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| [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gallbladder Development]] | | #REDIRECT [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gallbladder Development]] |
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| {{Header}}
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| ==Introduction==
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| [[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg|thumb|300px|Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])]]
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| This section of notes gives an overview of {{gall bladder}} and hillary tree development, histology and abnormalities associated with the biliary system. In the adult, the gall bladder is a site of bile salt storage and concentration, to then be released into the duodenum where they act to solubilize dietary lipids by their detergent effect. Bile salts are a cholesterol derivative (breakdown product).
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| The transverse septum differentiates to form the hepatic diverticulum and the hepatic primordium, these two structures together will go on to form different components of the mature {{liver}} and {{gall bladder}}.
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| The hepatic diverticulum divides into two parts: pars hepatica (larger cranial part, primordium of the liver) and pars cystica (smaller ventral invagination, primordium of {{gall bladder}}).
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| The pars cystica vacuolates and expands, the stalk becoming the cystic duct. This structure is initially hollow, then solid (by proliferation of epithelial lining), and then recanalized occurs by vacuolation of this expanded epithelium. There are several opinions as to whether the duct has a solid phase or remains patent throughout development.{{#pmid:12360416|PMID12360416}}{{#pmid:20551648|PMID20551648}}
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| Note that in some animals, for example {{horse}} and elephant, the gall bladder is normally absent.
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| See also: [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gall Bladder Histology|Gall Bladder Histology]].
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| <br>
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| {{Gastrointestinal Tract Links}}
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| Historic: {{Ref-LeeHalpert1932}}
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| == Some Recent Findings ==
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| {|
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| |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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| * '''Fate mapping of gallbladder progenitors in posteroventral foregut endoderm of mouse early somite stage embryos'''{{#pmid:25648459|PMID25648459}} "In early embryogenesis, the posteroventral foregut endoderm gives rise to the budding endodermal organs including the liver, ventral pancreas and gallbladder during early somitogenesis. Despite the detailed fate maps of the liver and pancreatic progenitors in the mouse foregut endoderm, the exact location of the gallbladder progenitors remains unclear. In this study, we performed a DiI fate-mapping analysis using whole-embryo cultures of mouse early somite-stage embryos. Here, we show that the majority of gallbladder progenitors in 9-11-somite-stage embryos are located in the lateral-most domain of the foregut endoderm at the first intersomite junction level along the anteroposterior axis. This definition of their location highlights a novel entry point to understanding of the molecular mechanisms of initial specification of the gallbladder."
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| * '''Embryology of the biliary tract'''{{#pmid:20551648|PMID20551648}} "A hepatic diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the primitive midgut early in the 4th week of intrauterine life in the development of the human embryo. This small diverticulum is the anlage for the development of the liver, extrahepatic biliary ducts, gallbladder, and ventral pancreas. By the 5th week, all elements of the biliary tree are recognizable. Marked elongation of the common duct occurs with plugging of the lumen by epithelial cells. Recanalization of the lumen of the common duct starts at the end of the 5th week and moves slowly distally. By the 6th week, the common duct and ventral pancreatic bud rotate 180 degrees clockwise around the duodenum. Early in the 7th week, the bile and pancreatic ducts end in closed cavities of the duodenum. Between the early 8th and 12th week, hepatopancreatic ducts have both superior and inferior orifices."
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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| ! More recent papers
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| | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
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| Search term: ''Gall Bladder Embryology''
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| <pubmed limit=5>Gall Bladder Embryology</pubmed>
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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| ! Older papers
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| | {{Older papers}}
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| * '''Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study'''{{#pmid:21074688|PMID21074688}} "The muscle layer in the cystic duct and common bile duct is not well defined, and it is unresolved whether it represents muscularis mucosae or muscularis propria. ... Based on our findings, we conclude that, in the gallbladder wall, the muscle layer is muscularis propria and there is no muscularis mucosae present. In the cystic duct and common bile duct, only an attenuated and incomplete muscle layer of muscularis mucosae is present; because there is no muscularis propria, there probably is limited contractile function."
