Talk:Dog Development
The IGF1 small dog haplotype is derived from Middle Eastern grey wolves http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/16
2010
Total neuron numbers in CA1-4 sectors of the dog hippocampus
Indian J Med Res. 2010 Jun;131:780-5.
Rağbetli MC, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Yayici R, Arslan K. Departments of Histology & Embryology , Medical Faculty, Yüzüncü Yil University,Van, Turkey. Abstract BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Early reports addressed morphological asymmetry in the cross-sectional width of the rat hippocampus. The present study was aimed at counting total number of neurons in CA1-4 sectors and the subiculum of the dog hippocampus as well as investigating possible left /right and male/female asymmetry. METHODS: Adult mongrel dogs (8 female and 5 male) were assessed by the right and left pawedness and sacrificed by exsanguinations. In each hippocampus dissected, the total neuron numbers of CAs and subiculum were estimated by the physical fractioning method. RESULTS: Significant hemispheric asymmetries were found in the number of pyramidal cells of CA1, CA3/2, CA4 and the subiculum. Sex difference was also found in the subiculum, in favour of the males. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our study indicated a left dominant asymmetry in males and right dominancy in females as well as no functional asymmetry in specific regions of the dog hippocampus. Further investigations are necessary to verify the hypothesis that hippocampal morphological asymmetries in normal subjects are functionally related in memory or in cognitive skills. PMID: 20571166
Early Development and Putative Primordial Germ Cells Characterization in Dogs
Reprod Domest Anim. 2010 Apr 30.
Martins DS, Ambrósio CE, Saraiva NZ, Wenceslau CV, Morini AC, Kerkis I, Garcia JM, Miglino MA.
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil. Abstract Contents Previously, three distinct populations of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs), namely gonocytes, intermediate cells and pre-spermatogonia, have been described in the human foetal testis. According to our knowledge, these PGCs have not been studied in any other species. The aim of our study was to identify similar PGC populations in canine embryos. First, we develop a protocol for canine embryo isolation. Following our protocol, 15 canine embryos at 21-25 days of pregnancy were isolated by ovaryhysterectomy surgery. Our data indicate that dramatic changes occur in canine embryo development and PGCs specification between 21 to 25 days of gestation. At that moment, only two PGC populations with distinct morphology can be identified by histological analyses. Cell population 1 presented round nuclei with prominent nucleolus and a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, showing gonocyte morphology. Cell population 2 was often localized at the periphery of the testicular cords and presented typical features of PGC. Both germ cell populations were positively immunostained with anti-human OCT-4 antibody. However, at day 25, all cells of population 1 reacted positively with OCT-4, whereas in population 2, fewer cells were positive for this marker. These two PGCs populations present morphological features similar to gonocytes and intermediate cells from human foetal testis. It is expected that a population of pre-spermatogonia would be observed at later stages of canine foetus development. We also showed that anti-human OCT-4 antibody can be useful to identify canine PGC in vivo.
PMID: 20477984
Some embryological aspects of cholinergic innervation in the cardiovascular system--a close association with the subintestinal circulatory channel
J Pharmacol Sci. 2010 Apr;112(4):383-96. Epub 2010 Mar 30.
Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K. Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. Abstract A series of our studies on the dog venous system revealed that cholinergic excitatory innervation was localized in a group of veins: the portal, mesenteric, and hepatic veins and the middle segment of the inferior vena cava. Our studies on pharmacological responsiveness of dog veins also revealed that they could be divided into two groups: the visceral and somatic parts, and the cholinergic excitatory innervation localized to the visceral part. Considering these results and some relevant literature, a hypothesis is proposed on the classification of muscles of the cardiovascular system and some embryological aspects of the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation in the circulatory system are discussed. The embryonic circulatory system of vertebrates can be divided into two parts: somatic and visceral. The body of an embryo is regarded as a double tube and vessels of the visceral part and the heart belong to the inner tube. The muscle of these vessels and the heart are derived from visceral mesoderm, either the coelomic epithelium or mesenchymal cells, in common with muscle of the digestive tube; and thus the parasympathetic cholinergic nerves innervating the muscle of the digestive tube also distribute to these vessels and the heart. The heart and vascular muscles in the visceral part are structures developed early in the course of evolution in invertebrates. Their primary function is to propel the body fluid, and the chief structure containing them is the subintestinal circulatory channel (ventral aorta - heart - subintestinal vein). They exhibit spontaneous, rhythmic activity, showing characteristics of a single unit muscle, and receive parasympathetic cholinergic innervation. On the other hand, the vascular muscles in the somatic part are endothelium-associated muscles developed anew in the vertebrate; do not contract spontaneously, being classified as a multiunit muscle; and lack parasympathetic cholinergic innervation.
PMID: 20351483 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351483
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/112/4/112_383/_article
Comparative study of Pax2 expression in glial cells in the retina and optic nerve of birds and mammals
J Comp Neurol. 2010 Jun 15;518(12):2316-33.
