Template:Placenta terms: Difference between revisions
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* '''allantois''' - An [[E#extraembryonic_membrane|extraembryonic membrane]], [[E#endoderm|endoderm]] in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of [[P#placenta|placental]] animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | * '''allantois''' - An [[E#extraembryonic_membrane|extraembryonic membrane]], [[E#endoderm|endoderm]] in origin extension from the early hindgut, then cloaca into the connecting stalk of [[P#placenta|placental]] animals, connected to the superior end of developing bladder. In reptiles and birds, acts as a reservoir for wastes and mediates gas exchange. In mammals is associated/incorporated with connecting stalk/placental cord fetal-maternal interface. | ||
* '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | * '''anastomosis''' - Term used to describe the connection between two tubes. Applied to describe the connection between peripheral blood vessels without an intervening capillary bed. | ||
* '''anchoring villi''' - (stem villi) describes the placental villi (embryonic) that attach to the decidua (maternal) tissue. The tip of the villi consists of a column of trophoblast cells attached to an epithelial plaque. | |||
* '''angioblasts''' form clusters or blood islands on surface of yolk sac. | * '''angioblasts''' form clusters or blood islands on surface of yolk sac. | ||
* '''angiogenesis''' - Term describing the development of new vessels from already existing vessels, this process is secondary to vasculogenesis which is the initial formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm). | * '''angiogenesis''' - Term describing the development of new vessels from already existing vessels, this process is secondary to vasculogenesis which is the initial formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm). | ||
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* '''fibrinoid layer''' - ([[N#Nitabuch's layer|Nitabuch's layer]]) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during [[P#placenta|placentation]] and is thought to act to prevent excessively deep conceptus implantation. Fibrin-type fibrinoid (maternal blood-clot product) and matrix-type fibrinoid (secreted by invasive extravillous [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cells). | * '''fibrinoid layer''' - ([[N#Nitabuch's layer|Nitabuch's layer]]) A layer formed at maternal/fetal interface during [[P#placenta|placentation]] and is thought to act to prevent excessively deep conceptus implantation. Fibrin-type fibrinoid (maternal blood-clot product) and matrix-type fibrinoid (secreted by invasive extravillous [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] cells). | ||
* '''floating chorionic villi''' - Term used to describe the placental microanatomy structure of [[C#chorionic villi|chorionic villi]] that '''are not''' attached to the maternal decidua and float in the maternal blood-filled space (lacunae). Structurally the same as [[A#anchoring chorionic villi|anchoring chorionic villi]] conceptus side that are attached to the maternal decidua.These villi go through the same stages of development: [[P#primary villi|primary]], [[S#secondary villi|secondary]] and [[T#tertiary villi|tertiary]] villi. | * '''floating chorionic villi''' - Term used to describe the placental microanatomy structure of [[C#chorionic villi|chorionic villi]] that '''are not''' attached to the maternal decidua and float in the maternal blood-filled space (lacunae). Structurally the same as [[A#anchoring chorionic villi|anchoring chorionic villi]] conceptus side that are attached to the maternal decidua.These villi go through the same stages of development: [[P#primary villi|primary]], [[S#secondary villi|secondary]] and [[T#tertiary villi|tertiary]] villi. | ||
* '''hemotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in late [[P#placenta|placenta]] development the transfer of blood-borne nutrition from maternal to | * '''hemotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in late [[P#placenta|placenta]] development the transfer of blood-borne nutrition from maternal to embryo/fetuscompared to early histiotrophic nutrition. | ||
* '''histiotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in early [[P#placenta|placenta]] development the intital transfer of nutrition from maternal to [[E#embryo|embryo]] (histiotrophic nutrition) compared to later blood-borne nutrition ([[H#hemotrophic_nutrition|hemotrophic nutrition]]). Histotroph is the nutritional material accumulated in spaces between the maternal and fetal tissues, derived from the maternal endometrium and the uterine glands. This nutritional material is absorbed by phagocytosis initially by blastocyst trophectoderm and then by [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] of the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. in later placental development nutrition is by the exchange of blood-borne materials between the maternal and fetal circulations, hemotrophic nutrition. | * '''histiotrophic nutrition''' - Term used to describe in early [[P#placenta|placenta]] development the intital transfer of nutrition from maternal to [[E#embryo|embryo]] (histiotrophic nutrition) compared to later blood-borne nutrition ([[H#hemotrophic_nutrition|hemotrophic nutrition]]). Histotroph is the nutritional material accumulated in spaces between the maternal and fetal tissues, derived from the maternal endometrium and the uterine glands. This nutritional material is absorbed by phagocytosis initially by blastocyst trophectoderm and then by [[T#trophoblast|trophoblast]] of the [[P#placenta|placenta]]. in later placental development nutrition is by the exchange of blood-borne materials between the maternal and fetal circulations, hemotrophic nutrition. | ||
* '''Hofbauer cells''' - Cells found within [[P#placenta|placental]] villi connective tissue. Have a role as macrophages of mesenchymal origin with potentially additional functions (remodeling, vasculogenesis, regulation of stromal water content). | * '''Hofbauer cells''' - Cells found within [[P#placenta|placental]] villi connective tissue. Have a role as macrophages of mesenchymal origin with potentially additional functions (remodeling, vasculogenesis, regulation of stromal water content). | ||
