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=Part I The Period of Preparation=
=Part I The Period of Preparation=
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# Luteinizing hormone, LH (ICSH), and  
# Luteinizing hormone, LH (ICSH), and  
# Luteotrophin, LTH.  
# Luteotrophin, LTH.  
==The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction==
==The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction==
 
[[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-1|'''1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction''']]
 
 


A. Introduction  
A. Introduction  
# General description of the male reproductive system
# Importance of the testis


1. General description of the male reproductive system
2. Importance of the testis


B. Anatomical features of the male reproductive system  
B. Anatomical features of the male reproductive system  
# Anatomical location of the testis
# Possible factors involved in testis descent
# General structure of the scrotum and the testis in mammals  a. Structure of the scrotum  b. General structure of the testis
# Specific structures of the mammalian testis which produce the reproductive cells and the male sex hormone a. Seminiferous tubules b. Interstitial tissue
# The testis of vertebrates in general
# Accessory reproductive structures of the male a. The reproductive duct in forms utilizing external fertilization b. The reproductive duct in species practicing internal fertilization c. Specific activities of the various parts of the male reproductive system


1. Anatomical location of the testis
==The Vertetrate Ovary and Its Relationship to Reproduction==
[[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-2|'''2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction''']]


2. Possible factors involved in testis descent
A. The ovary and its importance


3. General structure of the scrotum and the testis in mammals
B. Preformationism, past and present


a. Structure of the scrotum
C. General structure of the reproductive system of the vertebrate female


b. General structure of the testis
1. General structure of the ovary


4. Specific structures of the mammalian testis which produce the reproductive cells
2. General structure of the accessory reproductive organs
and the male sex hormone


a. Seminiferous tubules
D. Dependency of the female reproductive system on general body conditions


b. Interstitial tissue
1. Inanition


5. The testis of vertebrates in general
2. Vitamins


6. Accessory reproductive structures of the male
a. Vitamin A


a. The reproductive duct in forms utilizing external fertilization
b. Vitamin B


b. The reproductive duct in species practicing internal fertilization
c. Vitamin C


C. Specific activities of the various parts of the male reproductive system
d. Vitamin E


1. Introduction
3. The hypophysis (pituitary gland)


a. Three general functions of the male reproductive system
E. Activities of the ovary in producing the reproductive state


b. Some definitions
1. The ovary as a “storehouse” of oogonia


2. Activities of the testis
2. Position occupied by the primitive female germ cells in the ovarian cortex


a. Seasonal and non-seasonal types of testicular activity
3. Primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles of de Graaf


b. Testicular tissue concerned with male sex-hormone production
4. Hormonal factors concerned with the development of egg follicles


c. Testicular control of body structure and function by the male sex hormone
a. Effects produced by the gonadotrophic hormones of the development of the  
mammalian egg follicle


1) Sources of the male sex hormone
b. Stimulating effects of the gonadotrophins on the ovaries of other vertebrates


2) Biological effects of the male sex hormone
5. Structure of the vertebrate, mature egg follicle


a) Effects upon the accessory reproductive structures
a. Structure of the mature follicle in metatherian and eutherian mammals


b) Effects upon secondary sex characteristics and behavior of the individual
b. Structure of the prototherian egg follicle


c) Effects upon the seminiferous tubules
c. Egg follicles of other vertebrates


d. Seminiferous-tubule activity and formation of sperm
6. Ovulatory process; possible factors controlling ovulation


e. The seminiferous tubule as a sperm-storing structure
a. Process of ovulation in higher mammals


3. Role of the reproductive duct in sperm formation
1) Changing tissue conditions culminating in egg discharge from the ovary


a. Vertebrates without a highly tortuous epididymal portion of the reproductive
2) Hormonal control of the ovulatory process
duct


b. The epididymis as a sperm-ripening structure
b. Ovulation in vertebrate groups other than the higher mammals


c. The epididymis and vas deferens as sperm-storage organs
1) Hen


d. Two types of vertebrate testes relative to sperm formation
2) Frog


4. Function of the seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)
3) Hormonal control of ovulation in lower vertebrates


