2014 Group Project 2

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The Group assessment for 2014 will be an online project on Fetal Development of a specific System. This page is an undergraduate science embryology student and may contain inaccuracies in either description or acknowledgements.

Renal

--Mark Hill (talk) 15:11, 26 August 2014 (EST) No subheadings yet and I even had to add your project title! Get moving.

Kidney

Structures that arise from the Ureteric bud

<pubmed>25088264</pubmed> <pubmed>25087982</pubmed>

Structures that arise from the Metanephric mesoderm

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Development of the kidneys

The kidneys first develop in the embryo by a process called nephrogenesis, in which self-renewing mesenchymal renal stem cells produce nephrons to form a simple embryonic kidney, called the pronephros. Nephrons are the main functional unit of the kidney.

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An embryonic gene named gremlin (GREM1) has been found to play a key role in the formation of the kidneys and nephrogenesis in general. When fully formed, the expression of this gene is relatively low in an adult. However, it is thought that many renal diseases and their progressions are linked to an overexpression of this gremlin gene.

<pubmed>25036148</pubmed>

Nephrogenesis is stimulated by the signaling between the epithelial ureteric buds and progenitor cells, causing nephrons to develop and the ureteric buds to branch.

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At birth, although the infant’s kidneys are developed enough to maintain homeostasis and are sufficient for growth and development, their functional capabilities are decreased. This is a result of the transition from depending on the placenta to maintain homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte balance while in-utero, to maturation of the neonatal glomeruli once born.

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Determining nephron number is important: it can show the success/extent of nephrogenesis, and thus be used to determine if any and what genes and environmental factors may aid this process; a low nephron count has been linked to multiple cardiovascular and renal disease later in life.

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Urethra/Amnion

Urine Formation + Amniotic Sac

limb deformations in oligohydramnio sequence

Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios

amniotic fluid: not just urine anymore

the urinary excretion of amino acids and sugar in early infancy

Abnormalities

<pubmed>18631884</pubmed> <pubmed>20807610</pubmed> <pubmed>20388228</pubmed> <pubmed>21079243</pubmed>

The overexpression of the gremlin gene (GREM1) has been found to be a cause of renal disease.

<pubmed>25036148</pubmed>

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