Talk:2009 Lecture 21: Difference between revisions

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==Background Reading==
==Background Reading==
* Different timings of dicer deletion affect neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing mouse central nervous system http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122616509/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
* Chemokine signaling guides regional patterning of the first embryonic artery http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/23/19/2272.abstract?etoc
:"MicroRNAs, processed by the RNAase III enzyme Dicer, are 22 nucleotide endogenous noncoding small RNAs. The function of Dicer in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) development is not well understood. Here, we show that specifically deleting Dicer expression in the CNS and in the cerebral cortex using two Cre lines results in reduced progenitor numbers, abnormal neuronal differentiation, and thinner cortical wall. Incomplete Dicer deletion during early embryonic stages contributes to normal development of early-born neurons in the cortex and motor neurons in the spinal cord. However, at late embryonic stages when Dicer is completely ablated in the CNS, the migration of late-born neurons in the cortex and oligodendrocyte precursor expansion and differentiation in the spinal cord are greatly affected. Our studies of different timings of Dicer deletion demonstrate the importance of the Dicer-mediated microRNA pathway in regulating distinct phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis during the CNS development. "
:The aorta traverses the body, yet little is known about how it is patterned in different anatomical locations. Here, we show that the aorta develops from genetically distinct endothelial cells originating from diverse locations within the embryo. Furthermore, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4a (cxcr4a) is restricted to endothelial cells derived from anterior mesoderm, and is required specifically for formation of the lateral aortae. Cxcl12b, a cxcr4a ligand, is expressed in endoderm underlying the lateral aortae, and loss of cxcl12b phenocopies cxcr4a deficiency. These studies reveal unexpected endothelial diversity within the aorta that is necessary to facilitate its regional patterning by local cues.
 
* http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006267 Citation: Rochais F, Dandonneau M, Mesbah K, Jarry T, Mattei M-G, et al. (2009) Hes1 Is Expressed in the Second Heart Field and Is Required for Outflow Tract Development. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6267. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006267
 
* http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005688
 
* http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005155
 
* Tu C-T, Yang T-C, Tsai H-J (2009) Nkx2.7 and Nkx2.5 Function Redundantly and Are Required for Cardiac Morphogenesis of Zebrafish Embryos. PLoS ONE 4(1): e4249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004249 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004249
 
* http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=19802378
 
 
* Vascular system of the human spinal cord in the prenatal period: a dye injection and corrosion casting study
:"The vascularization of the spinal cord was investigated in 50 human fetuses aged from 10 to 28 gestational weeks using dye injection methods and corrosion casting accompanied by scanning electron microscopy. In the investigated period of fetal development, the general vascular architecture of the spinal cord, corresponding to that described postnatally, seemed to be already established. The observed changes included: (1) remodeling of the supplying (extrinsic) arterial branches, (2) transformation of the posterior anastomotic chain into two distinct posterior spinal arteries, and (3) development of the capillary networks in the gray and white matter."
 
:"The remodeling of the radicular arteries supplying the spinal cord was accompanied by a decrease in their number and transition from regular to irregular distribution (appearance of intersegmental differences in their frequency). The anterior spinal artery and regular array of the central arteries were already present in the youngest fetuses examined, but the final remodeling of the posterior anastomotic chain into two posterior spinal arteries occurred between 15th and 20th week of fetal life indicating that the vascularization of the anterior region of the spinal cord in the investigated period of fetal life was more advanced as compared with that of the posterior region."
 
:"The capillary network of the gray matter in the youngest fetuses had the form of discrete glomerular plexuses supplied by groups of central arteries and mainly vascularizing the anterior horns. Successively, the plexuses fused to form a continuous system along the anterior columns and the system expanded to fully vascularize the posterior horns. The white matter in the earlier fetal period seemed to be partially avascular, later the density of capillaries vascularizing those areas was still much lower than in the gray matter."
 
:"The veins showed considerably greater variability than the arteries, as far as their topography and distribution was concerned. High tortuosity characterized the superficial veins, especially in the younger fetuses, although the degree of tortuosity differed even between individual fetuses. Only anterior spinal and central arteries were usually accompanied by their venous counterparts, the other veins seemed to have no regular topographical relations with the arteries."
 
