2014 Group Project 3

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The Group assessment for 2014 will be an online project on Fetal Development of a specific System. This page is an undergraduate science embryology student and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Gastrointestinal System

--Mark Hill (talk) 15:12, 26 August 2014 (EST) No sub-headings yet, get moving on your project.

--Mark Hill (talk) 15:56, 6 September 2014 (EST) While you have divided the GIT into sections, there is no feral specific development described or media yet.

Foregut

These are only the tip of the ice burg journal articles but further details will be mentioned later throughout this course as my path comes closer to its destination.

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--Z3414515 (talk) 10:26, 27 August 2014 (EST)

I have only found out very less on the oesophagus and I am still confused with the information I find from the resources in regards to fetal and embryo development differentiation. Below is what I have so far.

The primordium of the oesophagus is a portion between the respiratory diverticulum and stomach dilation. The oesophagus is a short tube initially but elongates significantly over time as the fetus grows. Oesophagus has an endoderm derived epithelial lining which proliferates. The epithelial lining also undergoes a series of transformations. Occluded lumen appears by week eight as well as vacuoles. With time the lumen is recanalized and the vacuoles combine. The epithelium of the oesophagus becomes stratified squamous during the fourth month. The development of muscle layers consisting of outer and inner layers, are recognised by eight weeks. The oesophagus contains smooth (splanchnic mesoderm derivative) and skeletal muscle fibres. --Z3414515 (talk) 12:20, 2 September 2014 (EST)

Midgut

Midgut Formation during the development of the human fetus

Basic Anatomy

Caecum The caecum is located at the right bottom corner at the beginning of the fetal period. Towards the end of the fetal life it descends towards the right iliac fossa. This transition is heavily related to the ascending colon during this time.It is in the shape of a long tube during this fetal time and similar tot hat of a succule, the right side is larger.

Appendix The vermiform appendix increases markedly in length during the fetal period and is closely related to the growth of the caecum, so that at birth it becomes a worm-shaped tube arising from the distal end of the caecum.

Midgut Herniation

At the Beginning of the fetal phase the midgut is still lying outside the ventral body wall (herniation). This herniation began back in the embryonic period (week 5) (expand on these embryonic events??) The midgut was pushed into the (umbilical cord/body stalk??) in the form of a loop due to the rapid growth of the liver and the limited intra-abdominal space. As the midgut grew through the body stalk it formed a loop with the superior mesenteric artery forming the axis of the loop. During the embryonic period the loop undergoes a 90 degree rotation so that the pre-arterial segment lies on the right and the post arterial segment lies on the left.

Weeks 8-10: Elongation of the pre-arterial loop continues and a caecal bud forms on the right of the apex of the tube, which lies on the left...............

Weeks 10-12: Return of loop top abdominal cavity...............

1. <pubmed>18606147</pubmed> 2. <pubmed>14745932</pubmed> 3. <pubmed>24414177</pubmed>

--Z3415141 (talk) 09:26, 27 August 2014 (EST)

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Hindgut

Hindgut development during the human fetal stages

1.<pubmed>10716947</pubmed> 2.<pubmed>12171973</pubmed> 3.<pubmed>23073994</pubmed>

--Z3375627 (talk) 08:54, 27 August 2014 (EST)

Deformities

Gastroschisis

What it is.

Gastroschisis is a congenital birth defect which can be diagnosed early in fetal development. It is the most common neonatal abdominal wall defect which occurs equally in males and females. Studies suggest white population is more affected by this abnormality in comparison to Hispanics and dark skinned people. It is a defect of the anterior abdominal wall, usually to the right of the umbilical cord and the peritoneal membrane that normally covers the bowel is absent. The defect involves all layers of the abdominal wall and in this abnormality, an infant’s intestine (small and large intestine) protrude out and into the amniotic fluid. Other organs such as the stomach and liver can also bulge out from the hole and no membrane covers these organs in this abnormality.

Possible cause:

The cause of Gastroschisis is not completely clear however a potential mechanism include tearing at the base of umbilical cord before the umbilical ring closes or the failure of one or more folds in the abdominal wall to fuse completely and in the correct manner. Due to the failure of the closing as stated above, organs protrude out and the eviscerated bowl is exposed to amniotic fluid for a long period of time, causing mucosal and muscular injury. The organs that remain out of the body wall are also exposed and vulnerable to infection in the open air as an infant is born. In more uncommon cases, chromosomal syndromes such as trisomy 18, 13, or 21 or sex chromosome anomalies have been found in association with Gastroschisis. In recent findings Gastroschisis has also been seen to be a result from vascular events causing disruption of fetal abdominal wall. For example Maternal vascular under perfusion is a possible underlying cause of intermittent ischemia to the abdominal wall.

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--Z3415242 (talk) 00:00, 27 August 2014 (EST)

Abnormalities that can occur in GIT system during fetal development

List of research/articles:

1.<pubmed>22777173</pubmed> 2.<pubmed>3832654</pubmed> 3.