Stanke J, Moose HE, El-Hodiri HM, Fischer AJ. Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. Abstract Little is known about the expression of Pax2 in mature retina or optic nerve. Here we probed for the expression of Pax2 in late stages of embryonic development and in mature chick retina. We find two distinct Pax2 isoforms expressed by cells within the retina and optic nerve. Surprisingly, Müller glia in central regions of the retina express Pax2, and levels of expression are decreased with increasing distance from the nerve head. In Müller glia, the expression levels of Pax2 are increased by acute retinal damage or treatment with growth factors. At the optic nerve, Pax2 is expressed by peripapillary glia, at the junction of the neural retina and optic nerve head and by glia within the optic nerve. In addition, we assayed for Pax2 expression in glial cells in mammalian retinas. In mammalian retinas, unlike the case in chick retina, the Müller glia do not express Pax2. Pax2-expressing cells are found in the optic nerve and astrocytes within the mouse retina. By comparison, Pax2-positive cells are not found within the guinea pig retina; Pax2-expressing glia are confined to the optic nerve. In dog and monkey (Macaca fascicularis), Pax2 is expressed by astrocytes that are scattered across inner retinal layers and by numerous glia within the optic nerve. Interestingly, Pax2-positive glial cells are found at the peripheral edge of the dog retina, but only in older animals. We conclude that the expression of Pax2 in the vertebrate eye is restricted to retinal astrocytes, peripapillary glia, and glia within the optic nerve. Copyright 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 20437530
2009
Prolonged duration of fertility of dog ova
Reprod Domest Anim. 2009 Jul;44 Suppl 2:230-3.
Tsutsui T, Takahashi F, Hori T, Kawakami E, Concannon PW.
Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musahino, Tokyo, Japan. tsutsui@nvlu.ac.jp Abstract The fertile period for natural mating in dogs extends from before ovulation until day 5 post ovulation (PO) and involves a delay in oocyte maturation until 2-3 days PO and viability of secondary oocytes for 48-60 h or more. Spermatozoa do not enter the uterus after vaginal insemination in late oestrus. Cervical closure appears to occur on average 5 days PO, but conception may occur following intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) up to 8 days PO. Therefore, the present study was conducted to clarify the duration of fertility of canine ova. Using IUAI at 6, 7, 8 and 9 days PO (n = 5 bitches each) conception rates were 100%, 71.4%, 37.5% and 0%, respectively, with an average litter resorption rate of 30.8%, and with mean litter sizes and times to delivery PO being 4.3 +/- 1.6 and 64.3 +/- 0.3 days, 4.0 +/- 1.4 and 66.3 +/- 0.4 days, and 2.5 and 68 days for IUAI at 6, 7 and 8 days, respectively. The high pregnancy rates with IUAI at 6 and 7 days PO confirm that many canine oocytes are fertile at 4-5 days after maturation. The high rate of resorption was presumably because of aging of ova or asynchrony between embryonic development and the intrauterine environment.
PMID: 19754575
Complex cardiac congenital defects in an adult dog: an ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging study
Can Vet J. 2009 Sep;50(9):933-5.
García-Rodríguez MB, Granja MA, García CC, Gonzalo Orden JM, Cano Rábano MJ, Prieto ID. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n. 24007, León, Spain. mbgarr@unileon.es Abstract This article describes a complex and not previously reported combination of congenital cardiac defects. Echocardiography showed dilation of right and left chambers, accompanied with patent ductus arteriosus, persistence of the left cranial vena cava, atrial septal defect (ASD), subaortic stenosis, and tricuspid dysplasia. The interatrial wall was examined and the diameter of the ASD was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PMID: 19949552
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726018/?tool=pubmed
Congenital heart defects represent one of the most frequent causes of mortality in stillborn dogs and puppies less than 1 year old (1). A retrospective analysis showed that cardiac congenital defects were 23.5% of the total cardiac disease cases (2). The coexistence of ≥ 2 cardiac malformations can be defined as complex congenital heart disease. Their prevalence has been reported as 8.2% and 9.5% of cardiac congenital defects
Preliminary study in immature canine oocytes stained with brilliant cresyl blue and obtained from bitches with low and high progesterone serum profiles
Reprod Domest Anim. 2009 Jul;44 Suppl 2:255-8.
Rodrigues BA, Rodriguez P, Silva AE, Cavalcante LF, Feltrin C, Rodrigues JL. Laboratory of Embryology and Biotechnics of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. berenice@portoweb.com.br Abstract This study was conducted: (i) to observe the features and levels of blue colour impregnation in morphologically selected immature canine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) stained with the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) dye, as indicators of quality, and integrity of nuclear oocyte chromatin configuration before in vitro maturation (IVM); (ii) to observe the relationship between the influence of serum progesterone (SP) concentrations from ovary donors and BCB staining of immature dog oocytes. The results showed that out of 138 canine COCs, germinal vesicle (GV) stage prevailed in BCB+ oocytes at percentages of 67.4% (60/89), which were statistically higher than those observed in BCB+/- (52.2%; 23/44) and BCB- (20%; 1/5) oocytes (p = 0.023). Oocytes BCB+ were interpreted as those having completed their growth and therefore possessing the capacity to mature and develop in vitro. Ooplasm and cumulus cells (CCs) of canine oocytes were BCB staining independent. Ooplasm blue colour staining reaction varied between grown oocytes, revealing different levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity among and within oocytes. Additionally, SP profile of ovary donors was not a relevant indicator for selection of oocytes screened with the BCB stain. Similar numbers of high quality oocytes were observed to be BCB+, BCB+/- and BCB- between groups of females with SP varying from 0 to 2.5 ng/ml (n = 5), and those with SP varying from 2.6 to 16.7 ng/ml (n = 4) (p = 0.680). It may be inferred that bitches with low and high SP profiles have grown oocytes in their ovaries, as determined by the BCB absorbance in their ooplasms.
