ANAT2341 Lab 7: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:38, 22 October 2019

Organogenesis Lab

Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.

PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM

Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
Practical class activities (90 minutes)
Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)

PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)

Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.

These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development

See also the JoVE article on chicken egg preparation: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>

Additional Chicken Links

Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)

More about chicken embryogenesis: Chicken Development | Hamburger Hamilton Stages

Historic Chicken Embryology
1883 History of the Chick \| 1900 Chicken Embryo Development Plates \| 1904 X-Ray Effects \| 1910 Somites \| 1914 Primordial Germ Cells 1919 Lillie Textbook \| 1920 Chick Early Embryology \| 1933 Neural \| 1939 Sternum \| 1948 Limb \| Movie 1961 \| Historic Papers

stage 1-4
stages 5-10
stages 11-14
stages 15-18
stages 19-21
stages 22-25
stages 26-28
stage 29-32

This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages

More about Mouse embryogenesis: Mouse Timeline Detailed

chicken

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

JOVE - An Introduction to the Chicken

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+==Organogenesis Lab==
-== '''1. QUIZ''' ==
+Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.
-== '''2. Guest Lecturer - Hongjun Shi (VCCRI) - "Somitogenesis and congenital vertebral malformation"''' ==
+'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM'''
-[[File:Hongjun_Shi_profile_photo.jpg]]
-Dr Shi’s research is focused on genetic regulation of the somitogenesis and identification of genetic and environmental factors that cause congenital vertebral malformation.
+* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
+* Practical class activities (90 minutes)
+* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)
-Introduction
-The defining feature of vertebrates is the vertebral column which is composed of a series of structurally similar bone units – vertebrae along the body axis. The segmental pattern of the vertebral column is established during early embryo development when the somites are rhythmically produced from the paraxial mesoderm (Bailey and Dale, 2001). Somitogenesis requires the interaction of two components, referred to as the clock and wavefront (Aulehla and Pourquie, 2010; Pourquie, 2011). The wavefront (determination front) determines the future somite boundary and is created by opposing gradients of FGF and Wnt signaling (caudal-rostral) and retinoic acid signaling (rostral-caudal) in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). At the same time, PSM cells express a number of genes in the FGF, Wnt and Notch signaling pathway in an oscillatory pattern (the clock), and bands of expression appear to move in a caudal-to-rostral direction. When the periodic signal reaches the determination front, a somite can form. Disruption of somitogenesis by genetic mutations results in vertebral defects. For example, in humans and mice, homozygous mutation of the DLL3, LFNG, MESP2, HES7 and RIPPLY2 (Pourquie, 2011) (McInerney-Leo et al., 2015) which are either components or downstream targets of Notch signalling leads to extensive vertebral malformation.
+'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)'''
-[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo01.jpg]]
+* Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
+* Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
+* Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)
-''Deletion of Dll3 gene casues failure of Notch1 signalling to restrict to a thin stripe of cells. In stead a broad rostral domain of Notch1 signalling is observed (Chapman et al., 2011).''
-In addition to genetic mutations, environmental insults during embryo development may also interfere with somitogenesis. For example, hypoxia during pregnancy can inhibit FGF signaling in the PSM and cause segmentation defects in mice. Heterozygous mutation in the Notch signaling genes increase the susceptibility to segmentation defects when the mice are exposed to mild hypoxia (Sparrow et al., 2012).
+'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES'''
+* Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
+* Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
+* Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
+* Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
+* Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
+* Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
+* Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.
-[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo02.jpg]]
-''Oscillatory pattern of Hes7 expression and Notch signaling in PSM under normal conditions. Under the hypoxic condition, Hes7 protein expression is lost and a broader expression domain of Notch signaling is observed in PSM.''
+[[File:Chicken_Embryo_Hamburger_stages.jpg|600px|link=Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
+''These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development''
-[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo03.jpg]]
-''Vertebral defects induced by hypoxia (Sparrow et al., 2012).''
+See also the [https://www.jove.com/video/306/windowing-chicken-eggs-for-developmental-studies JoVE article on chicken egg preparation]: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>
-'''References:'''
+===Additional Chicken Links===
-Aulehla, A., Pourquie, O., 2010. Signaling gradients during paraxial mesoderm development. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology 2, a000869.
+[[File:Viktor Hamburger.jpg|thumb|alt=Viktor Hamburger|link=Embryology History - Viktor Hamburger|Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)]]
-Bailey, C., Dale, K., 2001. Somitogenesis in Vertebrate Development, eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
+More about chicken embryogenesis: [[Chicken Development]] | [[Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
+<br>
+{{Chicken links}}
+<br>
-Chapman, G., Sparrow, D.B., Kremmer, E., Dunwoodie, S.L., 2011. Notch inhibition by the ligand DELTA-LIKE 3 defines the mechanism of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis. Human molecular genetics 20, 905-916.
+<gallery>
+File:HHstage1-4.jpg|stage 1-4
+File:HHstage5-10.jpg|stages 5-10
+File:HHstage11-14.jpg|stages 11-14
+File:HHstage15-18.jpg|stages 15-18
+File:HHstage19-21.jpg|stages 19-21
+File:HHstage22-25.jpg|stages 22-25
+File:HHstage26-28.jpg|stages 26-28
+File:HHstage29-32.jpg|stage 29-32
+</gallery>
-McInerney-Leo, A.M., Sparrow, D.B., Harris, J.E., Gardiner, B.B., Marshall, M.S., O'Reilly, V.C., Shi, H., Brown, M.A., Leo, P.J., Zankl, A., Dunwoodie, S.L., Duncan, E.L., 2015. Compound heterozygous mutations in RIPPLY2 associated with vertebral segmentation defects. Human molecular genetics 24, 1234-1242.
+[[File:Mouse_vs_Human_embryogenesis.jpg]]
-Pourquie, O., 2011. Vertebrate segmentation: from cyclic gene networks to scoliosis. Cell 145, 650-663.
+''This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages''
-Sparrow, D.B., Chapman, G., Smith, A.J., Mattar, M.Z., Major, J.A., O'Reilly, V.C., Saga, Y., Zackai, E.H., Dormans, J.P., Alman, B.A., McGregor, L., Kageyama, R., Kusumi, K., Dunwoodie, S.L., 2012. A mechanism for gene-environment interaction in the etiology of congenital scoliosis. Cell 149, 295-306.
+More about Mouse embryogenesis: [[Mouse Timeline Detailed]]
+{{Chicken}}
+===External Links===
+{{External Links}}
+* JOVE - [http://www.jove.com/science-education/5153/an-introduction-to-the-chick-gallus-gallus-domesticus An Introduction to the Chicken]