis of 50 c.c. of 5 per cent glucose solution. | ||
the usual manner, the period of anæsthesia being fifteen | |||
minutes. Observing strict aseptic technique, the loops | |||
of bowel were with diiiiculty reduced into the abdominal cavity. The sac was then opened and the abdominal wall closed with one continuous chromic cat-gut suture, | |||
catching the deep fascia along with the peritoneum. No | |||
attempt was made to separate the various layers, as | |||
this would only prolong the operation. The cuff of skin | |||
was then trimmed so as to cover over the wound, and | |||
this was closed with deep interrupted silkworm gut | |||
sutures. A small binder was applied to support the wound, and the infant was given a hypodermoclysis of | |||
50 c.c. of 5 per cent glucose solution. | |||
Recovery was uneventful except for a slight wound | Recovery was uneventful except for a slight wound infection, and the child Evas discharged after 23 days of hospitalizatiom weighing 8 pounds and 9 ounces. It has progressed normally since its discharge from hospital on February 5, 1938. The accompanying photographs taken before and after operation are typical of the condition. D1scUss1oN | ||
infection, and the child Evas discharged after 23 days | |||
of hospitalizatiom weighing 8 pounds and 9 ounces. It | |||
has progressed normally since its discharge from hospital on February 5, 1938. The accompanying photographs taken before and after operation are typical of | |||
the condition. | |||
D1scUss1oN | |||
In the early months of fetal life the greater | In the early months of fetal life the greater portion of the intestines lie in the proximal part of the umbilical cord, which is called the extra-coelomic cavity. Normally the intestines withdraw into the abdominal cavity at about the tenth to the twelfth week, the umbilical ring closes, and the extracælomic cavity is thereby obliterated In rare cases the umbilical ring does not close, and in these instances variable portions of the intestines remain in the extracoelomic cavity, which persists. | ||
portion of the intestines lie in the proximal | |||
part of the umbilical cord, which is called the | |||
extra-coelomic cavity. Normally the intestines | |||
withdraw into the abdominal cavity at about | |||
the tenth to the twelfth week, the umbilical ring | |||
closes, and the extracælomic cavity is thereby | |||
obliterated In rare cases the umbilical ring | |||
does not close, and in these instances variable | |||
portions of the intestines remain in the extracoelomic cavity, which persists. | |||
The size of the hernial mass varies, depending | The size of the hernial mass varies, depending on the amount of intestines or other abdominal viscera it may contain. The cyst wall is composed of an outer layer of amnion lined by peritoneum, being very thin and transparent, so that its contents are easily seen. These are usually coils of small intestine, but one may find almost any of the movable intraperitoneal Organs, depending on the size of the defect in the abdominal wall. As a rule there is a cuff of skin from one-half to one inch wide, which extends from the abdominal wall on to the neck of the sac. | ||
on the amount of intestines or other abdominal | |||
viscera it may contain. The cyst wall is composed of an outer layer of amnion lined by | |||
peritoneum, being very thin and transparent, | |||
so that its contents are easily seen. These are | |||
usually coils of small intestine, but one may | |||
find almost any of the movable intraperitoneal | |||
Organs, depending on the size of the defect in | |||
the abdominal wall. As a rule there is a cuff | |||
of skin from one-half to one inch wide, which | |||
extends from the abdominal wall on to the neck | |||
of the sac. | |||
The ineidence of this condition is low, being | The ineidence of this condition is low, being given by TowI as 1 in 5,000 births for the true congenital umbilical hernia, as differentiated from post-natal hernia, which is common. It is commoner in male infants and is associated with prematurity. Hempelqlorgensen2 reported two cases in one family, occurring in boys born a year apart. The parents were normal. | ||
given by TowI as 1 in 5,000 births for the true | |||
congenital umbilical hernia, as differentiated | |||
from post-natal hernia, which is common. It is | |||