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* '''Human chorionic gonadotrophin''' - (hCG) like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum, originally secreted by trophoblast cells. | * '''Human chorionic gonadotrophin''' - (hCG) like leutenizing hormone, supports corpus luteum, originally secreted by trophoblast cells. | ||
* '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | * '''Human chorionic somatommotropin ''' - (hCS, placental lactogen) hormone level increases in maternal blood through pregnancy, decreases maternal insulin sensitivity (raising maternal blood glucose levels and decreasing maternal glucose utilization) aiding fetal nutrition. | ||
* '''hydatiform mole''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" | |||
* '''hydatiform mole''' - A uterine tumour with "grape-like" placenta appearance without enclosed [[E#embryo|embryo]] formation, arises mainly from a haploid sperm fertilizing an egg without a female pronucleus. It is one form of gestational trophoblastic disease(GTD), a number of abnormalities including [[H#hydatiform mole|hydatiform mole]], invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). | |||
* '''hysterectomy''' – clinical term for the surgical removal of the uterus. | |||
* '''Langhans layer''' - cytotrophoblast cell layer. | * '''Langhans layer''' - cytotrophoblast cell layer. | ||
* '''maternal antibodies''' - antibodies from the mother's immune system that are capable of crossing placental barrier. They can provide immune protection to the embryo, but may also participate in immune disease (fetal erythroblastosis). | * '''maternal antibodies''' - antibodies from the mother's immune system that are capable of crossing placental barrier. They can provide immune protection to the embryo, but may also participate in immune disease (fetal erythroblastosis). | ||
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* '''placenta previa''' - placenta overlies internal os of uterus, abnormal bleeding, may require cesarian delivery. | * '''placenta previa''' - placenta overlies internal os of uterus, abnormal bleeding, may require cesarian delivery. | ||
* '''placental thickness''' - is measured at its mid-portion from the chorionic plate to the basilar plate, on a longitudinal plane (less than 4 cm at term). Excludes any abnormalities (fibroids, myometrial contractions, or venous lakes). The placental thickness approximates in millimeters to the weeks of gestation. | * '''placental thickness''' - is measured at its mid-portion from the chorionic plate to the basilar plate, on a longitudinal plane (less than 4 cm at term). Excludes any abnormalities (fibroids, myometrial contractions, or venous lakes). The placental thickness approximates in millimeters to the weeks of gestation. | ||
* '''placental vein''' - ([[U#umbilical vein|umbilical vein]]) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively oxygenated blood from the [[P#placenta|placenta]] to the | * '''placental vein''' - ([[U#umbilical vein|umbilical vein]]) In placental animals, the blood vessels which develop within the placental cord carrying relatively oxygenated blood from the [[P#placenta|placenta]] to the embryo/fetus. In humans, there are initially two placental veins which fuse to form a single vein. The resence of paired veins in the placental cord can be indicative of developmental abnormalities. | ||
* '''placentophagia''' - Term used to descrbe the maternal ingestion of afterbirth materials (placental membranes and amniotic fluid) that can occur following mammalian parturition (birth). | * '''placentophagia''' - Term used to descrbe the maternal ingestion of afterbirth materials (placental membranes and amniotic fluid) that can occur following mammalian parturition (birth). | ||
* '''primary villi''' - (primary chorionic villi) Term describing the earliest stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 2 this first stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of only the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] ([[S#syncitiotrophoblast|syncitiotrophoblasts]] and [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]]) forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. | * '''primary villi''' - (primary chorionic villi) Term describing the earliest stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 2 this first stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of only the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] ([[S#syncitiotrophoblast|syncitiotrophoblasts]] and [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]]) forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. | ||
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* '''pre-eclampsia''' - During pregnancy a combination of high blood pressure, protein in urine and fluid retention resulting in maternal sudden excessive swelling of the face, hands and feet. Eclampsia is the subsequent development of convulsions, kidney failure, liver failure, clotting problems or mortality. | * '''pre-eclampsia''' - During pregnancy a combination of high blood pressure, protein in urine and fluid retention resulting in maternal sudden excessive swelling of the face, hands and feet. Eclampsia is the subsequent development of convulsions, kidney failure, liver failure, clotting problems or mortality. | ||
* '''secondary villi''' - (secondary chorionic villi) Term describing the second stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 3 onward this stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] ( | * '''secondary villi''' - (secondary chorionic villi) Term describing the second stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus during week 3 onward this stage of [[C#chorion|chorionic]] villi development consists of the [[T#trophoblast|trophoblastic shell cells]] (syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts) filled with extraembryonic mesoderm forming finger-like extensions into maternal decidua. Initially these finger-like projections cover the entire surface of chorionic sac and later become restricted to the placental surface. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' [[P#primary villi|primary villi]] - [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] - [[T#tertiary villi|tertiary villi]] | ||
