Template:Neural Tube Defects - Potential risk factors table1
From Embryology
Maternal nutrition | Alcohol use
Caffeine use Low folate intake Low dietary quality Elevated glycaemic load or index202 Low methionine intake203 Low serum choline level204 Low serum vitamin B12 level205 Low vitamin C level206 Low zinc intake207 |
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Other maternal factors | Smoking198
Hyperthermia208 Low socio-economic status209 Maternal infections and illnesses210 Pregestational insulin-dependent diabetes211 Pregestational obesity17 Psychosocial stress212,213 Valproic acid use214 |
Environmental factors | Ambient air pollution215,216
Disinfectant by-products in drinking water217 Indoor air pollution218 Nitrate-related compounds219 Organic solvents220 Pesticides221,222 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons223 |
Table data from review[1] |