PMID: 1975458 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19754581
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01408.x/abstract
Birth of Beagle dogs by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Anim Reprod Sci. 2009 Sep;114(4):404-14. Epub 2008 Oct 22.
Hossein MS, Jeong YW, Park SW, Kim JJ, Lee E, Ko KH, Hyuk P, Hoon SS, Kim YW, Hyun SH, Shin T, Hwang WS. SooAm Biotech Research Foundation, 1024-39 Saam-Ri, Wonsam-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-872, Republic of Korea. Abstract The present study was undertaken to evaluate two enucleation methods for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and to standardize the optimum number of embryos for transfer to each recipient for canines. Oocytes retrieved from outbreed dogs were reconstructed with adult somatic cells from a male Beagle dog. A total of 134 or 267 oocytes were enucleated either by aspiration or squeezing method, fused with two DC pulses of 1.75 kV/cm for 15 micros electrical stimulation, chemically activated after 1h of fusion using 10 microM calcium ionophore for 4 min and cultured 4h in 1.9 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine. Finally, 103 or 214 embryos for aspiration or squeezing method were transferred to 6 or 11 naturally synchronized recipients, respectively. A total of 53, 317 and 342 embryos were transferred to 7, 17 and 12 recipients for the group of 4-10, 11-25 and 26-40 embryos, respectively. There was no difference between fusion rate (76.87% vs. 80.15%), full term pregnancy rate (16.66% vs. 27.27%) and percent of live puppies born (0.97% vs. 1.87%) for aspiration and squeezing method (P>0.05). Production efficiency of cloned dogs was significantly affected by the number of embryos transferred to each recipient. No pregnancy was established for the group of 4-10 embryos (n=7) and 26-40 embryos (n=12) while pregnancy was detected in 23.53% recipients received a group of 11-25 embryos (n=17). Among them, five (1.76%) live puppies were born (P<0.05). These data show an increase in the overall efficiency of SCNT in canine species. PMID: 19059739
Non-rotated midgut in a dog
Anat Histol Embryol. 2009 Feb;38(1):58-61. Epub 2008 Oct 18.
Kirk EJ, Nutman AW, Murray SL. Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand. e.j.kirk@massey.ac.nz Abstract Macroscopic observations of the partly-dissected abdomen of the preserved cadaver of a Labrador bitch were recorded and photographs taken. Neither the duodenum nor the colon looped around the root of the great (jejuno-ileal) mesentery, but both were long enough to have done so. The abdominal organs appeared to be otherwise normal, as did the other parts of the body. The condition appeared to have resulted from non-rotation of the midgut during embryonic development and to have no adverse effect on the animal. PMID: 18983624
2008
Anim Reprod Sci. 2008 Jan 30;103(3-4):336-47. Epub 2006 Dec 17.
Lee HS, Yin XJ, Jin YX, Kim NH, Cho SG, Bae IH, Kong IK.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212978
This study investigated the effect of deriving oocytes from different stages of the estrous cycle on oocyte diameter, germinal vesicle (GV) chromatin configuration, and in vitro meiotic competence in canine oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from both ovaries during anestrous, follicular, and luteal phases and in vivo ovulated oocytes. The diameter of canine oocyte was compared with or without the zona pellucida (ZP) before in vitro maturation (IVM). Also, GV chromatin configuration was evaluated before (0 h) or 72 h after IVM by fixation with 3.7% formaldehyde supplemented with 10 microg/ml Hoechst 33342 for 30 min. COCs were matured in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.6 mM cysteine, 0.2 mM pyruvic acid, 50 microg/ml gentamycin sulfate, and 20 microg/ml 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) at 39 degrees C and 5% CO(2) in air for 72 h. The diameter of in vivo ovulated oocytes with the ZP (167.5+/-12.7 microm) or without ZP (133.9+/-5.3 microm) was significantly greater (p<0.05) than those of anestrous, follicular, and luteal oocytes (with ZP, 151.2+/-7.4, 153.1+/-8.8 and 152.8+/-5.4 microm, respectively; without ZP, 115.3+/-7.6, 122.1+/-4.9 and 114.3+/-6.6 microm, respectively). At 0 h, the GV-II configuration was more prevalent in oocytes from anestrual ovaries than from follicular or luteal ovaries or in vivo ovulated oocytes (63.6% versus 14.8%, 33.0%, and 0.0%; p<0.05), whereas the proportion of oocytes with the GV-V configuration was higher in follicular phase and ovulated oocytes than in oocytes from anestrus and luteal phase (57.4% and 100% versus 2.0% and 22.7%; p<0.05). However, oocytes in luteal phase exhibited diverse GV configurations (10.3%, 33.0%, 16.5%, 13.4%, and 22.7% in GV-I, GV-II, GV-III, GV-IV, and GV-V, respectively). After 72 h post-IVM, a greater percentage of in vivo ovulated oocytes progressed to MII than those oocytes collected during anestrous, follicular, and luteal phases (50.0% versus 5.5%, 11.5%, and 9.1%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the oocyte diameter, GV chromatin configuration, and meiotic maturation of canine COCs are related to the oocyte source. These results indicated that the oocyte source could be critical to nuclear progression to MII stage in canines.