commoner in male infants and is associated with | |||
prematurity. Hempelqlorgensen2 reported two | |||
cases in one family, occurring in boys born a | |||
year apart. The parents were normal. | |||
Treatment.—ln the case of a small hernia careful reduction of the contents, with strict aseptic handling of the sac, may succeed in producing a cure. A tight strapping may be applied | Treatment.—ln the case of a small hernia careful reduction of the contents, with strict aseptic handling of the sac, may succeed in producing a cure. A tight strapping may be applied until the wound has completely cicatrizedg This however may take weeks and is unreliable. | ||
until the wound has completely cicatrizedg This | |||
however may take weeks and is unreliable. | |||
When the hernia is large and not reducible, as, | When the hernia is large and not reducible, as, | ||
is frequently the case, surgical operation should | is frequently the case, surgical operation should be undertaken as soon as possible after birth. If the peritoneum is opened, one can more readily detect other abnormalities, such as persistent vitello-intestinal duct, or patent urachus, etc. The cuff of skin facilitates closing of the wound. Provided there are no other contraindications, a general ether anæsthetic, expertly administered, is apparently quite safe. | ||
be undertaken as soon as possible after birth. If | |||
the peritoneum is opened, one can more readily | |||
detect other abnormalities, such as persistent | |||
vitello-intestinal duct, or patent urachus, etc. | |||
The cuff of skin facilitates closing of the wound. | |||
Provided there are no other contraindications, a general ether anæsthetic, expertly administered, | |||
is apparently quite safe. | |||
Without operation the dangers are incarceration, with strangulation or volvulus, or infection of the sac wall, which has no blood supp1y, | Without operation the dangers are incarceration, with strangulation or volvulus, or infection of the sac wall, which has no blood supp1y, with the development of a fatal peritonitis. | ||
with the development of a fatal peritonitis. | |||
0ne of the most interesting cases reported is | 0ne of the most interesting cases reported is that of Beedk Here the cord had ruptured at a point about two inches from the abdominal wall. The bed was filthy, and the intestines were covered with fæcal matter, straw, and feathers. Two hours after birth these were cleansed gently but not thoroughly, and an appendicectomy performed. The loops of bowel were then replaced and the abdominal wall closed. Recovery was uneventful. | ||
that of Beedk Here the cord had ruptured at a | |||
point about two inches from the abdominal wall. | |||
The bed was filthy, and the intestines were | |||
covered with fæcal matter, straw, and feathers. | |||
Two hours after birth these were cleansed gently | |||
but not thoroughly, and an appendicectomy performed. The loops of bowel were then replaced | |||
and the abdominal wall closed. Recovery was uneventful. | |||
Case 2 | Case 2 | ||
This baby was four hours old on admission to the | This baby was four hours old on admission to the Winnipeg General IIospitaL It was a first-born, of healthy parents, the delivery being normal in all respects. The duration of the pregnancy was eight months. | ||
Winnipeg General IIospitaL It was a first-born, of | |||
healthy parents, the delivery being normal in all respects. | |||
The duration of the pregnancy was eight months. | |||
Bxamination revealed a premature infant weighing | Bxamination revealed a premature infant weighing five pounds and nine ounces, with a gross defect of its anterior abdominal wall extending from the umbilicus down through the symphysis to where the anus should be. In the region of the umbilicus there was a large hernia into the umbilical cord, about three inches in diameter. Below this the whole abdominal wall was de1icient, and was occupied by a large everted sac covered with mucous membrane, and consisting of three parts, a pale central portion and two darker lateral masses. No skin intervened between the hernia into the cord and the everted mass. In the central portion near the umbilical hernia was a conical projection with an aperture at its summit, from which meconium was expressed This was the only opening that could be found, and it was thought at first to be prolapsed sigmoid. Below this was a smaller protrusion which could be invaginated against the imperforate anus to form a small cul—de-sac about 2 cm. deep. 0n each side, lying against the thighs, was an everted mass covered with darker mucous membrane, which was interpreted as representing two halves of the bladder. An attempt was made to locate the openings of the ureters but without success. No external genitalia were present so that the sex was not determined i | ||
