Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924: Difference between revisions
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==Contents== | ==Contents== | ||
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PART I. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT | | PART I. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT | ||
* Introduction | * Introduction | ||
* General Features of Development | * General Features of Development | ||
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** The Establishment of External Form | ** The Establishment of External Form | ||
** Growth Changes | ** Growth Changes | ||
| PART II. ORGANOGENESIS | |||
PART II. ORGANOGENESIS | |||
Entodermal Derivatives | Entodermal Derivatives | ||
* [[Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924-5|Chapter V. - The Digestive System]] | * [[Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924-5|Chapter V. - The Digestive System]] | ||
** The Mouth | ** The Mouth | ||
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** The Eye | ** The Eye | ||
** The Ear | ** The Ear | ||
| Part III. A LABORATORY MANUAL OF EMBRYOLOGY | |||
Part III. A LABORATORY MANUAL OF | |||
* [[Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924-16|Chapter XVI. - The Study of Chick Embryos]] | * [[Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924-16|Chapter XVI. - The Study of Chick Embryos]] | ||
** The Unincubated Ovum and Embryos of the First Day | ** The Unincubated Ovum and Embryos of the First Day | ||
** Embryo of Five Segments (Twenty-Three Hours) | ** Embryo of Five Segments (Twenty-Three Hours) | ||
** Embryo of Seven Segments (Twenty-five Hours) | ** Embryo of Seven Segments (Twenty-five Hours) | ||
** Embryo of Seventeen Segments (Thirty-eight Hours) | |||
** Embryo of Twenty-seven Segments (Two Days) | ** Embryo of Twenty-seven Segments (Two Days) | ||
** Embryos of Three to Four Days | ** Embryos of Three to Four Days |
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Arey LB. Developmental Anatomy. (1924) W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages |
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers) |
Developmental Anatomy - A Text-Book And Laboratory Manual Of Embryology
By
Leslie Bleainerd Arey
Professor Of Anatomy At The Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago .
With 419 Illustrations Many In Color
Philadelphia And London, W. B. Saunders Company
1924
Copyright., 1924, by W. B. Saunders Company, Made in US.A .
Preface
This book has been prepared for the use of medical students and others whose interests center primarily on man and mammals. The emphasizing of structural rather than functional aspects of Embryology is reflected in the title; such presentation is consistent both with the practical demands of modern courses and with the meagre information existant as to the physiological factors in developmcnt.
The volume contains three sections. In the first i>art the early stages are treated comparatively and the fulCcourse of prenatal and postnatal development is outlined. The second section traces the origin and differentiation of the human organ-systems, grouped according to their germlayer derivations. The third division comprises a laboratory manual for the study of chick and pig embryos.
Many illustrations are from the earlier Prentiss-Arey text and discontinuous fragments of description have likewise been retained. Yet, in plan and content the work is essentially new. It is hoped that the developmental story has been told in an orderly and clear, but concise fashion, and that it records accurately the present state of the subject.
L. B. Arey.
Chicago, ill., September, 1924.
Contents
PART I. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT
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PART II. ORGANOGENESIS
Entodermal Derivatives
Mesodermal Derivatives
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Part III. A LABORATORY MANUAL OF EMBRYOLOGY
Part I. General DevelopmentIntroductionThe Scope of Embryology - Developmental anatomy, or embryology, traces the formative history of the individual from the origin of the germ cells to the adult condition. Although the most striking changes in human development occur while the young (called an embryo or fetus) is still inside its mother - s womb, yet development by no means ceases at birth. Birth is a mere incident which occurs when the new individual is sufficiently advanced to allow its transference from a protected riterine environment to one in the external world. Some vertebrates, like fishes and amphibia, are capable of an active and independent existence at very immature stages; these free-living larvee, as they are termed, then gradually progress to adults. The human newborn, although far more complete anatomically, is still utterly dependent for food and care: many years of infancy and childhood must elapse before it becomes self-maintaining in human society. During all this period, postnatal development continues. Birth, itself, initiates anatomical changes of profound influence on the body. Throughout the entire growth period, with its uneven but steadily slowing growth rate, come the completion of some organs and a gradual remoulding of the shape of the body and its parts. Only at the age of twenty-five are these progressive changes complete.
