Template:Neural Tube Defects - Potential risk factors table1

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Neural Tube Defects - Potential risk factors
Maternal nutrition
Alcohol use

Caffeine use Low folate intake Low dietary quality

Elevated glycaemic load or index202 Low methionine intake203 Low serum choline level204 Low serum vitamin B12 level205 Low vitamin C level206 Low zinc intake207

Other maternal factors
Smoking198

Hyperthermia208 Low socio-economic status209 Maternal infections and illnesses210 Pregestational insulin-dependent diabetes211 Pregestational obesity17 Psychosocial stress212,213 Valproic acid use214

Environmental factors
Ambient air pollution215,216

Disinfectant by-products in drinking water217 Indoor air pollution218 Nitrate-related compounds219 Organic solvents220 Pesticides221,222 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons223

Table data from review[1]
  1. ↑ Copp AJ, Adzick NS, Chitty LS, Fletcher JM, Holmbeck GN & Shaw GM. (2015). Spina bifida. Nat Rev Dis Primers , 1, 15007. PMID: 27189655 DOI.
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