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| ==Contents== | | ==Contents== |
|
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| [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 1|Chapter I Introductory]] | | [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 1|Chapter I Introductory]] |
|
| |
|
| [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 2|Chapter II Cell-Division And Growth]] | | [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 2|Chapter II Cell-Division And Growth]] |
| | | # Ce1l-division |
| 1. Ce1l-division
| | # Growth |
| 2. Growth
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 3|Chapter III External Factors]] | | [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 3|Chapter III External Factors]] |
| | | # Grravitation |
| 1. Urrnvitation
| | # Mechanical agitation |
| | | # Electricity and magnetism |
| 2. Mechanical agitation
| | # Light |
| | | # Heat |
| Electricity and magnetism | | # Atmospheric pressure. The respiration of the embryo. |
| | | # Osmotic pressure. The role of water in growth |
| Light | | # The chemical composition of the medium |
| | | # Summary |
| Heat | |
| | |
| Atmospheric pressure. The respiration of the embryo. | |
| | |
| Osmotic pressure. The role of water in growth | |
| | |
| The chemical composition of the medium | |
| | |
| Summary | |
|
| |
|
| [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 4|Chapter IV Internal Factors]] | | [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 4|Chapter IV Internal Factors]] |
|
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|
| (1) The initial structure of the germ as a cause of differentiation. | | (1) The initial structure of the germ as a cause of differentiation. |
| | # The modern form of the preformationist doctrine |
| | # Amphibia |
| | # Pisces |
| | # Amphioxus |
| | # Coe-lenterata |
| | # Ecliinodcrmata |
| | # Nemertinen |
| | # Ctenophora |
| | # Chaetopoda and Mollusca |
| | # Ascidia |
| | # General considerations and conclusions |
| | # The part played by the spermatozoon in the determination of egg-strucure |
| | # The part played by the nucleus in differentiation |
|
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|
| 1. The modern form of the prefurmationist doctrine
| | (2) The actions of the parts of the developing organism on one another |
| 2. Amphibia
| |
| 3. Pisces
| |
| 4. Amphioxus
| |
| 5. Coe-lenterata
| |
| 6. Ecliinodcrmata
| |
| 7. Nemertinen . . . . . . . . 204
| |
| 8. (.‘tenopho1':i . . . . . . . . 208
| |
| 9. Chaetopoda and Mollusca . . . . . . 213
| |
| 10. Ascidia . . . . . . . . . 229
| |
| 11. General consiileratious and conclusions . . . 240
| |
| 12. The part. played by the spernmtozoon in the determination of egg-.<ztructm'e . . . . . 247
| |
| 13. The part played by the nucleus in ilifl'e1'enti;iti0n . . 251
| |
| (2) The actions of the parts of the developing oiganism on | |
| one another 271 | |
|
| |
|
| [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 5|Chapter V Driesch’s Theories Of Development - General Reflections And Conclusions]] | | [[Book - Experimental Embryology (1909) 5|Chapter V Driesch’s Theories Of Development - General Reflections And Conclusions]] |
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| APPENDIX A | | APPENDIX A |
| On the .’~y)1)l)lL'l2l'y of the egg, the symmetly of scglnentation, and the symmetry of the embryo in the Frog | | On the symmetry of the egg, the symmetry of segmentation, and the symmetry of the embryo in the Frog |
| | |
|
| |
|
| APPENDIX B | | APPENDIX B |
|
| |
|
| On the part played by the nucleus in (lifferenti:L’tion | | On the part played by the nucleus in differentiation |
| | |
| I.\'m<;x or AUTl{0I{
| |
| | |
| Ixmzx or SUBJPJCTS
| |
| | |
| ADDENDA
| |
| | |
| ==Index Of Authors==
| |
| | |
| Agassiz: effects of fertilization in Ctenophors, 250.
| |
| | |
| Aristotle: theory of development, 13.
| |
| | |
| — the soul in function and development, 292 sqq.
| |
| | |
| — mechanism and teleology, 296.
| |
| | |
| Auerbach :' segmentation of Ascuris
| |
| nigrovenosa, 33.
| |
| | |
| von Baer, 16.
| |
| | |
| Balfour: effect of yolk on segmentation, 29, 88.
| |
| | |
| Bataillon: monstrosities
| |
| osmotic pressure, 120, 135.
| |
| | |
| —- artificial parthenogenesis, 124.
| |
| | |
| Bergh: cell-division in germ-bands
| |
| of Crustacea, 34.
| |
| | |
| Berthold: surface-tension and celldivision, 41, 42.
| |
| | |
| Bischofl‘, 16.
| |
| | |
| Blane: effect of light upon the
| |
| development of the Chick, 94, 96.
| |
| | |
| Boas: rate of growth in man, 63.
| |
| | |
| — change of variability, 73, 74.
| |
| | |
| — diminution of correlation coefiicient, 75.
| |
| | |
| Bonnet : emboitement, 14.
| |
| | |
| — preformation, 15.
| |
| Bonnevie : diminution of chromosomes in Ascaris lumbricoidcs, 258.