Germinal vesicle chromatin configuration
- GV-I - condensed filamentous chromatin clumps around the nuclear membrane
- GV-II - localized filamentous chromatin clumps around the nucleolus
- GV-III - distributed filamentous chromatin clumps in the nucleus and disappeared nucleolus
- GV-IV - thick clumps of condensed chromatin
- GV-V - a single clump of condensed chromatin
- MII, apparent first polar body
Canine polydactyl mutations with heterogeneous origin in the conserved intronic sequence of LMBR1
Park K, Kang J, Subedi KP, Ha JH, Park C. Genetics. 2008 Aug;179(4):2163-72. Epub 2008 Aug 9.
Canine preaxial polydactyly (PPD) in the hind limb is a developmental trait that restores the first digit lost during canine evolution. Using a linkage analysis, we previously demonstrated that the affected gene in a Korean breed is located on canine chromosome 16. The candidate locus was further limited to a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of <213 kb composing the single gene, LMBR1, by LD mapping with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for affected individuals from both Korean and Western breeds. The ZPA regulatory sequence (ZRS) in intron 5 of LMBR1 was implicated in mammalian polydactyly. An analysis of the LD haplotypes around the ZRS for various dog breeds revealed that only a subset is assigned to Western breeds. Furthermore, two distinct affected haplotypes for Asian and Western breeds were found, each containing different single-base changes in the upstream sequence (pZRS) of the ZRS. Unlike the previously characterized cases of PPD identified in the mouse and human ZRS regions, the canine mutations in pZRS lacked the ectopic expression of sonic hedgehog in the anterior limb bud, distinguishing its role in limb development from that of the ZRS.
PMID: 18689889
Canine preaxial polydactyly (PPD)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516088/
2007
Immune system development in the dog and cat
J Comp Pathol. 2007 Jul;137 Suppl 1:S10-5. Epub 2007 Jun 8.
Day MJ. Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK. m.j.day@bristol.ac.uk Abstract Routine vaccination of young puppies and kittens takes place within the first 16 weeks of life, during which time there is considerable change in the immune system of these animals. Newborn pups and kittens must obtain passive immune protection through the ingestion of colostrum within the first hours of life. The timing of early life vaccination is determined by the period of time required for passively acquired immunoglobulin to degrade, thereby permitting an endogenous immune response to be generated by the neonate. In the absence of inhibitory maternally derived antibody (MDA), pups and kittens are capable of mounting a protective immune response at an early age. New generation molecular vaccines appear able to circumvent the inhibitory effects of MDA. In addition to changes in serum immunoglobulin concentrations, there are alterations in the numbers and proportions of blood and tissue leucocytes (particularly CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and B cells) during the first year of life. The qualitative nature of the newborn immune system may also alter from Th2 regulation in utero to Th1 regulation in the neonatal period. Immune function is likely to be genetically determined, and in dogs there is evidence for breed effects on immune function which likely relate to the inheritance of particular haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. The design of vaccines for young animals of these species must take into account these immunological changes and the potential modulatory effect of vaccines on immune development.
PMID: 17560591 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560591
Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: a 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds
Parker HG, Kukekova AV, Akey DT, Goldstein O, Kirkness EF, Baysac KC, Mosher DS, Aguirre GD, Acland GM, Ostrander EA. Genome Res. 2007 Nov;17(11):1562-71. Epub 2007 Oct 4.
The features of modern dog breeds that increase the ease of mapping common diseases, such as reduced heterogeneity and extensive linkage disequilibrium, may also increase the difficulty associated with fine mapping and identifying causative mutations. One way to address this problem is by combining data from multiple breeds segregating the same trait after initial linkage has been determined. The multibreed approach increases the number of potentially informative recombination events and reduces the size of the critical haplotype by taking advantage of shortened linkage disequilibrium distances found across breeds. In order to identify breeds that likely share a trait inherited from the same ancestral source, we have used cluster analysis to divide 132 breeds of dog into five primary breed groups. We then use the multibreed approach to fine-map Collie eye anomaly (cea), a complex disorder of ocular development that was initially mapped to a 3.9-cM region on canine chromosome 37. Combined genotypes from affected individuals from four breeds of a single breed group significantly narrowed the candidate gene region to a 103-kb interval spanning only four genes. Sequence analysis revealed that all affected dogs share a homozygous deletion of 7.8 kb in the NHEJ1 gene. This intronic deletion spans a highly conserved binding domain to which several developmentally important proteins bind. This work both establishes that the primary cea mutation arose as a single disease allele in a common ancestor of herding breeds as well as highlights the value of comparative population analysis for refining regions of linkage.