A few years after Harvey and Malpighi had published their fundamental studies on the chick embryo, Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of the human Sp ermatozoon by Ham in 1677 - At this period, it was believed either that fully formed animals existed in miniature in the egg, needing only the stimulus of the spermatozoon to initiate development, or that similarly preformed bodies, male and female, constituted the spermatozoa and that these merely enlarged within the ovum. According to this doctrine of preformation, all future generations were likewise encased, one inside the sex cells of the other, and serious computations were made as to the probable number of progeny (200 millon) thus present in the ovary of Mother Eve, at the exhaustion of which the human race would end! Dalenpatius ( 1699) and others even believed they had observed a minute human form in the spermatozoon (Fig. i).
The preformation theory was strongly combated by Wolff ( 175 9), who saw that the organs of the early chick embryo were differentiated gradually from unspecialized li ving substance. This theory, known as epi genesis, was proved correct wEen von Baer discQvered the mammalian ovurn in 1 827, and later demonstrated the germ-layer composition of all embryos.
General Features Of DevelopmentA multicellular embryo results from the division of the fertilized ovum to form daughter cells. These are at first quite similar in structure, and, if separated, in some animals each may become a complete embryo (sea urchin; certain vertebrates). In general, the development of an embryo depends: (i) upon the multiplication of its cells by division; (2) upon the growth in size of the individual cells; (3) upon changes in their form and structure.
2. Astral rays appear in the cytoplasm about each centriole. They radiate from it, and the threads of the central or achromatic spindle are formed between the two asters, thus constituting the amphiastcr (u).
Fig. 2. - Diagrams of the phases of mitosis (Schafer).
5. The chromosomes arrange themselves in the equatorial plane of the central spindle (IV). If U- or V-shaped, the angle of each is directed toward a common center. The amphiaster and the chromosomes together constitute a mitotic figure, and at the end of the prophase this is called a monaster.
Telophase. - i. The daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum and daughter nuclei are formed (Vu, VuI).
The number of chromosomes is constant in the cells of a given species. The smallest assortment, two, occurs in Ascaris megalocephala univaleus, a round worm parasitic in the intestine of the horse. The largest number known is found in the brine shrimp, Artemia, where 1 68 have been counted. The chromosome enumeration for the human cell has been variously stated but the results of Winiwarter (1912), Grosser (1921 ), and Painter (1923) now agree on a relatively high number, which Painter establishes as 48 for whites and negroes of both sexes.
The Germ Layers. - The first changes in the form and arrangement of the cells establish three definite plates, the primary germ layers, which are termed from their positions the ectoderm (outer skin), mesoderm (middle skin) and entoderm (inner skin) (Fig. 4). Since the ectoderm covers the body, it is primarily protective in function, but it also gives origin to the nervous system, through which sensations are received from the outer world. The entoderm, on the other hand, lines the digestive canal and is from the first nutritive. The mesoderm, lying between the other two layers, naturally performs the functions of circulation, of muscular movement, and of excretion; it also gives rise to the skeletal structures which support the body. While all three germ layers form definite sheets of cells known as epithelia, the mesoderm takes also the form of a diffuse meshwork of cells, the mesenchyme (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. - Alesenchyme from a chick embryo (Prentiss). X 495.
Histogenesis. -The cells of the germ layers are at first alike in structure. Thus, the evagination which forms the primordial arm is composed of a single layer of similar ectodermal cells, surrounding a central mass of diffuse mesenchyme (Fig. 406). Gradually the ectodermal cells multiply, change their form and structure, and give rise to the layers of the epidermis. By more profound structural changes the mesenchymal cells ahso are transformed into the elements of connective tissue, tendon, cartilage, bone, and muscle - aggregations of modified cells which are termed tissues. The development of modified tissue cells from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers is known as histogenesis.
Derivatives of the Germ Layers. - The tissues of the adult are derived from the primary germ layers as follows: .
Mesoder
Tonsils. Thymus. Thyroid.
Lens of eye. A. Mesothelium. 1. Pericardium. 2. Pleura. 3. Peritoneum. 4. LTrogenital epithelia. 5. Striated muscle.