| |
| Born : gravity and development, 18,
| |
| 88-85.
| |
| | |
| — pressure experiments on Frogs’
| |
| eggs, 34, 35.
| |
| | |
| Boveri : early development of Slrongylocentrotus, 23, 183-185.
| |
| | |
| — egg of Strongylocentrotus stretched,
| |
| 39.
| |
| | |
| — suppression of micromeres in
| |
| Strongylocentrotus, 186.
| |
| | |
| -— causes of the pattern of segmentation, 197.
| |
| | |
| — karyokinetic plane, sperm path,
| |
| :11 ng first furrow in Strongylocentrotus,
| |
| | |
| 8 .
| |
| | |
| — potentialities of? animal and vegetative cells, 192.
| |
| | |
| — stratification of cytoplasmic substances, 242, 280.
| |
| | |
| -- characters dependent on cytonlmam in Flnhinnid larvae. 261.
| |
| | |
| due to
| |
| | |
| Boveri : diminution of chromosomes
| |
| in Ascaris megalocephala, 252, 255-257.
| |
| | |
| — due to a difference in the cytoplasm, 257.
| |
| | |
| — hybrid larva from enucleate egg
| |
| fragment with characters of male
| |
| parent, 253, 258-260.
| |
| | |
| — irregular distribution of chromosomes a cause of abnormality, 253,
| |
| 263-266.
| |
| | |
| — individuality of chromosomes and
| |
| chromatin, 256, 263.
| |
| | |
| —part played by nucleus in differentiation, 266, 285.
| |
| | |
| —possiblo significance of reducing
| |
| divisions, 266.
| |
| | |
| — number of chromosomes, size of
| |
| nucleus, and size of cell, 68, 267,
| |
| 268.
| |
| | |
| —2méclear division not qualitative,
| |
| | |
| 6 .
| |
| | |
| Bowditch: rate of growth in man,
| |
| 63.
| |
| | |
| -- change of variability, 73.
| |
| | |
| Brauer : Branchipus, 22, 24.
| |
| | |
| Brooks: Lucifer, 22.
| |
| | |
| de Butfon : Preformation, 15.
| |
| | |
| Bullzt: artificial parthenogenesis,
| |
| 12 .
| |
| | |
| Bumpus: change of variability in
| |
| Litlorina, 71, 72.
| |
| | |
| Bunge: respiration of Ascaris, 112.
| |
| | |
| Castle : see Davenpofl: and Castle.
| |
| | |
| Chabry: segmentation furrows and
| |
| embryonic axes in Ascidians, 229.
| |
| | |
| —- development of isolated blastemeres in Ascidians, 229, 230.
| |
| | |
| Child : critique of Driesch’s vitalism,
| |
| 292, note.
| |
| | |
| Chun : isolated blastomeres of Ctenophora, 209.
| |
| | |
| Conklin: maturation, fertilization,
| |
| and development of Cynthia, 230236.
| |
| | |
| — development of isolated blastemeres in Oyntlzia, 237.
| |
| | |
| — development of pieces of gastrula
| |
| in Cynthia, 238.
| |
| | |
| — streaming movements of protonlnsm. 40.
| |
| 316 INDEX OF
| |
| | |
| Crampton : isolated blastomeres of
| |
| Ilycmesaa, 215, 216.
| |
| | |
| — efieot of removal of the polar lobe,
| |
| 217.
| |
| | |
| Dareste: mechanical agitation of the
| |
| Hen’s egg, 89.
| |
| | |
| — electricity, 91.
| |
| | |
| Davenport : catalogue of ontogenetic
| |
| processes, 4 sqq.
| |
| | |
| — definition of growth, 58.
| |
| | |
| — rate of growth, 69.
| |
| | |
| — the role of water in growth, 58,
| |
| 59, 115, 116.
| |
| | |
| - and Castle : acclimatization of eggs
| |
| of Bufo to heat, 100.
| |
| | |
| Delage : causes of artificial parthenogenesis, 124.
| |
| | |
| -- number of chromosomes in artificial parthenogenesis and in merogony, 125.
| |
| De Vries : importance of potassium
| |
| for turgor of plant-cells, 146.
| |
| | |
| Doncaster: hybrid Echinoid larvae,
| |
| 26].
| |
| | |
| Driesch: effect of light in development, 94.
| |
| | |
| — abnormal segmentation in Erhinus
| |
| produced by heat, 105.
| |
| | |
| — Anenteria, produced by heat,
| |
| 106.
| |
| | |
| —- segmentation made irregular by
| |
| dilution of sea-water, 118.
| |
| | |
| —— pressure experiments on Echinoid
| |
| eggs, 37, 38, 185, 240.
| |
| | |
| —- cell-division suppressed by pressure and dilute sea-water, 55; and
| |
| by heat, 105.
| |
| | |
| —nuclear division not qualitative,
| |
| 186.
| |
| | |
| — blastomeres disarranged, 187, 188.
| |
| | |
| — isolated blastomeres of Echinoids,
| |
| 190, 191, 193, 194.