PMID: 17916641
2006
Embryo production in dogs: from in vitro fertilization to cloning
Reprod Domest Anim. 2006 Aug;41(4):286-90.
Luvoni GC, Chigioni S, Beccaglia M. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. cecilia.luvoni@unimi.it Abstract Increased availability of canine embryos would be desirable to develop research and to apply assisted reproductive technologies in the treatment of infertility and in the improvement of reproductive performances in valuable Canids, both domestic and non-domestic. Embryo production through in vitro fertilization and nuclear transfer has been technically achieved in the dog, and the transfer of cloned embryos has recently resulted in the birth of puppies. However, the efficiency of these technologies is still very limited. This is mainly because of the peculiar characteristics of the canine oocyte and the lack of its full acquisition of developmental competence in vitro. This paper discusses the latest results and aspects on which further research should be focused to provide advances in the field. PMID: 16869883
Genetic architecture of the dog: sexual size dimorphism and functional morphology
Trends Genet. 2006 Oct;22(10):537-44. Epub 2006 Aug 24.
Lark KG, Chase K, Sutter NB.
Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA. lark@bioscience.utah.edu Erratum in:
Trends Genet. 2007 Jan;23(1):25. Abstract Purebred dogs are a valuable resource for genetic analysis of quantitative traits. Quantitative traits are complex, controlled by many genes that are contained within regions of the genome known as quantitative trait loci (QTL). The genetic architecture of quantitative traits is defined by the characteristics of these genes: their number, the magnitude of their effects, their positions in the genome and their interactions with each other. QTL analysis is a valuable tool for exploring genetic architecture, and highlighting regions of the genome that contribute to the variation of a trait within a population.
PMID: 16934357
2005
Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog
Nature. 2005 Dec 8;438(7069):803-19.
Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, Kamal M, Clamp M, Chang JL, Kulbokas EJ 3rd, Zody MC, Mauceli E, Xie X, Breen M, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA, Ponting CP, Galibert F, Smith DR, DeJong PJ, Kirkness E, Alvarez P, Biagi T, Brockman W, Butler J, Chin CW, Cook A, Cuff J, Daly MJ, DeCaprio D, Gnerre S, Grabherr M, Kellis M, Kleber M, Bardeleben C, Goodstadt L, Heger A, Hitte C, Kim L, Koepfli KP, Parker HG, Pollinger JP, Searle SM, Sutter NB, Thomas R, Webber C, Baldwin J, Abebe A, Abouelleil A, Aftuck L, Ait-Zahra M, Aldredge T, Allen N, An P, Anderson S, Antoine C, Arachchi H, Aslam A, Ayotte L, Bachantsang P, Barry A, Bayul T, Benamara M, Berlin A, Bessette D, Blitshteyn B, Bloom T, Blye J, Boguslavskiy L, Bonnet C, Boukhgalter B, Brown A, Cahill P, Calixte N, Camarata J, Cheshatsang Y, Chu J, Citroen M, Collymore A, Cooke P, Dawoe T, Daza R, Decktor K, DeGray S, Dhargay N, Dooley K, Dooley K, Dorje P, Dorjee K, Dorris L, Duffey N, Dupes A, Egbiremolen O, Elong R, Falk J, Farina A, Faro S, Ferguson D, Ferreira P, Fisher S, FitzGerald M, Foley K, Foley C, Franke A, Friedrich D, Gage D, Garber M, Gearin G, Giannoukos G, Goode T, Goyette A, Graham J, Grandbois E, Gyaltsen K, Hafez N, Hagopian D, Hagos B, Hall J, Healy C, Hegarty R, Honan T, Horn A, Houde N, Hughes L, Hunnicutt L, Husby M, Jester B, Jones C, Kamat A, Kanga B, Kells C, Khazanovich D, Kieu AC, Kisner P, Kumar M, Lance K, Landers T, Lara M, Lee W, Leger JP, Lennon N, Leuper L, LeVine S, Liu J, Liu X, Lokyitsang Y, Lokyitsang T, Lui A, Macdonald J, Major J, Marabella R, Maru K, Matthews C, McDonough S, Mehta T, Meldrim J, Melnikov A, Meneus L, Mihalev A, Mihova T, Miller K, Mittelman R, Mlenga V, Mulrain L, Munson G, Navidi A, Naylor J, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nguyen C, Nguyen T, Nicol R, Norbu N, Norbu C, Novod N, Nyima T, Olandt P, O'Neill B, O'Neill K, Osman S, Oyono L, Patti C, Perrin D, Phunkhang P, Pierre F, Priest M, Rachupka A, Raghuraman S, Rameau R, Ray V, Raymond C, Rege F, Rise C, Rogers J, Rogov P, Sahalie J, Settipalli S, Sharpe T, Shea T, Sheehan M, Sherpa N, Shi J, Shih D, Sloan J, Smith C, Sparrow T, Stalker J, Stange-Thomann N, Stavropoulos S, Stone C, Stone S, Sykes S, Tchuinga P, Tenzing P, Tesfaye S, Thoulutsang D, Thoulutsang Y, Topham K, Topping I, Tsamla T, Vassiliev H, Venkataraman V, Vo A, Wangchuk T, Wangdi T, Weiand M, Wilkinson J, Wilson A, Yadav S, Yang S, Yang X, Young G, Yu Q, Zainoun J, Zembek L, Zimmer A, Lander ES.