five pounds and nine ounces, with a gross defect of its | |||
anterior abdominal wall extending from the umbilicus | |||
down through the symphysis to where the anus should | |||
be. In the region of the umbilicus there was a large | |||
hernia into the umbilical cord, about three inches in | |||
diameter. Below this the whole abdominal wall was | |||
de1icient, and was occupied by a large everted sac covered | |||
with mucous membrane, and consisting of three parts, | |||
a pale central portion and two darker lateral masses. | |||
No skin intervened between the hernia into the cord | |||
and the everted mass. In the central portion near the | |||
umbilical hernia was a conical projection with an aperture at its summit, from which meconium was expressed | |||
This was the only opening that could be found, and it | |||
was thought at first to be prolapsed sigmoid. Below | |||
this was a smaller protrusion which could be invaginated | |||
against the imperforate anus to form a small cul—de-sac | |||
about 2 cm. deep. 0n each side, lying against the | |||
thighs, was an everted mass covered with darker mucous | |||
membrane, which was interpreted as representing two | |||
halves of the bladder. An attempt was made to locate | |||
the openings of the ureters but without success. No | |||
external genitalia were present so that the sex was not | |||
determined i | |||
Postmtortesm jindi-w«o.5.—The head, chest and limbs | Postmtortesm jindi-w«o.5.—The head, chest and limbs were normal. The lower half of the anterior abdominal wall was deiicient of skin and muscles and was covered only with the scab of the cord. The pubic bone was absent. Projecting from the usual site of the pubes and perineum was a red, rounded, everted pouch, three and a half inches in diameter, covered with mucous membrane and consisting of the three parts mentioned above. At the upper end of the middle portion was a conical projection with a small opening. No other orilices were apparent, and no external genitalia. | ||
were normal. The lower half of the anterior abdominal | |||
wall was deiicient of skin and muscles and was covered | |||
only with the scab of the cord. The pubic bone was | |||
absent. Projecting from the usual site of the pubes | |||
and perineum was a red, rounded, everted pouch, three | |||
and a half inches in diameter, covered with mucous | |||
membrane and consisting of the three parts mentioned | |||
above. At the upper end of the middle portion was a | |||
conical projection with a small opening. No other | |||
orilices were apparent, and no external genitalia | |||
The chest was negative except for a patent foramen ovale. The Oesophagus and stomach were enormously dilated, while the duodenum and small bowel appeared normal, but the ileum ended by opening into the conical projection in the middle of the large everted pouch previously described. Thd appendix was seen arising from the left side of the pouch inside the abdominal cavity. The liver was enlarged and contained a few small congenital cysts. The kidneys were large and cystic, and the ureters dilated. They opened into the everted lateral masses on each side near the thighs. This ectopic pouch represented the latter half of the mid-gut, the hind-gut, and the bladder, the latter in two halves. Attached to the lateral masses on each side, near the openings of the ureters, was a short tortuous cord of tissue, about 3 cm. long. A section near its lower end showed this to be canalized and lined by stratiiied epithelium two« to four cells thicla These may have represented rudimentary vaginæ, but ovarian tissue could not be demonstrated anywhere. | |||
Line 211: | Line 67: | ||
Fig. I. case 1.—showing hernia into umbilical cord. Fig. Z. Gase 1.——Appearance following repair. | Fig. I. case 1.—showing hernia into umbilical cord. Fig. Z. Gase 1.——Appearance following repair. | ||