==Vessel changes==
 
{|  border=1

|-
! Fetal Structure
! Adult Structure
|-
| foramen ovale
| fossa ovalis
|-
| umbilical vein (intra-abdominal part)
| ligamentum teres
|-
| ductus venosus
| ligamentum venosum
|-
| umbilical arteries and abdominal ligaments
| medial umbilical ligaments, superior vesicular artery (supplies bladder)
|-
| ductus arteriosum
| ligamentum arteriosum
|}
 
==Abnormal Heart Gallery==
<gallery>
 
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_aorticstenosis.jpg|Aortic Stenosis
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_asd.jpg|ASD
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_coarctationoftheaorta.jpg|Coarctation of the Aorta
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_dorv.jpg|DORV
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_funchlh.jpg|Functional Hypoplastic Left Heart
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_hlh.jpg|Hypoplastic Left Heart
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_interruptaorticarch.jpg|Interrupted Aortic Arch
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_papvd.jpg|PAPVD
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_patentda.jpg|Patent Ductus Arteriosus
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_pulmonaryatresia.jpg|Pulmonary Atresia
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_pulmonarystenosis.jpg|Pulmonary Stenosis
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_tapvc.jpg|TAPVC
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_tetralogyoffallot.jpg|Tetralogy of Fallot
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_transposition.jpg|Transposition of the Great Vessels
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_tricuspidatresia.jpg|Tricuspid Atresia
 
Image:HeartILP_draft_vsd.jpg|VSD
 
</gallery>

Latest revision as of 22:48, 11 October 2009

Background Reading

The aorta traverses the body, yet little is known about how it is patterned in different anatomical locations. Here, we show that the aorta develops from genetically distinct endothelial cells originating from diverse locations within the embryo. Furthermore, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4a (cxcr4a) is restricted to endothelial cells derived from anterior mesoderm, and is required specifically for formation of the lateral aortae. Cxcl12b, a cxcr4a ligand, is expressed in endoderm underlying the lateral aortae, and loss of cxcl12b phenocopies cxcr4a deficiency. These studies reveal unexpected endothelial diversity within the aorta that is necessary to facilitate its regional patterning by local cues.


  • Vascular system of the human spinal cord in the prenatal period: a dye injection and corrosion casting study
"The vascularization of the spinal cord was investigated in 50 human fetuses aged from 10 to 28 gestational weeks using dye injection methods and corrosion casting accompanied by scanning electron microscopy. In the investigated period of fetal development, the general vascular architecture of the spinal cord, corresponding to that described postnatally, seemed to be already established. The observed changes included: (1) remodeling of the supplying (extrinsic) arterial branches, (2) transformation of the posterior anastomotic chain into two distinct posterior spinal arteries, and (3) development of the capillary networks in the gray and white matter."
"The remodeling of the radicular arteries supplying the spinal cord was accompanied by a decrease in their number and transition from regular to irregular distribution (appearance of intersegmental differences in their frequency). The anterior spinal artery and regular array of the central arteries were already present in the youngest fetuses examined, but the final remodeling of the posterior anastomotic chain into two posterior spinal arteries occurred between 15th and 20th week of fetal life indicating that the vascularization of the anterior region of the spinal cord in the investigated period of fetal life was more advanced as compared with that of the posterior region."
"The capillary network of the gray matter in the youngest fetuses had the form of discrete glomerular plexuses supplied by groups of central arteries and mainly vascularizing the anterior horns. Successively, the plexuses fused to form a continuous system along the anterior columns and the system expanded to fully vascularize the posterior horns. The white matter in the earlier fetal period seemed to be partially avascular, later the density of capillaries vascularizing those areas was still much lower than in the gray matter."
"The veins showed considerably greater variability than the arteries, as far as their topography and distribution was concerned. High tortuosity characterized the superficial veins, especially in the younger fetuses, although the degree of tortuosity differed even between individual fetuses. Only anterior spinal and central arteries were usually accompanied by their venous counterparts, the other veins seemed to have no regular topographical relations with the arteries."

Vessel changes

?
Fetal Structure Adult Structure
foramen ovale fossa ovalis
umbilical vein (intra-abdominal part) ligamentum teres
ductus venosus ligamentum venosum
umbilical arteries and abdominal ligaments medial umbilical ligaments, superior vesicular artery (supplies bladder)
ductus arteriosum ligamentum arteriosum

Abnormal Heart Gallery

  • HeartILP draft aorticstenosis.jpg

    Aortic Stenosis

  • HeartILP draft asd.jpg

    ASD

  • Coarctation of the Aorta

    Coarctation of the Aorta

  • HeartILP draft dorv.jpg

    DORV

  • Functional Hypoplastic Left Heart

    Functional Hypoplastic Left Heart

  • HeartILP draft hlh.jpg

    Hypoplastic Left Heart

  • Interrupted Aortic Arch

    Interrupted Aortic Arch

  • HeartILP draft papvd.jpg

    PAPVD

  • HeartILP draft patentda.jpg

    Patent Ductus Arteriosus

  • HeartILP draft pulmonaryatresia.jpg

    Pulmonary Atresia

  • HeartILP draft pulmonarystenosis.jpg

    Pulmonary Stenosis

  • HeartILP draft tapvc.jpg

    TAPVC

  • HeartILP draft tetralogyoffallot.jpg

    Tetralogy of Fallot

  • HeartILP draft transposition.jpg

    Transposition of the Great Vessels

  • HeartILP draft tricuspidatresia.jpg

    Tricuspid Atresia

  • HeartILP draft vsd.jpg

    VSD

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