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| |}
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| ==Embryonic Development==
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| ===Stage 13===
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| [[File:Stage_13_image_076.jpg|600px]]
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| [[File:Stage_13_image_077.jpg|600px]]
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| Early embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 13]], [[Week 4]])
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| ===Stage 22===
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| [[File:Stage_22_image_084.jpg|600px]]
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| Late embryonic gall bladder ([[Carnegie stage 22]], [[Week 8]])
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| ==Historic==
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| {{Ref-GrosserLewisMcMurrich1912}}
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| [[Book_-_Manual_of_Human_Embryology_17-7#The_Gall-bladder.2C_Ductus_Cysticus_and_Ductus_Choledochus|Gall-bladder]] Human Embryo (CRL)
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| * '''7.5 mm''' - epithelium is surrounded by a layer of mesenchyma, and the entire structure is so imbedded in the under surface of the liver that it causes only a slight swelling of the peritoneal surface. Above and on the sides the mesenchyma is in direct relation with the hepatic trabecular, and it receives a few prolongations of the venous capillaries. Below it is covered by the peritoneal epithelium except on the left, where that layer is reflected to the abdominal walls in connection with the falciform ligament. In later stages the gall-bladder is separated from the hepatic trabecular on either side, and is attached to the liver only along its upper surface.
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| * '''16 mm''' mesenchyma surrounding the gall-bladder is still undifferentiated.
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| * '''22.8 mm''' forms two broad concentric zones, of which the inner is darker and more compact than the outer.
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| * '''29 mm''' certain cells in the peripheral part of the dark zone form a third layer, which is thin and somewhat interrupted. As seen in later stages these cells are myoblasts, so that at 29 mm all three layers of the adult gall-bladder are indicated. These are the mucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The layers become gradually less distinct toward the hepatic duct.
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| ==Abnormalities==
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| ===Infections===
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| These mainly relate to postnatal infections. Recent studies in the mouse have identified that gastrointestinal tract listeria infections can relocate to the gall bladder and reside there, leading to later reinfection of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| :'''Links:''' [[Abnormal Development - Bacterial Infection|Bacterial Infection]]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ===Reviews===
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| {{#pmid:21074731}}
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| {{#pmid:20152372}}
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| {{#pmid:18484608}}
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| {{#pmid:15853977}}
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| {{#pmid:15382016}}
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| ===Articles===
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| {{#pmid:21078254}}
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| {{#pmid:20191134}}
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| {{#pmid:16273658}}
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| ===Search Pubmed===
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| July 2010
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| '''Search Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=Gall%20Bladder%20Development Gall Bladder Development]
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| '''Search Pubmed Now:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Gall%20Bladder%20Development Gall Bladder Development] |
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| [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Cholangiocyte%20Development Cholangiocyte Development] |
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| [[Talk:Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Gall_Bladder_Development|More Reviews and Articles]]
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| ==Additional Images==
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| See also [[Gastrointestinal Tract - Gall Bladder Histology|Gall Bladder Histology]]
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| <gallery>
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| File:Gray1095.jpg|Historic drawing gall bladder anatomy
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| File:Gray1096.jpg|Historic drawing gall bladder transverse section
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| File:Common bile duct in duodenal bulb.jpg|Abnormality - ectopic opening of the common bile duct (CBD) into the duodenal bulb.
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| </gallery>
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| [[Book_-_Human_Embryology_and_Morphology_18|Chapter XVIII. The Organs of Digestion]] Keith, A. (1902) [[Book - Human Embryology and Morphology|Human Embryology and Morphology]]. London: Edward Arnold.
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| <gallery>
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| Keith1902 fig212.jpg|Fig. 212. The Mesentery of the Fore-gut and its Contents, -viewed from the left side (schematic).
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| Keith1902 fig213a.jpg|Fig. 213 A. The origin of the Peritoneal Ligaments connected with the Liver.
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| Keith1902 fig213b.jpg|Fig. 213 B. The origin of the Peritoneal Ligaments connected with the Liver.
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| Keith1902 fig214.jpg|Fig. 214. Diagram of a mammalian Liver viewed from behind and below.
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| Keith1902 fig215.jpg|Fig. 215. The lower surface of the Liver of a human foetus during the 3rd month, showing Vestiges of Fissures and Lobes of the typical mammalian Liver.
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| Keith1902 fig216.jpg|Fig. 216. The Relationship of the Spleen, Pancreas, and Liver to the Mesogastrium in the Embryo.
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| Keith1902 fig217.jpg|Fig. 217. A diagrammatic transverse Section of the Mesogastrium viewed from behind.
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| Keith1902 fig218.jpg|Fig. 218. The Pancreatic and Hepatic Processes of a 4th week human embryo. (After Kollmann.)
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| </gallery>
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| {{Glossary}}
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| {{Footer}}
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| [[Category:Gall Bladder]][[Category:Liver]]
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