Book - The brain of the tiger salamander: Difference between revisions
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Money for the prosecution of the work and for financing its publication was liberally supplied by the Dr. Wallace C. and Clara A. | Money for the prosecution of the work and for financing its publication was liberally supplied by the Dr. Wallace C. and Clara A. Abbott Memorial Fund of the University of Chicago. | ||
Abbott Memorial Fund of the University of Chicago. | |||
==Contents== | ==Contents== |
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Herrick CJ. The Brain of the Tiger Salamander (1948) The University Of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
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This historic 1948 book by Herrick describes the development of the lizard, tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
The Brain of the Tiger Salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum
By
C. Judson Herrick
Professor Emeritus of Neurology The University of Chicago
The University Of Chicago Press Chicago • Illinois
Preface
This work reports the results of a search, extending over fifty years, for the fundamental plan of the vertebrate nervous system as revealed in generalized form in the amphibians. In these small brains we find a simplified arrangement of nerve cells and fibers with a pattern of structural organization, the main features of which are common to all vertebrates. From this primitive and relatively unspecialized web of tissue it is possible to follow the successive steps in progressive elaboration as the series of animals from salamanders to men is passed in review.
This is a record of personal observation, not a compilation of the
literature. It is presented in two parts, which differ in content and
method of treatment of the data.
The first part gives a general over-all view of the structure without
details, followed by physiological interpretation and discussion of
some general principles of embryologic and phylogenetic morphogenesis. This part, with the accompanying illustrations, can be
read independently of the histological details recorded in the second
part.
The second part presents the evidence upon which conclusions are
based, drawn from my own previously published descriptions, to
which references are given, together with considerable new material.
This part is designed for specialists in comparative neurology and as a
guide for physiological experiments. The second part supplements the
first, to which the reader must make frequent reference.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to many colleagues for generous
assistance and criticism, and particularly to Doctors Elizabeth C.
Crosby, Davenport Hooker, Olof Larsell, Gerhardt von Bonin,
Ernst Scharrer, and W. T. Dempster. In the preparation of the manuscript invaluable help was given by Miss Anna Seaburg.
I am indebted to Dr. Paul G. Roofe for permission to copy one of
his pictures, shown here as figure 86A. The American Museum of
Natural History, New York, generously furnished the two photographs, taken from life, shown at the bottom of the Frontispiece.
These are copyrighted by the Museum. One of them has been previously published by the Macmillan Company in Hegner's Parade of the Animal Kingdom (p. 289). The photograph of the midlarval
stage was kindly suppHed by Professor Sherman C. Bishop of the
University of Rochester. The upper figure is from G. K. Noble's
Biology of the Amphibia, courtesy of the McGraw-Hill Book Company (copyrighted, 1931). Figures 1, 2C, and 86-113 are reproductions of figures previously published by the author in the Journal of
Comparative Neurology and used here by courtesy of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, publishers of that Journal. The
other figures are originals prepared for this work.
Money for the prosecution of the work and for financing its publication was liberally supplied by the Dr. Wallace C. and Clara A. Abbott Memorial Fund of the University of Chicago.
Contents
Part I. General Description and Interpretation
I. Salamanders and Their Brains
The salamanders, 3. — The scope of this inquiry, 4. — The plan of this book, 6.— Sources and material, 10.— Development of the brain, 11. — The evolution of brains, 13
II. The Form and Subdivisions of the Brain
Gross structure, 18.— Ventricles, "24.— Meninges, chorioid plexuses, and blood vessels, 'id
General histology, 38.— The neuropil, '29.— The ventrolateral peduncular neuropil, 3,3
The subdivisions, spinal cord to pallium, 41.— The commissures, ;5;5. ^Conclusion, 56
V. Functional Analysis, Central and Peripheral
The longitudinal zones, 57. — The sensory zone, 58. — The motor zone, 60. — The intermediate zone, 64.— The functional systems, 65
VI. Physiological Interpretations
Apparatus of analysis and synthesis, 70. — The stimulus-response formula, 7^2. — Reflex and inhibition, 73.— Principles of localization of function, 8'2
VII. The Origin and Significance of Cerebral Cortex
The problem, 91. — Morphogenesis of the cerebral hemispheres, 9*2. — The cortex, 98. — Physiology and psychology, 106
VIII. General Principles of Morphogenesis
Morphogenic agencies, 109. — Morphological landmarks, 116. — The future of morphology, 120
PART II. SURVEY OF INTERNAL STRUCTURE
IX, Spinal Cord and Bulbo-spinal Junction
The spinal cord and its nerves, 125. — The bulbo-spinal junction, 129
Development, 131. — Survey of the functional systems, 132
Sensory zone, 153. — Intermediate zone, 156. — Motor zone, 157. — Fiber tracts of the medulla oblongata, 158.— The lemniscus sy.stems, 162
Brachium conjunctivum, 176.— The cerebellar commissures, 177.— Proprioceptive functions of the cerebellum, 178
Development, 179.— Sensory zone, 181.— Intermediate zone, 182. —Motor zone, 182.— White substance, 186.— Isthmic neuropil, 187. — Physiological interpretation, 189
Comparative anatomy, 191.— Histological structure, 193.— Afferent connections, 197.— Efferent connections, 201.— Interpretation, 202. — Conclusion, 210
Development, 212.— Sensory zone, 214.— Intermediate zone, 215. — Motor zone, 216
XVI. Optic and Visual-motor Systems
Optic nerve and tracts, 219.— Tectum opticum, 222.— Tectooculomotor connections, 226.— Visual functions, 227
General features, 230.— Development, 231.— Epithalamus, 234.— Dorsal thalamus, 236.— Ventral thalamus.— 239.— Hypothalamus, 241
XVIII. The Habenula and Its Connections
The di-telencephalic junction, 247.— Fornix, 254.— Stria terminalis, 255.— Stria medullaris thalami, 256.— Fasciculus retroflexus, 261
Subdivisions of the hemisphere, 265.— The olfactory system, 266
The basal forebrain bundles, 271.— The tegmental fascicles, 275.— Fasciculus tegmentalis profundus, 286
General considerations, 289.— The dorsal commissures, 292.— The ventral commissures, 294
Bibliography
Illustrations
Abbreviations for All Figures
Part I General Description and Interpretation