5. Function of the prostate gland
c. Comparison of the immediate factors affecting egg discharge in the vertebrate
group


6. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
7. Internal conditions of the ovary as an ovulatory factor


7. Functions of seminal fluid
8. Number of eggs produced by different vertebrate ovaries


a. Amount of seminal fluid discharged and its general functions
9. Spontaneous and dependent ovulation in the mammals and in other vertebrates


b. Coagulation of the semen
10. Egg viability after discharge from the ovary


c. Hyaluronidasc
11. History of the egg follicle after ovulation


d. Accessory sperm
a. Follicles which do not develop a post-ovulatory body


e. Fructose
b. Follicles which develop a post-ovulatory body; formation of the corpus luteum


f. Enzyme-protecting substances
12. Hormones of the ovary and their activities in effecting the reproductive condition


D. Internal and external factors influencing activities of the testis
a. Estrogenic hormone


1. Internal factors
1) Definition and source of production


a. Temperature and anatomical position of the testis
2) The ovary as the normal source of estrogen in the non-pregnant female


b. Body nourishment in relation to testicular function
3) Pituitary control of estrogen formation


c. The hypophysis and its relation to testicular function
4) Effect of estrogen upon the female mammal


2. External environmental factors and testis function
5) Effects of estrogen in other vertebrates


a. Light as a factor
b. Progesterone — the hormone of the corpus luteum


b. Temperature influences
1) Production of progesterone


E. Internal factors which may control seasonal and continuous types of testicular
2) Effects of progesterone
function


F. Characteristics of the male reproductive cycle and its relation to reproductive conditions in the female  
F. Reproductive state and its relation to the reproductive cycles in female vertebrates


1. Sexual cycle in the female mammal


===Bibliography===
a. Characteristics and phases of the reproductive cycle


Allanson, M. and Deanesly, R. 1934. The reaction of anoestrous hedgehogs to experimental conditions. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, s. B. 116:170.
b. Relation of cstrus and ovulation in some common mammals


Allen, B. M. 1904. The embryonic development of the ovary and testis of the
1) Spontaneously ovulating forms (Sexual receptivity of male occurs at or
mammal. Am. J. Anat. 3:89.
near time of ovulation)


Allen, E., Danforth, C. H., and Doisy, E. A.
2) Dependent ovulatory forms (Sexual receptivity [heat] occurs previous to
1939. Sex and Internal Secretions. Consult Chaps. 16, 17, 18, 19. The Williams
time of ovulation)
& Wilkins Co., Baltimore.


Aschheim, S. and Zondek, B. 1927. Hypophysenvorderlappenhormon und Ovarialhormon im Harn von Schwangeren.
c. Non-ovulatory (anovulatory) sexual cycles
Klin. Wchnschr. 6:1322.  


Aschner, B. 1912. Uber die Fimktion der
d. Control of the estrous cycle in the female mammal
Hypophyse. PflUger’s Arch. f. d. ges.
Physiol. 146:1.


Asdell, S. A. 1946. Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, New York.  
e. Reproductive cycle in lower vertebrate females


Bachman, C., Collip, J. B., and Selye, H.
G. Role of the ovary in gestation (pregnancy)
1934. Anti-gonadotropic substances.
Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 32:544.  


Baker, J. R. and Ransom, R. M. 1932.
1. Control of implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy in mammals
Factors affecting the breeding of the
field mouse (Microtus agrestis). I. Light.
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and . 1933a. Factors affecting the breeding of the field mouse.
2. Gestation periods, in days, of some common mammals
(Microtus 'agrestis). II. Temperature and
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112:39.


and . 193,3b. Factors affecting the breeding of the field mouse
3. Maintenance of pregnancy in reptiles and other vertebrates
(Microtus agrestis). 111. Locality. Proc.
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Bishop, D. W. 1942. Germ cell studies in  
H. Role of the ovary in parturition or birth of the young
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84:99.