Fig, s. Gase 2.—I«ateral view. (a) | Fig, s. Gase 2.—I«ateral view. (a) »(c) Lateral mass, bladder. | ||
»(c) Lateral mass, bladder. | |||
Ilernia into umbilical cord. (b) | Ilernia into umbilical cord. (b) Fig. 4. case 2.—Anterior view·. | ||
Fig. 4. case 2.—Anterior view·. | |||
0pening of ssmall intestine. | 0pening of ssmall intestine. | ||
Line 224: | Line 78: | ||
Discussion | Discussion | ||
The above anomaly can be exp1ained on the | The above anomaly can be exp1ained on the basis of an extroverted bladder, with persistence of the cloaca, and a hernia into the umbilical cord. | ||
basis of an extroverted bladder, with persistence | |||
of the cloaca, and a hernia into the umbilical | |||
cord | |||
ln the early stages of development (4 weeks) the cloaca forms a triangle-shaped cavity at the tai1 end of the embryo, and receives the openings of the· allantois and rectum, as well as the Wolffian duct (F’ig. 5a). 1ts ventral wall is largely formed by the cloacal membrane which extends upwards on the ventral wall of the allantois and on to the body stalk or umbilical cord. This membrane consists only of the two primitive layers, entoderm and ectoderm. | |||
The cloacal orifice of the rectum then migrates backwards, leaving the ventral part of the cloaca to form the bladder and urogenital sinus, and gives the appearance of these two being separated from the rectum by a septum, called the urorectal septum (F’ig. 5b). When the recta1 orifice reaches the anal depressions it becomes separated from the urogenital sinus (Fig. 5c). | |||
septum | |||
(F’ig. | |||
In the meantime the cloacal membrane is invaded from each side by mesodermal tissue growing between the two 1ayers, which then fuses along the midline, and gives rise to the infra-umbilical part of the abdominal wall as well as the anterior wall of the bladder, etc. This mesoderm arises from the primary mesenchyme and as processes of secondary mesoderm passing around the cloacal membrane from the hind end of the primitive strealc The urorectal septum in the male gives rise to» the greater part of the floor of the penile urethra and perineum (F’ig. 5d), while in the female the Uterus and vagina develop in it. | |||
ALAllantois. B.———Bladder. cl.—cloaca. Gm.——Oloacal membrane. R.—Rectum. Ug.—llrogenital sinus. Ur.———IJrorectal septum. P.—Penis. | |||
. | |||
Fig. s. Gase 2.—Ditkerentiation of cloaca. . Pathology, University of | |||
Many theories have been put forward to account for extroversions of the bladder. Roughly | Many theories have been put forward to account for extroversions of the bladder. Roughly these fall into three groups: (a) Mechanical——where the reason has been given as rupture of the cloacal membrane, or, persistence of the membrane so that it is not comp1etely replaced by mesoderm followed by rupture, or, short or absent umbilical cord. (l)) Pathological———where the cause has been given as due to ulceration of the abdominal wall and necrosis of the symphysis pubis with separation, or, fetal endometritis. (c) Arrested development—where it is due to arrest in development at an early stage of embryonal life, after the formation of the cloaca. | ||
these fall into three groups: (a) Mechanical——where the reason has been given as rupture of | |||
the cloacal membrane, or, persistence of the | |||
membrane so that it is not comp1etely replaced | |||
by mesoderm followed by rupture, or, short or | |||
absent umbilical cord. (l)) Pathological———where | |||
the cause has been given as due to ulceration of | |||
the abdominal wall and necrosis of the symphysis | |||
pubis with separation, or, fetal endometritis. | |||
(c) Arrested development—where it is due to | |||
arrest in development at an early stage of embryonal life, after the formation of the cloaca. | |||
It would seem in this instance that the development had become arrested at a very early | It would seem in this instance that the development had become arrested at a very early stage, the urorectal septum having been incompletely developed. » The invasion of the cloacal membrane by mesoderm has also not been completed, so that the whole infraumbilicalpart of the abdominal wall has failed to form. In practically all of these cases paired appendices and spina biiida are reported as being accompanying features. Ours had only one appendix and no spina bifida, the spinal canal being fused well along its entire length. | ||