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA. kersli@broad.mit.edu Comment in:
Nature. 2005 Dec 8;438(7069):745-6. Abstract Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), together with a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across breeds. The dog is of particular interest because it provides important evolutionary information and because existing breeds show great phenotypic diversity for morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. We use sequence comparison with the primate and rodent lineages to shed light on the structure and evolution of genomes and genes. Notably, the majority of the most highly conserved non-coding sequences in mammalian genomes are clustered near a small subset of genes with important roles in development. Analysis of SNPs reveals long-range haplotypes across the entire dog genome, and defines the nature of genetic diversity within and across breeds. The current SNP map now makes it possible for genome-wide association studies to identify genes responsible for diseases and traits, with important consequences for human and companion animal health.
PMID: 16341006
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16341006
2004
Dog star rising: the canine genetic system
Nat Rev Genet. 2004 Dec;5(12):900-10.
Sutter NB, Ostrander EA.
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, MSC8002, Building 50, Room 5222, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Abstract Purebred dogs are providing invaluable information about morphology, behaviour and complex diseases, both of themselves and humans, by supplying tractable populations in which to map genes that control those processes. The diversification of dog breeds has led to the development of breeds enriched for particular genetic disorders, the mapping and cloning of which have been facilitated by the availability of the canine genome map and sequence. These tools have aided our understanding of canine population genetics, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype sharing in the dog, and have informed ongoing efforts of the need to identify quantitative trait loci that are important in complex traits.
PMID: 15573122
Characterization of the canine desmin (DES) gene and evaluation as a candidate gene for dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann
Stabej P, Imholz S, Versteeg SA, Zijlstra C, Stokhof AA, Domanjko-Petric A, Leegwater PA, van Oost BA. Gene. 2004 Oct 13;340(2):241-9.
Canine-dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs is a disease of the myocardium associated with dilatation and impaired contraction of the ventricles and is suspected to have a genetic cause. A missense mutation in the desmin gene (DES) causes DCM in a human family. Human DCM closely resembles the canine disease. In the present study, we evaluated whether DES gene mutations are responsible for DCM in Dobermann dogs. We have isolated bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BACs) containing the canine DES gene and determined the chromosomal location by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Using data deposited in the NCBI trace archive and GenBank, the canine DES gene DNA sequence was assembled and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. From the canine DES gene BAC clones, a polymorphic microsatellite marker was isolated. The microsatellite marker and four informative desmin SNPs were typed in a Dobermann family with frequent DCM occurrence, but the disease phenotype did not associate with a desmin haplotype. We concluded that mutations in the DES gene do not play a role in Dobermann DCM. Availability of the microsatellite marker, SNPs and DNA sequence reported in this study enable fast evaluation of the DES gene as a DCM candidate gene in other dog breeds with DCM occurrence.
PMID: 15475165
2001
Embryo development, hormonal requirements and maternal responses during canine pregnancy
J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2001;57:169-79.
Concannon P, Tsutsui T, Shille V.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
The events of canine gestation appear to occur consistently among bitches relative to the time of the preovulatory LH surge. The interval from fertilization to the eight-cell stage was 5 days after insemination before oocyte maturation and only 3 days following insemination after oocyte maturation. Sixteen-cell embryos were observed at day 11 (day 0 = day of the LH surge) after either early or late insemination. Apparently, embryonic cleavage between the two-cell and 16-cell stages occurs more rapidly after fertilization of more mature oocytes. This finding, together with the narrow window for fertilization, may explain why the duration of gestation is similar whether mating occurs before or a few days after oocyte maturation. Observations also indicate that cessation of migration and final situating of embryos occurs between day 16 and day 20 and that uterine lumen vesicles are > 1 mm in diameter at days 17-19; vesicles are > 2 mm in diameter and elongated to 3-6 mm by days 20-22. Some blastocyst enlargement occurs between day 14 and day 20, and expansion inside lemon-shaped uterine vesicles prevents flushing of intact embryos from the uterus after day 20 or 21. Blastocysts can be enclosed in the zona pellucida as late as day 19 and loss of zona pellucida with further expansion occurs on days 19-20. Uterine swellings can be observed in vivo, albeit inconsistently, at days 21-22 at the time of embryo attachment, and even before invasion of the embryo into the endometrium. The uterine responses to embryo localization may be detected via uterine transillumination by day 21, even in the absence of gross swelling. Blastocysts remain unattached as late as days 21-22; invasion of placental trophectoderm occurs as early as day 22 and as late as day 23, and only 1-2 days before heartbeats are detected by sonography. Assay of canine relaxin by canine relaxin-specific radioimmunoassay detected increases in serum relaxin concentrations as early as days 26-30 and no earlier than the concurrent increase in serum prolactin concentrations at days 26-30; the increase in serum relaxin concentrations was also no earlier than increases in the concentrations of serum acute phase proteins, including fibrinogen. It is not known whether relaxin can stimulate prolactin secretion in dogs. When natural progesterone alone was provided by injection and subcutaneous implants before and after ovariectomy performed before implantation, implantation occurred normally, and pregnancy was maintained to term. The increase in prolactin was not different from that of control pregnancy, despite the absence of effective systemic concentrations of oestrogen, as observed by a typical castration response in LH and FSH. Lack of oestrogen may have compromised mammary development and lactation. Therefore, the pregnancy-associated increase in prolactin concentrations does not require an increase in or the presence of maternal oestrogen. These observations extend our knowledge of canine pregnancy and indicate several areas worthy of further investigation.