Bissonnette, T. FI. 1930. Studies on the  
I. Importance of the ovary in mammary-gland development and lactation
sexual cycle in birds. I. Sexual maturity,
its modification and possible control in
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. 1932. Studies on the sexual cycle
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K. Determinative tests for pregnancy
red lights of equal luminous intensity on
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5:92.  


==The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells==
[[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-3|'''3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells''']]


. 1935a. Modifications of mammalian sexual cycles. II. Effects upon
A. General considerations
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. 1935b. Modifications of mammalian sexual cycles. III. Reversal of
B. Controversy regarding germ-cell origin
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to light between October second and
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. 1941. Experimental modification
C. Maturation (differentiation) of the gametes


of breeding cycles in goats. Physiol.
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Cieslak, E. S. 1945. Relations between
2. Basic structure of the definitive sex cell as it starts to mature or differentiate into the male meiocyte (i.e., the spermatocyte) or the female meiocyte (i.e., the oocyte)
the reproductive cycle and the pituitary
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Physiol. Zool. 18:299.  


Corner, G. W. 1943. On the female testes
3. Nuclear maturation of the gametes
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Translated by G. W. Corner in Essays
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Cowles, R. B. and Nordstrom, A. December 1946. A possible avian analogue of the scrotum. Science. 104:586.
a. General description of chromatin behavior during somatic and meiotic mitoses


Ciaig-Bennett, A. 1931. The reproductive
b. Reductional and equational meiotic divisions and the phenomenon of crossing over
cycle of the three-spined stickleback,
Gasterosteus aculeatus. Linn. Philos. Tr.
Roy. Soc., London, s. B. 219:197.


Cramer, A. J. 1937. Evaluation of hormone therapy for undescended testes in  
c. Stages of chromatin behavior during the meiotic prophase in greater detail
man. Endocrinology. 21:230.


Crouch, J. E. 1939. Seasonal changes in
1) Leptotene (leptonema) stage
the testes of the passerine bird, Phainopepla nitens lepida. Proc. Soc. Exper.
Biol. & Med. 40:218.


Crowe, S. J., Cushing, H., and Homans,
2) Zygotene or synaptene (zygonema) stage
J. 1910. Experimental hypophysectomy.
Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 21:127.


De Robertis, E., Burgos, M. H., and
3) Pachytene (pachynema) stage
Breyter, E. 1946. Action of anterior
pituitary on Sertoli cells and on release
of toad spermatozoa. Proc. Soc. Exper.
Biol. & Med. 61:20.


Dorfman, R. J. 1950. Chap. II. Physiology of androgens in The Hormones.
4) Diplotene (diplonema) stage
II, by Pincus and Thimann. Academic
Press, Inc., New York.


Evans, H. M. 1947. Recent advances in
5) Diakinesis
our knowledge of the anterior pituitary
hormones. Am. Scientist. 35:466.


and Simpson, M. E. 1950. Chap.  
d. Peculiarities of nuclear behavior in the oocyte during meiosis; the germinal vesicle


VI. Physiology of the gonadotrophins in  
e. Character of the meiotic (maturation) divisions in the spermatocyte compared with those of the oocyte
The Hormones, II, by Pincus and Thimann. Academic Press, Inc., New York.


Felix, W. 1912. The development of the  
1) Dependent nature of the maturation divisions in the female meiocyte
urinogental organs in Manual of Human
Embryology, by Keibal and Mall. J. B.
Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and London.


Fevold, H. L. 1939. Chap. XVII in Allen,
2) Inequality of cytoplasmic division in the oocyte
et al., Sex and Internal Secretions. 2d
ed.. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.


and Hisaw, F. L. 1934. Interactions of gonad-stimulating hormones in
f. Resume of the significance of the meiotic phenomena
ovarian development. Am. J. Physiol.
109:655.


, , and Leonard, S. L. 1931.  
4. Cytosomal (Cytoplasmic) maturation of the gametes


The gonad-stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the anterior lobe of  
a. General aspects of the cytoplasmic maturation of the gametes
the hypophysis. Am. J. Physiol. 97:291.