stage, the urorectal septum having been incompletely developed. » The invasion of the cloacal | |||
membrane by mesoderm has also not been completed, so that the whole infraumbilicalpart of | |||
the abdominal wall has failed to form. In practically all of these cases paired appendices and | |||
spina biiida are reported as being accompanying | |||
features. Ours had only one appendix and no | |||
spina bifida, the spinal canal being fused well | |||
along its entire length. | |||
Various degrees of ectopia vesicæ have been | Various degrees of ectopia vesicæ have been treated surgically with good results. In this case the malformation was so gross that no surgical procedure could be contemplated. The child was put on a formula and treated along the lines of premature infants, but it survived only liftcen days. « | ||
treated surgically with good results. In this case the malformation was so gross that no surgical procedure could be contemplated. The child | |||
was put on a formula and treated along the | |||
lines of premature infants, but it survived only | |||
liftcen days. « | |||
SUMMARY | SUMMARY | ||
Two congenital anomalies have been briefly | Two congenital anomalies have been briefly presented These are in no way alike, but both are exceedingly interesting, the first from the point of view of surgical treatment, the second from a scientiiic standpoint. No attempt has been made to discuss the theories of causation in the second case, and those interested in this | ||
presented These are in no way alike, but both | |||
are exceedingly interesting, the first from the | |||
point of view of surgical treatment, the second | |||
from a scientiiic standpoint. No attempt has | |||
been made to discuss the theories of causation | |||
in the second case, and those interested in this | |||
aspect of the subject are referred to the | aspect of the subject are referred to the bibliography «cited. | ||
bibliography «cited. | |||
BIBLIoGRAPHY | BIBLIoGRAPHY | ||
Line 315: | Line 109: | ||
1. Tow: Diseases of the Newborn, Oxford Medical Publioation, New York, 1937, D. 224.« . | 1. Tow: Diseases of the Newborn, Oxford Medical Publioation, New York, 1937, D. 224.« . | ||
Z. HnMpnI«-Joncn1s1sDN, P.: Familial congenital umbilical | Z. HnMpnI«-Joncn1s1sDN, P.: Familial congenital umbilical hernia. TIERE. I. Laeger» 1929, M: 273. | ||
hernia. TIERE. I. Laeger» 1929, M: 273. | |||
Z. Rand, E. N.: lnfant disemboweled at birthz appendectomy suocessfuh J. Am. M. Ase» 1913. Cl: 199. | Z. Rand, E. N.: lnfant disemboweled at birthz appendectomy suocessfuh J. Am. M. Ase» 1913. Cl: 199. | ||
4. FKDSHMALH B.: congenital umbilical hernia, Wie | 4. FKDSHMALH B.: congenital umbilical hernia, Wie Dei-need 1933. L: 701. XVI-Hi, SIR A.: I—Iuman Bmbryology and Morphologzk 5th ed., Arnold F: Co» London, 1933, P. 431. | ||
Dei-need 1933. L: 701. | |||
XVI-Hi, SIR A.: I—Iuman Bmbryology and Morphologzk | idem: Anomalies of the hind end of the body, Brit. M. J» 1908, L: 1736. 1804, 1857. | ||
5th ed., Arnold F: Co» London, 1933, P. 431. | |||
idem: ilvlalformations of the body from a new point of view, Brit. M. J» 1932, 1: 435, 489. | |||
8. WooD-JoNk1s, R: Flxtroversion of the bladder and some problems in eonnection with it, J. Anat. es Physiol» 1912, 46: 193. | |||
9. JoHNsToN, T. B.: Extroversion of the bladder complicated by the presence of intestinal openings on the surface sof the extroverted area, J. Find-s» 1914, 48: 89. . | |||
of | |||
10. VoN Gut-Dann, C. B.: The etiology of extrophy of the bladder, Arcla Sarg» 1924, s: 61. | |||
II. Verm, J. R. AND MCFDTRIDGEY B. M.: Dxtrophy of the bladder, J. Pages» 1934, 4: 95. | |||
12. Port-DR, A. B.: Ectopia vesicæ, imperforate rectum and anus. true hermaphroditism and other ano malies, Am. J. Sarg» 1936, s1: 172. | |||
13. WYBURIV G. M.: Development of the infra-umbilical portion of the abdominal wall, with remarlcs on etiolzoogy of ectopia vesicæ, J. Anat. ck Physiol» 1937, 71: 1. | |||
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Burns CW. and Ogryzlo MA. Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord; two cases, one associated with persistent cloaca. (1938) Can Med Assoc J. 39(5): 438-41. PMID 20321146
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This historic 1938 paper by Burns and Ogryzlo describes two cases of congenital hernia into the umbilical cord.
