Template:BGDA Practical 12 - Neonatal Interactive: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:31, 26 Mayıs 2019

Neonatal Interactive Component

Attempt the Quiz - Neonatal Development

Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Neonatal development from the practical.

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 Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Neonatal development from the practical.
-++Questions to be updated++
 <quiz display=simple>
-{Which of the following is the most correct statement about the primitive streak:
+{The human drug clearance rate in the early postnatal period compared to the adult is approximately:
 |type="()"}
-- &nbsp; extends from the primitive node to the parachordal plate
+- &nbsp; 5%
-- &nbsp; is a primary inducer during organogenesis
+|| Incorrect! This is the value for the second trimester 24-28 weeks. The neonatal human drug clearance rate is approximately 1/2 of the adult.
-+ &nbsp; is a site of migration of epiblast cells to form the mesoderm
+- &nbsp; 10%
-|| The primitive streak is a site of migration of epiblast cells to form firstly endoderm and then the mesoderm.
+|| Incorrect! This is the value for the early third trimester 28-34 weeks. The neonatal human drug clearance rate is approximately 1/2 of the adult.
-- &nbsp; persists as the parachordal plate
+- &nbsp; 33%
-- &nbsp; all of the above are correct
+|| Incorrect! The neonatal human drug clearance rate is approximately 1/2 of the adult.
++ &nbsp; 50%
+|| Correct! This is the value for the early postnatal 40-44 weeks. The neonatal human drug clearance rate is approximately 1/2 of the adult.
+- &nbsp; 66%
+|| Incorrect! This is the value for later postnatal 44-68 weeks. The neonatal human drug clearance rate is approximately 1/2 of the adult.
+{Which of the following cardiovascular changes occurs beginning in the neonatal period:
+|type="[]"}
++ &nbsp; umbilical blood vessel cavity is lost
+|| postnatally over the course of weeks to months after birth. The adult anatomical remnant of the umbilical vein between the umbilicus and liver is the ligamentum teres.
++ &nbsp; foramen ovale closure
+|| foramen ovale closes by two separate forms; functional and structural. Functional closure begins at the first breath and is rapid. Structural (anatomical) closure is much slower and generally occurs before the end of the first year.
++ &nbsp; ductus arteriosus closure
+|| the ductus arteriosus is a direct connection between the pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta. Postnatal closure occurs initially by by smooth muscle contraction and begins at the first breath and is rapid, completed within the first day (about 15 hr after birth). Anatomical closure is much slower occuring by 2–3 weeks after birth (33% of infants), by 2 months (90% of infants) and by 1 year (99% of infants). The adult anatomical remnant of the ductus arteriosus is the ligamentum arteriosum.
++ &nbsp; ductus venosus closure
+|| the ductus venosus connects portal and umbilical blood to the inferior vena cava. Functional closure occurs postnatally within hours. Structural closure commences days after birth and completes by 18 to 20 days. The adult anatomical remnant of the ductus venosus is the ligamentum venosum (a dorsal fissure on the liver).
+{Which of the following conditions can be identified by the neonatal Guthrie or bloodspot test:
+|type="[]"}
++ &nbsp; phenylketonuria
+|| {{phenylketonuria}} (PKU) - 1 in 10,000 live births (about 10 babies per year). PKU causes high blood levels of phenylalanine and severe intellectual disability. A diet low in phenylalanine, started in the first two to three weeks results in normal development.
+Primary congenital hypothyroidism - 1 in 3,500 live births (about 26 babies per year). It is caused by the absence or abnormal formation or function of the thyroid gland. This causes growth and intellectual disability if not treated. Medication with thyroid hormone started early, results in normal growth and development.
++ &nbsp; cystic fibrosis
+|| cystic fibrosis (CF) - 1 in 2,500 live births (about 34 babies per year). Without treatment babies develop chest infections and often have very serious failure to thrive. Early institution of treatment greatly improves the health of babies with CF. Newborn bloodspot screening detects about 95% of babies with CF but also detects a few babies who may only be healthy carriers. For these babies a sweat test at about six weeks of age determines whether the baby has CF or is a healthy carrier.
++ &nbsp; galactosaemia
+|| galactosaemia - 1 in 40,000 births (about 1-3 cases per year). Babies cannot process galactose, a component of lactose. Life-threatening liver failure and infections can occur. A galactose-free diet instituted in the first week is life saving.
+Rarer metabolic disorders - Some fatty acid, organic acid and other amino acid defects can now be detected using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. These much rarer metabolic disorders affect about 15 – 18 babies per year. Early detection is important as diet and medications can treat most of these disorders. Without appropriate management they can cause severe disability or death.
++ &nbsp; spinal muscular atrophy
+|| spinal muscular atrophy - (SMA) added to newborn heel prick (Guthrie test) in 'profound' change in medical screening "In an Australian first, newborn babies are now being routinely screened for the genetic condition SMA, or spinal muscular atrophy". SMA leads to a loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting and has several different forms: Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3a SMA. {{#pmid:30107765}}
++ &nbsp; maple syrup urine disease
+|| maple syrup urine disease - (MSUD) is a disorder of branched-chain amino acids metabolism. Four forms are described. The early onset classic form manifests after birth by lethargy, poor feeding and neurological signs of intoxication. Clinical course without treatment is characterized by deepening coma with maple syrup odor of urine. Subacute MSUD manifests later with encephalopathy, mental disability, major hypotonia, opisthotonus and cerebral atrophy with severe outcome. The intermittent form of MSUD may manifest at any age and presents with repeated ketoacidotic coma.
 </quiz>
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