PMID: 11787146 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11787146
1990's
Species-specific features of oestrous development and blastogenesis in domestic canine species
Valtonen M, Jalkanen L. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1993;47:133-7.
University of Kuopio, Veterinary Research Station, Finland.
Abstract
The reproductive physiology of taxonomically closely related species is usually very similar. The main difference in the reproduction of the dog and fox is the length of the different phases of the oestrous cycle. Pro-oestrus and oestrus are longest in the dog: oestrus lasts 3-5 days in the blue fox and 1-3 days in the silver fox, compared with about 1 week in the dog. The profiles of sex steroid concentrations in plasma during oestrus and pregnancy are similar and the luteal phase in non-pregnant animals is prolonged, progesterone concentrations reaching a maximum by 15-30 days after the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak in the dog, by 10-20 days in the blue fox and by 5-15 days in the silver fox. The duration from LH surge to ovulation is about the same in the dog and fox, but thereafter the oocytes and early embryos develop faster in foxes than in the dog. The tubal transport time is 4-6 days in the silver fox, embryos entering the uterus at the 4-16-cell stage. In the blue fox the oocytes remain in the oviducts for 8-10 days, developing into the morula stage, whereas in the dog a still longer oviductal phase results in embryos that are at the compact morula or blastocyst stage when entering the uterus. The preimplantation period is about 1 week in the dog and the blue fox, but 9-10 days in the silver fox.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 8229920
The critical period for mullerian duct regression in the dog embryo.
Biol Reprod. 1991 Oct;45(4):626-33.
Meyers-Wallen VN, Manganaro TF, Kuroda T, Concannon PW, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK.
Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401. Abstract The embryonic period during which Mullerian duct regression and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) secretion occur was determined in canine embryos removed from timed pregnancies (32, 36, 37, 39, 42, and 46 days gestation). Sex chromosomes of each embryo were identified in metaphase spreads prepared from fibroblast cultures. Testicular differentiation, defined by seminiferous tubule formation and the presence of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, and the degree of Mullerian duct regression were determined by careful morphologic analysis of histologic sections of canine embryonic gonads (n = 20) and Mullerian ducts (n = 20). MIS was detected immunohistochemically in embryonic testes using avidin-biotin complex enhancement of a specific rabbit polyclonal anti-MIS antibody. Testicular differentiation was observed at 36 days gestation. The earliest evidence of Mullerian duct regression in male embryos was observed at 36 days gestation, and regression was completed by 46 days gestation. Positive staining for MIS was present in testes from 36 to 46 days (n = 9). Staining was absent in the undifferentiated testis (n = 1) at 32 days gestation and in ovaries at all ages tested (n = 10). Thus, MIS is normally present throughout the critical period for Mullerian duct regression in the embryonic male dog.
PMID: 1751638
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1751638
- Testicular differentiation was observed at 36 days gestation.
- The earliest evidence of Mullerian duct regression in male embryos was observed at 36 days gestation, and regression was completed by 46 days gestation.
- Positive staining for MIS was present in testes from 36 to 46 days (n = 9).
- Staining was absent in the undifferentiated testis (n = 1) at 32 days gestation and in ovaries at all ages tested (n = 10).
- Thus, MIS is normally present throughout the critical period for Mullerian duct regression in the embryonic male dog.
The early brain development of the dog
by ML Houston - 1968 - Cited by 5 - Related articles
Philosophy degree in Zoology at Kansas State Univer- sity, Manhattan. 2 Kansas State Agriculture Experimental Station.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.901340309/pdf
Ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus, placenta, fetus, and fetal membranes throughout accurately timed pregnancy in beagles
Am J Vet Res. 1972 Dec ;33 (12):2399-414
A E Yeager, H O Mohammed, V Meyers-Wallen, L Vannerson, P W Concannon
Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 8 Beagle bitches from 20 to 60 days pregnant to determine time of first detection, appearance, and sizes of selected features of pregnancy. Gestation was timed from the day of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. Findings related to gestational age were consistent among bitches. Gestational ages at earliest detection of the following features were: chorionic cavity at day 20; placental layers in the uterine wall at day 22 to 24; zonary placenta at day 27 to 30; embryo and heartbeat at day 23 to 25; yolk sac membrane at day 25 to 28; allantoic membrane at day 27 to 31; choroid plexus of the brain at day 31 to 35; fetal movement at day 34 to 36; skeleton at day 33 to 39; bladder and stomach at day 35 to 39; kidney at day 39 to 47; and liver hypoechoic, compared with lung, at day 38 to 42. Extra-fetal structures were measurable from day 20 or 22 through day 48. Chorionic cavity diameter increased from 0.2 +/- 0.0 cm to 3.3 +/- 0.2 cm, outer uterine diameter increased from 0.8 +/- 0.03 cm to 4.8 +/- 0.2 cm, length of chorionic cavity or zonary placenta increased from 0.3 +/- 0.03 cm to 4.9 +/- 0.05 cm, uterine wall thickness increased from 0.3 +/- 0.03 cm to 0.8 +/- 0.01 cm, and placental thickness increased from 0.1 +/- 0.0 cm to 0.5 +/- 0.05 cm. Chorionic cavity diameter, outer uterine diameter, and placental length each increased at a linear rate through day 37, after which time, each had a marked plateau in growth. Of the extra-fetal structures, chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age. All of the fetal structures studied increased at an increasing (second order) rate. Crown-rump length increased from 0.3 +/- 0.05 cm on day 24 to 9.2 +/- 0.2 cm on day 48. Body diameter increased from 0.2 +/- 0.03 cm on day 24 to 4.6 +/- 0.15 cm on day 60. Head diameter increased from 0.8 +/- 0.05 cm on day 34 to 2.7 +/- 0.04 cm on day 60. Of the fetal structures, head diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age.
