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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] This 1925 paper by West describes abnormal renal development. ...n receipt the foetus was found to have a greatly distended abdomen and the left foot was clubbed; there did not appear to be any other external abnormality

* Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum

* Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

=Heart= ...utrients via diffusion alone, hence a circulatory system and a contractile heart mechanism is required to supply the embryo.

...omplex abnormality and patient cases vary greatly. The patients experience heart defects, [[#Glossary | '''immunodeficiency''']], learning difficulties and ...he recognised were hypoparathyroidism, underdeveloped thymus, conotruncal heart defects and a cleft lip/[[#Glossary | '''palate''']]. <ref>http://www.chw.o

| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} * severe heart defects

* Q20.2 Double outlet left ventricle * Q21.9 Congenital malformation of cardiac septum, unspecified Septal (heart) defect NOS

| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] This historic 1922 paper by Doan is a description of the development of t {{Heart Links}}

...ble CHD, especially VSD, could be given with thorough examination of fetal heart in later ultrasound scans." {{cardiovascular abnormalities}} | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

[[File:nondisjunction.jpg|1000px|thumb|left|alt text|Figure 3: This figure shows the progeny created from normal disjun *congenital malformations (heart, urinary system, face, neck, ears) <ref name="PMID16929365"><pubmed>1692936

| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} (F-F″) P63 images showing side view of whole embryos (left and middle) and dissected thymic lobe.

...ve, developmental delay, and [[#Glossary | '''systolic murmurs''']] of the heart, all of which have now been associated with Williams Syndrome. <ref name="P ...and his colleagues made the observation that patients suffering from this heart condition had strikingly similar unusual facial features that included broa

...esis. The thyroid in Fgf10 null mutants has a normal shape but is severely hypoplastic. Absence of Fgf10 leads to defective branching and disorganized angiofollic | [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}

| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} ...oskeletal anomalies (2004); cleft lip and/or palate (2005); and congenital heart defects (2006). At present, risks of VPA-associated CMs are 2 to 7 fold hig

...nt-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding-left:0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Notice - Mark Hill</div>This [[Image:Jan_Mohr.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Jan Mohr]]

...position.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|'''Figure 1.''' Diagram of the position of left and right kidneys within the abdomen]] [[File:kidney_structure2.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|'''Figure 2.''' Diagram of the adult kidney structure with the cortex, medu

| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] This 1934 paper by Oppenheimer is an early description of abnormal renal ...re than the other. There may be a large amount of fairly normal parenchyma left or there may be complete gross absence of renal tissue depending on the sta

...ure where the infant was often removed from the tribe or cultural unit and left to die in the surrounding wilderness. This was a practice that was common i ...sh surgeon, introduced a method to correct the mid-face retrusion that was left by the bilateral lip repair process. He recommended a wedge resection of th

...ciliated cells. The breasts showed no glandular tissue, the mammilla? were hypoplastic, the vaginal mucous membrane showed both squamous and cylindrical epitheliu ...but no primary follicles being present. A like condition was found in the left ovary. The uterus was normal in every way ; the mucous lining contained man

...ude anomalies of the joints and genitalia, micrognathia, epicanthic folds, hypoplastic midfacial structures such as a broad nasal ridge, upturned nares, long uppe ...ten persists beyond the usual withdrawal period and often the children are left with a permanent fine motor dysfunction (Hurley, 1980). As we have seen in