2. Epithelium of: Organs of special sense. Cornea.
Amnion; chorion.
2. Respiratory tract.
2. Notochord. 3. Connective tissue; .
3. Digestive tract. Larynx; trachea. 3. Nervous tissue. Neuroglia. Chromaffin tissue.
4. Blood; bone marrow. 5. Endothelium of blood .
4. Bladder (except trigone). 5. LTrethra (except prostatic). 6. Prostate. Liver; pancreas. 4. Smooth muscle of; Iris. Sweat glands. vessels and lymphatics. 6. Lymphoid organs. 7. Suprarenal corte.
Somatopleure and Splanchnopleure. In early embryos the mesoderm splits into two layers, the somatic (dorsal) and splanchnic (ventral) mesoderm (Fig. 4). The ectoderm and somatic mesoderm constitute the lu)dy wall, which is termed the somatopleure. In the same way, the entoderm and splanchnic mesoderm combine as the splanchnopleure; it forms the mesenteries and the walls of the gut, heart, and lungs.
Fundamental ConceptionsThe Anlage. - This German word, which lacks an entirely satisfactory English equivalent, is a term applied to the first discernible cell, or aggregation of cells, which is destined to form any distinct jiart or organ of the embryo. In the broad sense, the fertilized ovum is the anlage of the entire adult organism; furthermore, in the early cleavage stages of certain embryos it is possible to recognize single cells or cell groups from which definite structures will indubitably arise. The term anlage, however, is more commonly applied to the primordia that differentiate from the various germ layers. Thus the epithelial thickening over the optic vesicle is the anlage of the lens.
The Vertebrate GroupsThere are five vertebrate classes, the higher characterized by the possession of an enveloping embryonic membrane, called the amnion, and another embryonic appendage, known as the allantois: (R) Anamniota (amnion absent). 1. Fishes - lamprey; sturgeon; shark; bony fishes; lung fish. 2. Amphibia - salamander; frog; toad; etc. {B) Amniota (amnion present). 3. Reptiles - lizard; crocodile; snake; turtle. 4. Birds. 5. hlammals. Characterized by hair and mammary glands, (a) Monotremes - duck-bill; primitive mammals that have a cloaca and lay eggs with shells.
Ungulate series. Hoofed mammals (cattle; sheep; pig; deer; horse; etc.). Unguiculate series. Clawed mammals (mole; bat; rat; rabbit; cat; dog; etc.). The highest order is the Primates (lemur; monkey; ape, man). The Vertebrate Body Plan. - All vertebrate animals are constructed in accordance with a common body plan. The distinctive characteristics of the vertebrate type include: . 1. A tubular central nervous system, dorsally placed (Fig. 4). 2. A notochord, between the neural tube and gut (Fig. 4). This cellular |3rimitive-axis is replaced, wholly or in part, by the vertebral column. 3. A pharynx, which develops paired pouches and clefts that determine the positions of important nerves, muscles and blood vessels (Fig. 91). 4. The position of the mouth. Unlike the condition in many invertebrates, it is not surrounded by a circumoral ring of nervous tissue which connects a dorsal - brain - with a ventral chain of ganglia. 5. The limbs. Two pairs, with an internal skeleton (Fig. 227). 6. A coelom, which is divided into a dorsal, segmental part (cavities of the somites), and a ventral, unsegmented part, partitioned by the septum transversum (diaphragm) into thoracic and abdominal portions (Fig. 4 • .
Titles for Collateral Reading and ReferenceBroman. Normale und abnorme Entwicklung des Menschen. Corning. Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Duval. Atlas D - Embryologie. Hertwig. Handbuch der Entwicklungslehre der Wirbeltiere. Keibel and Mall. Human Embryology. Kellicott. A Textbook of General Embryology. Kollmann. Handatlas der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Lillie. The Development of the Chick. Minot. A Laboratory Text-book of Embryology. McMurrich. The Development of the Human Body. Patten. The Early Embryology of the Chick. Wilson. The Cell in Development and Inheritance.
ReferenceArey LB. Developmental Anatomy. (1924) W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 18) Embryology Book - Developmental Anatomy 1924. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Developmental_Anatomy_1924
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