Glass, F. M. and Rugh, R. 1944. Seasonal
b. Morphogenesis (spermiogenesis) ( sperm ioteleosis) of the sperm
study of the normal and pituitary stimulated frog (Rana pipiens). 1. Testis and
thumb pad. J. Morphol. 74:409.


Creep, R. O., Fevold, H. L., and Hisaw,
1) Types of sperm
F. L. 1936. Effects of two hypophyseal
gonadotrophic hormones on the reproductive system of the male rat. Anat.
Rec. 65:261.


Guthrie, M. J. 1933. The reproductive
2) Structure of a flagellate sperm
cycles of some cave bats. J. Mammalogy.
14:199.


Hammond, J. and Asdell, S. A. 1926. The
a) Head
vitality of the spermatozoa in the male
and female reproductive tracts. Brit. J.
Exper. Biol. 4:155.


Henle, G. and Zittle, C. A. 1942. Studies
b) Neck
of the metabolism of bovine epididymal
spermatozoa. Am. J. Physiol. 136:70.


Hill, E. C. 1907. On the gross development and vascularization of the testis.
c) Connecting body or middle piece
(Excellent figures showing migration of
the testes in the pig.) Am. J. Anat.
6:439.


Hill, M. and Parkes, A. S. 1933. Studies
d) Flagellum
on the hypophysectomized ferret. Proc.
Roy. Soc., London, s. B. 116:221.


3) Spermiogenesis or the differentiation of the spermatid into the morphologically differentiated sperm


Hoover, E. E. and Hubbard, H. F. 1937.
a) Golgi substance and acroblast; formation of the acrosome
Modification of the sexual cycle of trout
by control of light. Copeia. 4:206.


Koch, F. C. 1942. Biol. Symp., The excretion and metabolism of the male sex
b) Formation of the post-nuclear cap
hormone in health and disease. Jaques
Cattell Press. 9:41.


Leonard, S. L. and Kurzrok, R. 1946. Inhibitors of hyaluronidase in blood sera
c) Formation of the proximal and distal centrioles; axial filament
and their effect on follicle cell dispersal.
Endocrinology. 39:85.


Ludwig, D. J. 1950. The effect of androgens on spermatogenesis. Endocrinology.
d) Mitochondrial material and formation of the middle piece of the sperm
46:453.


Mann, T. 1949. Metabolism of semen.
e) The cytoplasm, axial filament, mitochondria, and tail formation
Adv. in Enzymology. 9:329.


Marshall, F. H. A. 1911. The male generative cycle in the hedgehogs, etc. J.
Physiol. 43:247.


Mason, K. E. 1939. Chap. XXII in Allen,
c. Cytoplasmic differentiation of the egg
et al.. Sex and Internal Secretions. 2d
ed.. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.  


Matthews, S. A. 1938. The seasonal cycle
1) Types of chordate eggs
in the gonads of Fiinditlus. Biol. Bull.
75:66.


Mills, R. G. 1919. The pathological
a) Homolecithal (isolecithal) eggs
changes in the testes in epidemic pneumonia. J. Exper. Med. 30:505.


Mitchell, G. A. G. 1939. The condition
b) Telolecithal eggs
of the peritoneal vaginal processes at
birth. J. Anat. 73:658.


Moore, C. R. 1926. The biology of the  
2) Formation of the deutoplasm
mammalian testis and scrotum. Quart.
Rev. Biol. 1:4.


. 1928. On the properties of the  
3) Invisible morphogenetic organization within the cytoplasm of the egg


gonads as controllers of somatic and  
4) Polarity of the egg and its relation to body organization and bilateral symmetry of the mature egg
psychical characteristics. J. Exper. Zool.
50:455.


. 1939. Chap. VII, Part V, in Allen,
5) Membranes developed in relation to the oocyte; their possible sources of origin


et al.. Sex and Internal Secretions. 2d
a) Chorion in St ye la
ed.. The Williams & Wilkins Co.. Baltimore.