4641196
Morphological changes during ontogeny of the canine proximal colon
S M Ward, S Torihashi Department of Physiology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA. The development of the canine proximal colon from the completion of organogenesis through 43 days after birth was studied using light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. During this period the tunica muscularis increased in thickness from 42+/-6 microm in animals midway through the gestation period to 317+/-29 microm in animals 25-30 days old. This increase in thickness resulted from an increase in the number and size of smooth muscle cells in the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. The cross-sectional thickness of the circular muscle layer increased from 10+/-2 smooth muscle cells midway through the gestation period to 92+/-7 cells in animals 25-30 days old. The longitudinal layer increased in thickness from 1.5+/-1 cells in animals midway through the gestation period to 44+/-2 cells in animals 25-30 days old. Smooth muscle cells from both layers also increased in diameter and length. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies suggested that many of the smooth muscle cells were undergoing development throughout the fetal period. Midway through the gestation period, the circular layer was positive for desmin-like immunoreactivity (D-LI), while both the circular and longitudinal layers were positive for vimentin-like immunoreactivity (V-LI). By birth, V-LI was suppressed in the circular and longitudinal layers, and both layers expressed D-LI. The enteric nervous system was already established midway through the gestation period, and submucosal and myenteric ganglia could be identified, although the chemical coding and mature morphology of neurons were incomplete. NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons, indicating the expression of nitric oxide synthase, developed by the time of birth. Interstitial cells of Cajal (IC) could not clearly be identified midway through gestation, however, potential precursors to ICs were observed. Several classes of ICs were identifiable at birth. Biol Reprod. 1991 Oct ;45 (4):626-33 1751638 Cit:14
Biol Reprod. 1971 Oct;5(2):194-206. The prenatal development of the dog: preimplantation events. Holst PA, Phemister RD.
Prenatal development of purebred beagle dogs was studied from the time of ovulation to the time of implantation. Ovulation occurred 1-2 days after the bitch’s first acceptance of coitus. Primary oocytes were shed from the ovary, and the first evidence of polar body for- mation was observed 3 days after breeding. The embryos entered the uterus as morulae of 16 cells or more, 8-12 days after breeding, and they became blastocysts shortly thereafter. During the free-floating blastocyst stage, which lasted about 1 week, the blastocysts grew to 2.6 mm in diameter and migrated through the uterus. Implantation, first marked by local endometrial edema at the definitive site of each embryo, began an average of 17-18 days after breeding. Shortly after the occurrence of local endometrial edema, differentiation of the primitive streak and three primary germ layers began in the embryo. The age of embryos was assessed on the basis of the time elapsed from breeding, the time elapsed from refusal to breed, and the time after the vaginal smear showed a change from predominantly cornified to predominantly noncornified epithelial cells. The calculated age of embryos at a given stage of development varied as much as 7 days when either postbreeding or postrefusal ages were used. The variation was reduced to 1-2 days when age was deter- mined according to characteristics of the vaginal smear. The early embryonic development in the dog appears to be more closely associated with hormonal events near the end of estrus than with the time of ovulation. The vaginal smear is the bestclinical index of these events.
PMID: 5165787
Henry Gray (1825–1861). Anatomy of the Human Body
http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus16.html
A series of transverse sections through an embryo of the dog. (After Bonnet.) Section I is the most anterior. In V the neural plate is spread out nearly flat. The series shows the uprising of the neural folds to form the neural canal. a. Aortæ. c. Intermediate cell mass. ect. Ectoderm. ent. Entoderm. h, h. Rudiments of endothelial heart tubes. In III, IV, and V the scattered cells represented between the entoderm and splanchnic layer of mesoderm are the vasoformative cells which give origin in front, according to Bonnet, to the heart tubes, h; l.p. Lateral plate still undivided in I, II, and III; in IV and V split into somatic (sm) and splanchnic (sp) layers of mesoderm. mes. Mesoderm. p. Pericardium. so. Primitive segment.
