BGDA Practical Placenta - Villi Development
 |
Chorionic Villi
Primary villiWeek 2 - first stage of chorionic villi development, trophoblastic shell cells (syncitiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts) form finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. |
|
Secondary villiWeek 3 - second stage of chorionic villi development, extraembryonic mesoderm grows into villi, covers entire surface of chorionic sac. Basal region will form chorionic plate. |
|
Tertiary villiWeek 4 - third stage of chorionic villi development, mesenchyme differentiates into blood vessels and cells, forms arteriocapillary network, fuse with placental vessels, developing in connecting stalk. |
|
- stem villi - or anchoring villi, cytotrophoblast cells attached to maternal tissue.
- branched villi - grow from sides of stem villi, region of main exchange, surrounded by maternal blood in intervillous spaces.
- terminal villi - not active outgrowths caused by proliferation of the trophoblast. Passive protrusions induced by capillary coiling due to growth of the fetal capillaries within the mature intermediate villi (third trimester).
- chorionic plate - region of membrane at the base of the villi through which placental arteries and vein passes.
First trimester and term chorionic villi
Anchoring Villi
Floating Villi
Placenta anchoring villi
Villi first trimester
Villi at term
Villi at term
Virtual Slide
We will now look at an example of first trimester placentation in a Virtual Slide.
Please note that there are additional slides listed in the current set, only the first placenta slide and the cord cross-section will be covered in detail in the practical class.
Chorionoic Villi Location
Originally villi cover entire chorionic surface and then become restricted to decidua basalis region forming 2 regions:
- Frondosum - "leafy" where villi are mainly located.
- Capsularis - smooth chorion, where villi are absent or not abundant.
|
|
Additional Information
Cytotrophoblast Layer
There is a new interpretation of the changes that are occuring in the cytotrophoblast (CTB) layer during early to full-term human placenta development. Traditionally the interpretation was that the cytotrophoblast layer thinned and became discontinuous towards term. The thinning is thought due to the epithelium surface expanding at a faster rate than its volume. Two recent studies suggest that while the cytotrophoblast layer does indeed thin, it does not become discontinuous.
Syncytiotrophoblast Layer
The syncytiotrophoblast (STB) layer forms the epithelial covering of the entire villous tree. These cells are multinucleated, terminally-differentiated syncytium formed by the fusion of the underlying progenitor cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells. The process is described as "syncytialization" and is mediated by syncytin-1, an envelope protein of a human endogenous retrovirus W (HERV-W). The differentiation is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells is ongoing during placental development.
Cellular parts derived from the syncytiotrophoblasts (apoptotic nuclei and microparticulate debris) can be shed into the maternal blood in which they are bathed. The apototic process appears to be part of the fusion mechanism between cytotrophoblast and the overlying multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast layer.
Studies have suggested that these cells are transcriptionally inactive. A recent study using a number of different detection techniques now suggests that at least some of the cells nuclei may still be transcriptionally inactive.
Mesenchymal Villi
Mesenchymal villi generate all other villous types:
- immature intermediate villi
- stem villi
- mature intermediate villi
- terminal villi
Mesenchymal villi continuously form out of the trophoblastic sprouts throughout pregnancy and have been considered the basis for growth and differentiation of the villous trees.
Human Villi Timeline
This is far more than even for additional information section Timeline Table
Decidua and villi location
Chorionic villi
|