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CONGENITAL HBRNIA INTO THE UMBILICAL CORD; TWO CASES, ONE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT CLOACA
BY C. W. BURNs, M.D. AND M. A. 0eRYzLo, M.D. Winmäpeg
Oksn 1
HIS was a male baby, about fifteen hours old when admitted to the Winnipeg General IIospit-al. It was normally delivered, born of healthy parents. The mother was thirty—two years old, para II, gravida II, the previous child having been normal. The baby was born on January 13, 1938, at three
« o’clock in the morning on a farm in rural Manitoba
Transportation to Winnipeg required a ten mile ride by sleigh in below zero weather, one hundred miles by rai1, and taxi conveyance to the hospitaL The local physiciam who had skilfully conducted the accouchement, prepared the tiny patient for its journey by wrapping it in cottonwool and blankets, and placing it in an ordinary parcel This made a comfortable and essentially private conveyance. A male relative accepted the responsibility of the journey. At the expected time a basket was calm1y deposited on the admitting office counter, and from it was extracted the little patient, apparently none the worse for its unique experienca
Physical examination revealed a robust, full-term infant, weighing eight pounds and thirteen ounces, whose only abnormality was a large hernia into the umbilical cord, about the size of its head. This hernia contained practically the whole of the small bowel, and was
covered only by a thin transparent membrane, throu h which the loops of intestine -and peristalsis could easi y be seen. The colour of the sac was a pearly grey, while the intestinal walls were a healthy red. The neck of the sac was about three inches in diameter, and a small cuff of skin about one inch wide was carried on to it from the abdominal wall. The membrane, though intact, showed local evidence of abrasions and peeling of its outer layer. «
Since the child presented no other congenital anomaly an immediate operation was decided upon. A normal passage of urine just before operation relieved any amciety of the bladder being abnormal.
Bther was administered as a general sanæsthetic in the usual manner, the period of anæsthesia being fifteen minutes. Observing strict aseptic technique, the loops of bowel were with diiiiculty reduced into the abdominal cavity. The sac was then opened and the abdominal wall closed with one continuous chromic cat-gut suture, catching the deep fascia along with the peritoneum. No attempt was made to separate the various layers, as this would only prolong the operation. The cuff of skin was then trimmed so as to cover over the wound, and this was closed with deep interrupted silkworm gut sutures. A small binder was applied to support the wound, and the infant was given a hypodermoclysis of 50 c.c. of 5 per cent glucose solution.
Recovery was uneventful except for a slight wound infection, and the child Evas discharged after 23 days of hospitalizatiom weighing 8 pounds and 9 ounces. It has progressed normally since its discharge from hospital on February 5, 1938. The accompanying photographs taken before and after operation are typical of the condition. D1scUss1oN
In the early months of fetal life the greater portion of the intestines lie in the proximal part of the umbilical cord, which is called the extra-coelomic cavity. Normally the intestines withdraw into the abdominal cavity at about the tenth to the twelfth week, the umbilical ring closes, and the extracælomic cavity is thereby obliterated In rare cases the umbilical ring does not close, and in these instances variable portions of the intestines remain in the extracoelomic cavity, which persists.
The size of the hernial mass varies, depending on the amount of intestines or other abdominal viscera it may contain. The cyst wall is composed of an outer layer of amnion lined by peritoneum, being very thin and transparent, so that its contents are easily seen. These are usually coils of small intestine, but one may find almost any of the movable intraperitoneal Organs, depending on the size of the defect in the abdominal wall. As a rule there is a cuff of skin from one-half to one inch wide, which extends from the abdominal wall on to the neck of the sac.
The ineidence of this condition is low, being given by TowI as 1 in 5,000 births for the true congenital umbilical hernia, as differentiated from post-natal hernia, which is common. It is commoner in male infants and is associated with prematurity. Hempelqlorgensen2 reported two cases in one family, occurring in boys born a year apart. The parents were normal.
Treatment.—ln the case of a small hernia careful reduction of the contents, with strict aseptic handling of the sac, may succeed in producing a cure. A tight strapping may be applied until the wound has completely cicatrizedg This however may take weeks and is unreliable.
When the hernia is large and not reducible, as,
is frequently the case, surgical operation should be undertaken as soon as possible after birth. If the peritoneum is opened, one can more readily detect other abnormalities, such as persistent vitello-intestinal duct, or patent urachus, etc. The cuff of skin facilitates closing of the wound. Provided there are no other contraindications, a general ether anæsthetic, expertly administered, is apparently quite safe.
Without operation the dangers are incarceration, with strangulation or volvulus, or infection of the sac wall, which has no blood supp1y, with the development of a fatal peritonitis.
0ne of the most interesting cases reported is that of Beedk Here the cord had ruptured at a point about two inches from the abdominal wall. The bed was filthy, and the intestines were covered with fæcal matter, straw, and feathers. Two hours after birth these were cleansed gently but not thoroughly, and an appendicectomy performed. The loops of bowel were then replaced and the abdominal wall closed. Recovery was uneventful.