. 1942. Physiology of the Testis in
b) Egg membranes of Amphioxus


Glandular Physiology and Therapy. 2d
c) Vitelline membrane and zona radiata of elasmobranch fishes
ed.. Am. M. A. Council on Pharmacy
and Chemistry. Chicago.


and McGee, L. C. 1928. On the
d) Zona radiata of teleost fishes


effects of injecting lipoid extracts of bull
e) Vitelline membrane (zona radiata) in amphibia
testes into castrated guinea pigs. Am. J.
Physiol. 87:436.


and Price, D. 1932. Gonad hormone functions and the reciprocal influence between gonads and hypophysis with its bearing on the problem
f) Zona radiata (zona pellucida) of the reptile oocyte
of sex hormone antagonism. Am. J.
Anat. 50:13.


Pincus, G. and Thimann, K. V. 1950. The
g) Vitelline membrane (zona radiata) of the hen’s egg
Hormones, Vol. II. Academic Press, Inc.,
New York.


Rasmussen, A. T. 1917. Seasonal changes
h) Membranes of the mammalian oocyte
in the interstitial cells of the testis in the
woodchuck (Marmota monax). Am. J.
Anat. 22:475.


Riley, G. M. 1937. Experimental studies
5. Physiological maturation of the gametes
on spermatogenesis in the house sparrow, Passer dornesticus (Tinnaeus). Anat.
Rec. 67:327.


Robson, J. M. 1940. Recent Advances in
a. Physiological differentiation of the sperm
Sex and Reproductive Physiology. J. &
A. Churchill, Ltd., London.  


Rowlands, J. W. 1944. Capacity of hyaluronidase to increase the fertilizing power
b. Physiological ripening of the female gamete
of sperm. Nature, London. 154:332.


Sehulte, T. L. 1937. The genito urinary
D. Summary of egg and sperm development
system of the Elephas indie us male. Am.
J. Anat. 61:131.


Schwenk, E. 1944. Synthesis of the steroid
[[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1|'''Part I - The Period of Preparation''']]: [[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-1|1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction]] | [[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-2|2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction]] | [[Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1-3|3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells]]
hormones. Page 129 in The chemistry
and physiology of hormones. Publication
of Am. A. Adv. Sc.
 
Smith, P. E. 1939. Chap. XVI in Allen,
et al.. Sex and Internal Secretions. 2d
ed.. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
 
Turner, C. D. 1948. Chap. 12 in General
Endocrinology. W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia.
 
Turner, C. L. 1919. The seasonal cycle in
the spermary of the perch. J, Morphol.
32:681.
 
van Oordt, G. J. 1923. Secondary sex
characters and testis of the ten spined
stickleback (Gasterosteus pungitius).  
Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam. 26:309.
 
Weber, M. 1928. Die Saiigetiere. Gustav
Fischer, Jena.
 
Wells, L. J. 1935. Seasonal sexual rhythm
and its modification in the experimental
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(Citellus tridecemlineatus). Anat. Rec.
62:409.
 
. 1943. Descent of the testis: anatomical and hormonal considerations.
Surgery. 14:436.
 
 
Williams, R. G. 1950. Studies of living
interstitial cells and pieces of seminiferous tubules in autogenous grafts of testis.
Am. J. Anat. 86:343.
 
Wislocki, G. B. 1933. Location of the
testes and body temperature in mammals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 8:385.
 
. 1943a. Studies on the growth of
 
deer antlers: 1. On the structure and
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deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis).
Am. J. Anat. 71:371.
 
. 1943b. Studies on growth of deer
 
antlers: 11. Seasonal changes in the male
reproductive tract of the Virginia deer
(Odocoileus virginianus borealis); with
a discussion of the factors controlling
antler-gonad periodicity. Essays in Biology In Honor of Herbert H. Evans. The  
University of California Press, Berkeley
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. et al, 1947. The effects of gona
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160:429.
 
Young, W. C. 1929. The influence of high
temperature on the reproductive capacity
of guinea pig spermatozoa as determined
by artificial insemination. Physiol. Zodl.
2 : 1 .
 
1931. A study of the functions of the epididymis. 111. Functional changes
undergone by spermatozoa during their
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Zondek, B. 1930. Uber die Hormone des
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(Prolan A). Luteinisierungshormon
(Prolan B) Stoffwechselhormon? Klin.
Wchnschr. 8:245.


