Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1

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Nelsen OE. Comparative embryology of the vertebrates (1953) Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Part I The Period of Preparation

Part I - The Period of Preparation: 1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction | 2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction | 3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

The events which precede the initiation of the new individual's development are:

1. The preparation of the male and female parents and their reproductive structures for the act of reprcxluction (Chaps. 1 and 2).
2. The preparation of the gametes (Chap. 3).

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, because of its secretion of the gonadotrophic (gonad-stimulating) hormones, is the pivotal structure in the reproductive mechanism.

The gonadotrophic hormones are:

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH;
2. Luteinizing hormone, LH (ICSH), and
3. Luteotrophin, LTH.

The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction

1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction

A. Introduction

1. General description of the male reproductive system

2. Importance of the testis

B. Anatomical features of the male reproductive system

1. Anatomical location of the testis

2. Possible factors involved in testis descent

3. General structure of the scrotum and the testis in mammals

a. Structure of the scrotum

b. General structure of the testis

4. Specific structures of the mammalian testis which produce the reproductive cells and the male sex hormone

a. Seminiferous tubules

b. Interstitial tissue

5. The testis of vertebrates in general

6. Accessory reproductive structures of the male

a. The reproductive duct in forms utilizing external fertilization

b. The reproductive duct in species practicing internal fertilization

C. Specific activities of the various parts of the male reproductive system

1. Introduction

a. Three general functions of the male reproductive system

b. Some definitions

2. Activities of the testis

a. Seasonal and non-seasonal types of testicular activity

b. Testicular tissue concerned with male sex-hormone production

c. Testicular control of body structure and function by the male sex hormone

1) Sources of the male sex hormone

2) Biological effects of the male sex hormone

a) Effects upon the accessory reproductive structures

b) Effects upon secondary sex characteristics and behavior of the individual

c) Effects upon the seminiferous tubules

d. Seminiferous-tubule activity and formation of sperm

e. The seminiferous tubule as a sperm-storing structure

3. Role of the reproductive duct in sperm formation

a. Vertebrates without a highly tortuous epididymal portion of the reproductive duct

b. The epididymis as a sperm-ripening structure

c. The epididymis and vas deferens as sperm-storage organs

d. Two types of vertebrate testes relative to sperm formation

4. Function of the seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)

5. Function of the prostate gland

6. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

7. Functions of seminal fluid

a. Amount of seminal fluid discharged and its general functions

b. Coagulation of the semen

c. Hyaluronidasc

d. Accessory sperm

e. Fructose

f. Enzyme-protecting substances

D. Internal and external factors influencing activities of the testis

1. Internal factors

a. Temperature and anatomical position of the testis

b. Body nourishment in relation to testicular function

c. The hypophysis and its relation to testicular function

2. External environmental factors and testis function

a. Light as a factor

b. Temperature influences

E. Internal factors which may control seasonal and continuous types of testicular function

F. Characteristics of the male reproductive cycle and its relation to reproductive conditions in the female

The Vertetrate Ovary and Its Relationship to Reproduction

2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction

A. The ovary and its importance

B. Preformationism, past and present

C. General structure of the reproductive system of the vertebrate female

1. General structure of the ovary

2. General structure of the accessory reproductive organs

D. Dependency of the female reproductive system on general body conditions

1. Inanition

2. Vitamins

a. Vitamin A

b. Vitamin B

c. Vitamin C

d. Vitamin E

3. The hypophysis (pituitary gland)

E. Activities of the ovary in producing the reproductive state

1. The ovary as a “storehouse” of oogonia

2. Position occupied by the primitive female germ cells in the ovarian cortex

3. Primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles of de Graaf

4. Hormonal factors concerned with the development of egg follicles

a. Effects produced by the gonadotrophic hormones of the development of the mammalian egg follicle

b. Stimulating effects of the gonadotrophins on the ovaries of other vertebrates

5. Structure of the vertebrate, mature egg follicle

a. Structure of the mature follicle in metatherian and eutherian mammals

b. Structure of the prototherian egg follicle

c. Egg follicles of other vertebrates

6. Ovulatory process; possible factors controlling ovulation

a. Process of ovulation in higher mammals

1) Changing tissue conditions culminating in egg discharge from the ovary

2) Hormonal control of the ovulatory process

b. Ovulation in vertebrate groups other than the higher mammals

1) Hen

2) Frog

3) Hormonal control of ovulation in lower vertebrates

c. Comparison of the immediate factors affecting egg discharge in the vertebrate group

7. Internal conditions of the ovary as an ovulatory factor

8. Number of eggs produced by different vertebrate ovaries

9. Spontaneous and dependent ovulation in the mammals and in other vertebrates

10. Egg viability after discharge from the ovary

11. History of the egg follicle after ovulation

a. Follicles which do not develop a post-ovulatory body

b. Follicles which develop a post-ovulatory body; formation of the corpus luteum

12. Hormones of the ovary and their activities in effecting the reproductive condition

a. Estrogenic hormone

1) Definition and source of production

2) The ovary as the normal source of estrogen in the non-pregnant female

3) Pituitary control of estrogen formation

4) Effect of estrogen upon the female mammal

5) Effects of estrogen in other vertebrates

b. Progesterone — the hormone of the corpus luteum

1) Production of progesterone

2) Effects of progesterone

F. Reproductive state and its relation to the reproductive cycles in female vertebrates

1. Sexual cycle in the female mammal

a. Characteristics and phases of the reproductive cycle

b. Relation of cstrus and ovulation in some common mammals

1) Spontaneously ovulating forms (Sexual receptivity of male occurs at or near time of ovulation)

2) Dependent ovulatory forms (Sexual receptivity [heat] occurs previous to time of ovulation)

c. Non-ovulatory (anovulatory) sexual cycles

d. Control of the estrous cycle in the female mammal

e. Reproductive cycle in lower vertebrate females

G. Role of the ovary in gestation (pregnancy)

1. Control of implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy in mammals

2. Gestation periods, in days, of some common mammals

3. Maintenance of pregnancy in reptiles and other vertebrates

H. Role of the ovary in parturition or birth of the young

I. Importance of the ovary in mammary-gland development and lactation

J. Other possible developmental functions produced by the ovary

K. Determinative tests for pregnancy

Part I - The Period of Preparation: 1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction | 2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction | 3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 5) Embryology Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Comparative_Embryology_of_the_Vertebrates_1

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G