Case 2
This baby was four hours old on admission to the Winnipeg General IIospitaL It was a first-born, of healthy parents, the delivery being normal in all respects. The duration of the pregnancy was eight months.
Bxamination revealed a premature infant weighing five pounds and nine ounces, with a gross defect of its anterior abdominal wall extending from the umbilicus down through the symphysis to where the anus should be. In the region of the umbilicus there was a large hernia into the umbilical cord, about three inches in diameter. Below this the whole abdominal wall was de1icient, and was occupied by a large everted sac covered with mucous membrane, and consisting of three parts, a pale central portion and two darker lateral masses. No skin intervened between the hernia into the cord and the everted mass. In the central portion near the umbilical hernia was a conical projection with an aperture at its summit, from which meconium was expressed This was the only opening that could be found, and it was thought at first to be prolapsed sigmoid. Below this was a smaller protrusion which could be invaginated against the imperforate anus to form a small cul—de-sac about 2 cm. deep. 0n each side, lying against the thighs, was an everted mass covered with darker mucous membrane, which was interpreted as representing two halves of the bladder. An attempt was made to locate the openings of the ureters but without success. No external genitalia were present so that the sex was not determined i
Postmtortesm jindi-w«o.5.—The head, chest and limbs were normal. The lower half of the anterior abdominal wall was deiicient of skin and muscles and was covered only with the scab of the cord. The pubic bone was absent. Projecting from the usual site of the pubes and perineum was a red, rounded, everted pouch, three and a half inches in diameter, covered with mucous membrane and consisting of the three parts mentioned above. At the upper end of the middle portion was a conical projection with a small opening. No other orilices were apparent, and no external genitalia.
The chest was negative except for a patent foramen ovale. The Oesophagus and stomach were enormously dilated, while the duodenum and small bowel appeared normal, but the ileum ended by opening into the conical projection in the middle of the large everted pouch previously described. Thd appendix was seen arising from the left side of the pouch inside the abdominal cavity. The liver was enlarged and contained a few small congenital cysts. The kidneys were large and cystic, and the ureters dilated. They opened into the everted lateral masses on each side near the thighs. This ectopic pouch represented the latter half of the mid-gut, the hind-gut, and the bladder, the latter in two halves. Attached to the lateral masses on each side, near the openings of the ureters, was a short tortuous cord of tissue, about 3 cm. long. A section near its lower end showed this to be canalized and lined by stratiiied epithelium two« to four cells thicla These may have represented rudimentary vaginæ, but ovarian tissue could not be demonstrated anywhere.
Fig. I. case 1.—showing hernia into umbilical cord. Fig. Z. Gase 1.——Appearance following repair.
Fig, s. Gase 2.—I«ateral view. (a) »(c) Lateral mass, bladder.
Ilernia into umbilical cord. (b) Fig. 4. case 2.—Anterior view·.
0pening of ssmall intestine.
(a) Hernia into umbilical cord. (b) Faeces emerging from opening of small intestine. (c) Lateral masses, bladder. (d) 11nperforate anus.
Discussion
The above anomaly can be exp1ained on the basis of an extroverted bladder, with persistence of the cloaca, and a hernia into the umbilical cord.
ln the early stages of development (4 weeks) the cloaca forms a triangle-shaped cavity at the tai1 end of the embryo, and receives the openings of the· allantois and rectum, as well as the Wolffian duct (F’ig. 5a). 1ts ventral wall is largely formed by the cloacal membrane which extends upwards on the ventral wall of the allantois and on to the body stalk or umbilical cord. This membrane consists only of the two primitive layers, entoderm and ectoderm.
The cloacal orifice of the rectum then migrates backwards, leaving the ventral part of the cloaca to form the bladder and urogenital sinus, and gives the appearance of these two being separated from the rectum by a septum, called the urorectal septum (F’ig. 5b). When the recta1 orifice reaches the anal depressions it becomes separated from the urogenital sinus (Fig. 5c).
