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| =Endocrine and Integumentary=
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| {{Endocrine Links}}
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| {{Integumentary Links}}
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| ==Introduction==
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| # The first half of this laboratory will be a presentation by Dr Annemeik Beverdam.
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| # The second part of the practical will briefly cover Endocrine and Integumentary Development.
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| ==Developmental and Regenerative Dermatology Unit==
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| The presentation will discuss current research in Dr Annemeik Beverdam's laboratory on Skin development and stem cells. There will also be preparation for an assessment item to be prepared for the Stem Cells Practical later in the course.
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| :Dr. Beverdam studies the genetic processes that govern development, homeostasis and regeneration of the skin in the mouse. Her research aims at understanding the genetic and molecular basis of developmental and human regenerative skin diseases such as skin cancer, which affects 2 out of 3 Australians in their life time.
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| :'''Contact:''' [mailto:A.Beverdam@unsw.edu.au A.Beverdam@unsw.edu.au]
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| :'''Links:''' [http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-annemiek-beverdam Dr Annemeik Beverdam] | [https://research.unsw.edu.au/projects/dr-annemiek-beverdam Research Projects] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Beverdam%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24040182 Publications] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=YAP%5BTitle%5D PubMed - YAP] ('''Y'''es-'''A'''ssociated '''P'''rotein)
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| ==Endocrine==
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| [[File:Stage 22 image 221.jpg|thumb|Developing Pituitary - Human Embryo Carnegie stage 22]]
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| * Begin by working through [[Endocrine_System_-_Carnegie_Stage_22|Endocrine Development by week 8]].
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| * Then look at the information on each endocrine organ on their related specific page.
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| {{Endocrine Links}}
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| ==Integumentary==
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| {{Integumentary Links}}
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| ===Teeth===
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| [[File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg|thumb|Fetal Head (12 weeks) lateral]]
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| [[File:Deciduous teeth.jpg|thumb|Deciduous teeth]]
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| [[File:Permanent teeth.jpg|thumb|Permanent teeth]]
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| * integumentary system specialization by '''epitheilal/mesenchymal''' interactions in development and develops with a major contribution from the neural crest.
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| ** ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells.
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| * week 6 - odontogenesis begins, tooth bud
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| * 4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation
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| * 2 sets of teeth: 20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth
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| * differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period
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| * inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm
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| * tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws
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| '''odontoblasts''' - neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells which differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium. Cells secrete predentin, calcifies to form dentin.
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| '''ameloblasts''' - inner enamel epithelium forms pre-ameloblasts differentiate and produce enamel
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| '''periodontal ligament''' - tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.
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| * ligament also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).
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| ** collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey's fibres".
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| '''Tooth Stages'''
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| Tooth development stages<ref name="PMID19266065"><pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2651620&tool=pmcentrez PMCID: PMC2651620]</ref>
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| {|
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| |-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
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| | width= 100px |'''Stage'''
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| | width= 210px |<center>'''Image'''</center>
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| | width= 100px |'''Human''' (weeks)
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| | lamina
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| | [[File:Tooth stage lamina.jpg|200px|lamina]]
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| | [[Week 6]]
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| |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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| | placode
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| | [[File:Tooth placode stage.jpg|200px|placode stage]]
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| | [[Week 7]]
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| | bud
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| | [[File:Tooth bud stage.jpg|200px|bud stage]]
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| | [[Week 8]]
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| |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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| |cap
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| | [[File:Tooth cap stage.jpg|200px|cap stage]]
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| | Week 11
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| |-
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| | bell
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| | [[File:Tooth bell stage.jpg|200px|bell stage]]
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| | Week 14
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| |-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
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| |}
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| === Teeth Postnatal ===
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| Deciduous teeth
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| * '''6 - 24 months''' - erupt from gums by pushing toward surface
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| * '''2 years''' - all deciduous teeth present
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| Permanent teeth
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| * 6 years until early adult
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| * tooth bud lie in gums beneath deciduous teeth
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| * osteoclasts resorb deciduous teeth roots
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| * growth affects face shape
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| :'''Links:''' [[Integumentary_System_-_Tooth_Development|Tooth Development]]
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| ==Individual Assessment==
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| # Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
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| # Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| {{2015ANAT2341}}
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