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Nelsen OE. Comparative embryology of the vertebrates (1953) Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

   Comparative Vertebrate Embryology 1953: 1. The Period of Preparation | 2. The Period of Fertilization | 3. The Development of Primitive Embryonic Form | 4. Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of the Organ Systems | 5. The Care of the Developing Embryo | Figures
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Part I The Period of Preparation

Part I - The Period of Preparation: 1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction | 2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction | 3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

The events which precede the initiation of the new individual's development are:

  1. The preparation of the male and female parents and their reproductive structures for the act of reprcxluction (Chaps. 1 and 2).
  2. The preparation of the gametes (Chap. 3).

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, because of its secretion of the gonadotrophic (gonad-stimulating) hormones, is the pivotal structure in the reproductive mechanism.

The gonadotrophic hormones are:

  1. Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH;
  2. Luteinizing hormone, LH (ICSH), and
  3. Luteotrophin, LTH.

The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction

1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction

A. Introduction

  1. General description of the male reproductive system
  2. Importance of the testis


B. Anatomical features of the male reproductive system

  1. Anatomical location of the testis
  2. Possible factors involved in testis descent
  3. General structure of the scrotum and the testis in mammals a. Structure of the scrotum b. General structure of the testis
  4. Specific structures of the mammalian testis which produce the reproductive cells and the male sex hormone a. Seminiferous tubules b. Interstitial tissue
  5. The testis of vertebrates in general
  6. Accessory reproductive structures of the male a. The reproductive duct in forms utilizing external fertilization b. The reproductive duct in species practicing internal fertilization c. Specific activities of the various parts of the male reproductive system

The Vertetrate Ovary and Its Relationship to Reproduction

2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction

A. The ovary and its importance

B. Preformationism, past and present

C. General structure of the reproductive system of the vertebrate female

1. General structure of the ovary

2. General structure of the accessory reproductive organs

D. Dependency of the female reproductive system on general body conditions

1. Inanition

2. Vitamins

a. Vitamin A

b. Vitamin B

c. Vitamin C

d. Vitamin E

3. The hypophysis (pituitary gland)

E. Activities of the ovary in producing the reproductive state

1. The ovary as a “storehouse” of oogonia

2. Position occupied by the primitive female germ cells in the ovarian cortex

3. Primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles of de Graaf

4. Hormonal factors concerned with the development of egg follicles

a. Effects produced by the gonadotrophic hormones of the development of the mammalian egg follicle

b. Stimulating effects of the gonadotrophins on the ovaries of other vertebrates

5. Structure of the vertebrate, mature egg follicle

a. Structure of the mature follicle in metatherian and eutherian mammals

b. Structure of the prototherian egg follicle

c. Egg follicles of other vertebrates

6. Ovulatory process; possible factors controlling ovulation

a. Process of ovulation in higher mammals

1) Changing tissue conditions culminating in egg discharge from the ovary

2) Hormonal control of the ovulatory process

b. Ovulation in vertebrate groups other than the higher mammals

1) Hen

2) Frog

3) Hormonal control of ovulation in lower vertebrates

c. Comparison of the immediate factors affecting egg discharge in the vertebrate group

7. Internal conditions of the ovary as an ovulatory factor

8. Number of eggs produced by different vertebrate ovaries

9. Spontaneous and dependent ovulation in the mammals and in other vertebrates

10. Egg viability after discharge from the ovary

11. History of the egg follicle after ovulation

a. Follicles which do not develop a post-ovulatory body

b. Follicles which develop a post-ovulatory body; formation of the corpus luteum

12. Hormones of the ovary and their activities in effecting the reproductive condition

a. Estrogenic hormone

1) Definition and source of production

2) The ovary as the normal source of estrogen in the non-pregnant female

3) Pituitary control of estrogen formation

4) Effect of estrogen upon the female mammal

5) Effects of estrogen in other vertebrates

b. Progesterone — the hormone of the corpus luteum

1) Production of progesterone

2) Effects of progesterone

F. Reproductive state and its relation to the reproductive cycles in female vertebrates

1. Sexual cycle in the female mammal

a. Characteristics and phases of the reproductive cycle

b. Relation of cstrus and ovulation in some common mammals

1) Spontaneously ovulating forms (Sexual receptivity of male occurs at or near time of ovulation)