In the meantime the cloacal membrane is invaded from each side by mesodermal tissue growing between the two 1ayers, which then fuses along the midline, and gives rise to the infra-umbilical part of the abdominal wall as well as the anterior wall of the bladder, etc. This mesoderm arises from the primary mesenchyme and as processes of secondary mesoderm passing around the cloacal membrane from the hind end of the primitive strealc The urorectal septum in the male gives rise to» the greater part of the floor of the penile urethra and perineum (F’ig. 5d), while in the female the Uterus and vagina develop in it.
ALAllantois. B.———Bladder. cl.—cloaca. Gm.——Oloacal membrane. R.—Rectum. Ug.—llrogenital sinus. Ur.———IJrorectal septum. P.—Penis.
Fig. s. Gase 2.—Ditkerentiation of cloaca. . Pathology, University of
Many theories have been put forward to account for extroversions of the bladder. Roughly these fall into three groups: (a) Mechanical——where the reason has been given as rupture of the cloacal membrane, or, persistence of the membrane so that it is not comp1etely replaced by mesoderm followed by rupture, or, short or absent umbilical cord. (l)) Pathological———where the cause has been given as due to ulceration of the abdominal wall and necrosis of the symphysis pubis with separation, or, fetal endometritis. (c) Arrested development—where it is due to arrest in development at an early stage of embryonal life, after the formation of the cloaca.
It would seem in this instance that the development had become arrested at a very early stage, the urorectal septum having been incompletely developed. » The invasion of the cloacal membrane by mesoderm has also not been completed, so that the whole infraumbilicalpart of the abdominal wall has failed to form. In practically all of these cases paired appendices and spina biiida are reported as being accompanying features. Ours had only one appendix and no spina bifida, the spinal canal being fused well along its entire length.
Various degrees of ectopia vesicæ have been treated surgically with good results. In this case the malformation was so gross that no surgical procedure could be contemplated. The child was put on a formula and treated along the lines of premature infants, but it survived only liftcen days. «
SUMMARY
Two congenital anomalies have been briefly presented These are in no way alike, but both are exceedingly interesting, the first from the point of view of surgical treatment, the second from a scientiiic standpoint. No attempt has been made to discuss the theories of causation in the second case, and those interested in this
aspect of the subject are referred to the bibliography «cited.
BIBLIoGRAPHY
1. Tow: Diseases of the Newborn, Oxford Medical Publioation, New York, 1937, D. 224.« .
Z. HnMpnI«-Joncn1s1sDN, P.: Familial congenital umbilical hernia. TIERE. I. Laeger» 1929, M: 273.
Z. Rand, E. N.: lnfant disemboweled at birthz appendectomy suocessfuh J. Am. M. Ase» 1913. Cl: 199.
4. FKDSHMALH B.: congenital umbilical hernia, Wie Dei-need 1933. L: 701. XVI-Hi, SIR A.: I—Iuman Bmbryology and Morphologzk 5th ed., Arnold F: Co» London, 1933, P. 431.
idem: Anomalies of the hind end of the body, Brit. M. J» 1908, L: 1736. 1804, 1857.
idem: ilvlalformations of the body from a new point of view, Brit. M. J» 1932, 1: 435, 489.
8. WooD-JoNk1s, R: Flxtroversion of the bladder and some problems in eonnection with it, J. Anat. es Physiol» 1912, 46: 193.
9. JoHNsToN, T. B.: Extroversion of the bladder complicated by the presence of intestinal openings on the surface sof the extroverted area, J. Find-s» 1914, 48: 89. .
10. VoN Gut-Dann, C. B.: The etiology of extrophy of the bladder, Arcla Sarg» 1924, s: 61.
II. Verm, J. R. AND MCFDTRIDGEY B. M.: Dxtrophy of the bladder, J. Pages» 1934, 4: 95.
12. Port-DR, A. B.: Ectopia vesicæ, imperforate rectum and anus. true hermaphroditism and other ano malies, Am. J. Sarg» 1936, s1: 172.
13. WYBURIV G. M.: Development of the infra-umbilical portion of the abdominal wall, with remarlcs on etiolzoogy of ectopia vesicæ, J. Anat. ck Physiol» 1937, 71: 1.
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 1) Embryology Paper - Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord - two cases, one associated with persistent cloaca. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Paper_-_Congenital_hernia_into_the_umbilical_cord_-_two_cases,_one_associated_with_persistent_cloaca
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