* '''syncytiotrophoblast''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another | |||
* '''syncytiotrophoblast''' - A multinucleated cell currently thought to form by the fusion of another trophoblast cell the [[C#cytotrophoblast|cytotrophoblasts]], within the trophoblast layer (shell) of the implanting [[C#conceptus|conceptus]]. In early development, these cells mediate implantation of the conceptus into the uterine wall and secrete the hormone ([[C#human_chorionic_gonadotrophin|human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]], hCG) responsible for feedback maintainance of the corpus luteum (in maternal [[O#ovary|ovary]]) and therefore maintaining early pregnancy. | |||
* '''tertiary villi''' - (tertiary chorionic villi) Term describing the final stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus after week 3 the [[C#chorion|chorionic]] [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] now develop placental blood vessels within the core [[E#extraembryonic mesoderm|extraembryonic mesoderm]]. The villi form finger-like extensions that are either [[A#anchoring chorionic villi|anchoring chorionic villi]] attached to the maternal decidua or [[F#floating chorionic villi|floating chorionic villi]] in maternal lacunae. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' [[P#primary villi|primary villi]] - [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] - [[T#tertiary villi|tertiary villi]] | * '''tertiary villi''' - (tertiary chorionic villi) Term describing the final stage of embryonic placenta development. In humans, the conceptus after week 3 the [[C#chorion|chorionic]] [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] now develop placental blood vessels within the core [[E#extraembryonic mesoderm|extraembryonic mesoderm]]. The villi form finger-like extensions that are either [[A#anchoring chorionic villi|anchoring chorionic villi]] attached to the maternal decidua or [[F#floating chorionic villi|floating chorionic villi]] in maternal lacunae. The villi stages are ongoing as the placenta continues to grow through both the embryonic and fetal development. '''Placental villi stages:''' [[P#primary villi|primary villi]] - [[S#secondary villi|secondary villi]] - [[T#tertiary villi|tertiary villi]] | ||
* '''trophoblast''' - (trophectoderm, Greek, trophe = "nutrition" and blast = a primordial cell) cells that firstly support adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy. Contribute to the extraembryonic tissues, fetal placenta and membranes. Initially form 2 populations individual cytotrophoblast cells and their fused multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast cells. | |||
* '''umbilical cord''' (placental cord) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | * '''umbilical cord''' (placental cord) fetal attachment cord 1-2 cm diameter, 30-90cm long, covered with amniotic attached to chorionic plate, umbilical vessels (artery, vein) branch into chorionic vessels. Vessels anastomose within the placenta. | ||
* '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. | * '''vasculogenesis''' - formation of first blood vessels by differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells (extraembryonic mesoderm) followed by angiogenesis which is the development of new vessels from already existing vessels. | ||
* '''villi''' - Plural of villus, which is a thin projection from a surface. The term in development is used to describe the individual functional units together of the fetal [[P#placenta|placenta]]. | * '''villi''' - Plural of villus, which is a thin projection from a surface. The term in development is used to describe the individual functional units together of the fetal [[P#placenta|placenta]]. | ||
* '''virus''' - small infectious agents that may cross the placental barrier. Can infect embryo and/or placenta and cause developmental abnormalities. (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles). | * '''virus''' - small infectious agents that may cross the placental barrier. Can infect embryo and/or placenta and cause developmental abnormalities. (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles). | ||
* '''Wharton's jelly''' - [[P#placental cord|Placental cord]] (umbilical cord) gelatinous connective tissue composed of myofibroblast-like stromal cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans. Increases in volume (myxomatous, connective tissue embedded in mucus) at parturition (birth) to assist closure of placental blood vessels. Matrix cells from Wharton's jelly have recently been identified as a potential source of [[M#mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSC), also called mesenchymal stromal cell. This placental cord substance is named after Thomas Wharton (1614-1673) an English physician and anatomist who first described this placental tissue. | * '''Wharton's jelly''' - [[P#placental cord|Placental cord]] (umbilical cord) gelatinous connective tissue composed of myofibroblast-like stromal cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans. Increases in volume (myxomatous, connective tissue embedded in mucus) at parturition (birth) to assist closure of placental blood vessels. Matrix cells from Wharton's jelly have recently been identified as a potential source of [[M#mesenchymal stem cell|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSC), also called mesenchymal stromal cell. This placental cord substance is named after Thomas Wharton (1614-1673) an English physician and anatomist who first described this placental tissue. | ||
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{{Terms lists}}<noinclude>[[Category:Placenta]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Glossary]][[Category:Template]]</noinclude> | {{Terms lists}}<noinclude>[[Category:Placenta]][[Category:Terms]][[Category:Glossary]][[Category:Template]]</noinclude> |
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