2) Dependent ovulatory forms (Sexual receptivity [heat] occurs previous to time of ovulation)

c. Non-ovulatory (anovulatory) sexual cycles

d. Control of the estrous cycle in the female mammal

e. Reproductive cycle in lower vertebrate females

G. Role of the ovary in gestation (pregnancy)

1. Control of implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy in mammals

2. Gestation periods, in days, of some common mammals

3. Maintenance of pregnancy in reptiles and other vertebrates

H. Role of the ovary in parturition or birth of the young

I. Importance of the ovary in mammary-gland development and lactation

J. Other possible developmental functions produced by the ovary

K. Determinative tests for pregnancy

The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

A. General considerations

B. Controversy regarding germ-cell origin

C. Maturation (differentiation) of the gametes

1. General considerations

2. Basic structure of the definitive sex cell as it starts to mature or differentiate into the male meiocyte (i.e., the spermatocyte) or the female meiocyte (i.e., the oocyte)

3. Nuclear maturation of the gametes

a. General description of chromatin behavior during somatic and meiotic mitoses

b. Reductional and equational meiotic divisions and the phenomenon of crossing over

c. Stages of chromatin behavior during the meiotic prophase in greater detail

1) Leptotene (leptonema) stage

2) Zygotene or synaptene (zygonema) stage

3) Pachytene (pachynema) stage

4) Diplotene (diplonema) stage

5) Diakinesis

d. Peculiarities of nuclear behavior in the oocyte during meiosis; the germinal vesicle

e. Character of the meiotic (maturation) divisions in the spermatocyte compared with those of the oocyte

1) Dependent nature of the maturation divisions in the female meiocyte

2) Inequality of cytoplasmic division in the oocyte

f. Resume of the significance of the meiotic phenomena

4. Cytosomal (Cytoplasmic) maturation of the gametes

a. General aspects of the cytoplasmic maturation of the gametes

b. Morphogenesis (spermiogenesis) ( sperm ioteleosis) of the sperm

1) Types of sperm

2) Structure of a flagellate sperm

a) Head

b) Neck

c) Connecting body or middle piece

d) Flagellum

3) Spermiogenesis or the differentiation of the spermatid into the morphologically differentiated sperm

a) Golgi substance and acroblast; formation of the acrosome

b) Formation of the post-nuclear cap

c) Formation of the proximal and distal centrioles; axial filament

d) Mitochondrial material and formation of the middle piece of the sperm

e) The cytoplasm, axial filament, mitochondria, and tail formation


c. Cytoplasmic differentiation of the egg

1) Types of chordate eggs

a) Homolecithal (isolecithal) eggs

b) Telolecithal eggs

2) Formation of the deutoplasm

3) Invisible morphogenetic organization within the cytoplasm of the egg

4) Polarity of the egg and its relation to body organization and bilateral symmetry of the mature egg

5) Membranes developed in relation to the oocyte; their possible sources of origin

a) Chorion in St ye la

b) Egg membranes of Amphioxus

c) Vitelline membrane and zona radiata of elasmobranch fishes

d) Zona radiata of teleost fishes

e) Vitelline membrane (zona radiata) in amphibia

f) Zona radiata (zona pellucida) of the reptile oocyte

g) Vitelline membrane (zona radiata) of the hen’s egg

h) Membranes of the mammalian oocyte

5. Physiological maturation of the gametes

a. Physiological differentiation of the sperm

b. Physiological ripening of the female gamete

D. Summary of egg and sperm development

Part I - The Period of Preparation: 1. The Testis and Its Relation to Reproduction | 2. The Vertebrate Ovary and Its Relation to Reproduction | 3. The Development of the Gametes or Sex Cells

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 26) Embryology Book - Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Comparative_Embryology_of_the_Vertebrates_1

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
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