| |
| | |
| — potentialities of animal and vegetative cells, 193, 194, 201, 242, 243.
| |
| | |
| — fragments of blastulae and gastrulae in Echinoderms, 194.
| |
| | |
| — potentialities of ectoderm and
| |
| agghenteron, and their limitations,
| |
| 1 .
| |
| | |
| — development of egg fragments of
| |
| Echinoids, 195, 196.
| |
| | |
| — germinal value, surface-area of
| |
| larvae, and number of cells, 197199, 269.
| |
| | |
| — one larva from two blastulae, 202.
| |
| | |
| — and Morgan : isolated blastomeres
| |
| of Ctenophora, 210, 211.
| |
| | |
| —2e1gg-fragments of Ctenophora, 30,
| |
| | |
| 2!
| |
| | |
| AUTHORS
| |
| | |
| Drgggchz development of Myzostoma,
| |
| | |
| — isolated blastomeres and parts of
| |
| larvae in Phallusia, 288, 289.
| |
| | |
| — first furrow and sagittal plane in
| |
| Echinoids, 250.
| |
| | |
| — characters which depend on cytoplasm in Echinoid larvae, 261, 262.
| |
| | |
| — number of organ-forming substances in cytoplasm, 246, 284,
| |
| 286.
| |
| | |
| —— theory of egg-structure, 281, 286,
| |
| 292.
| |
| | |
| — reason for limitation of potentialities, 192-194, 201, 212, 242, 243,
| |
| 281, 282, 284, 291.
| |
| | |
| --fate a function of position, 188,
| |
| 282.
| |
| | |
| —- return of displaced mesenchyme
| |
| cells in Echinus, 274.
| |
| | |
| - stimuli in ontogeny, 20, 277, 28"284.
| |
| | |
| — part played by nucleus in differentiation, 266, 284, 285.
| |
| | |
| —— equipotential and inequipotentiul
| |
| systems, 176, 277, 285.
| |
| | |
| — rhythm of development, 3.
| |
| | |
| —- harmony of development, 284.
| |
| | |
| —- composition in development, 3,
| |
| 285.
| |
| | |
| — self-difierentiation, 284.
| |
| | |
| —- teleology, static, 286, 291, 292,
| |
| 297.
| |
| | |
| — —- dynamic, 291, 292, 297.
| |
| | |
| — vitalism, 20, 289 sqq.
| |
| | |
| Edwards : physiological zero for
| |
| Home egg, 102.
| |
| | |
| -- growth without differentiation,
| |
| 104.
| |
| | |
| Endres and Walter : post-generation
| |
| of missing half-embryo, 171.
| |
| | |
| Eycleshymer: first furrow
| |
| sagittal plane in Necturus, 168.
| |
| | |
| and
| |
| | |
| Fabricius : views on development,
| |
| 13.
| |
| | |
| Fasola : electric currents, 91.
| |
| | |
| Fehling : growth of the human
| |
| embryo, 59, 60, 63.
| |
| | |
| Feré : effect of sound-vibrations upon
| |
| the Chick, 90.
| |
| | |
| _ ._ of light, 96.
| |
| | |
| — malformations due to high temperatures, 105. .
| |
| | |
| —- need of oxygen for the Chick, 109.
| |
| | |
| —— monstrosities produced by various
| |
| chemical reagents, 18,2.
| |
| INDEX OF AUTHORS
| |
| | |
| Fischel, A. : hybrid Echinoid larvae,
| |
| 261.
| |
| | |
| — variability of Duck embryos, 71.
| |
| | |
| Fischel, H. : isolated blastomeres of
| |
| Ctenophora, 210, 211.
| |
| | |
| -— derangement of blastomeres in
| |
| Ctenophora, 211.
| |
| | |
| Fischer: artificial parthenogenesis,
| |
| 124. ’
| |
| Foot : polar rings in Allolobophom,
| |
| | |
| 251.
| |
| | |
| Garbowski : function of pigment
| |
| ring in Strongylocentrotus egg, 192.
| |
| — first furrow and sagittal plane in
| |
| | |
| Echinoids, 260.
| |
| | |
| — grafting of blastulae fragments of
| |
| Echinus, 202.
| |
| | |
| Gerassimow: size of nucleus and
| |
| cells in Spirogyra, 269.
| |
| | |
| Giacomini: need of oxygen for the
| |
| Chick, efiect of low atmospheric
| |
| pressure, 109, 110.
| |
| | |
| Giardina : difierentiation of chromatin in female cells of Dytiscus.
| |
| | |
| Godlewski : the respiration of the
| |
| Frog’s eg, 110, 112, 113.
| |
| | |
| -— heterogeneous cross-fertilization,
| |
| 262.
| |
| | |
| Graf : fusion of blastomeres, 56.
| |
| | |
| Greeley: artificial parthenogenesis
| |
| produced by cold, 108.
| |
| | |
| — low temperatures and absorption
| |
| of water, 108.
| |
| | |
| Grobben : Cetochilus, 22.
| |
| | |
| Groom : effect of fertilization in
| |
| Cirripedes, 250.
| |
| | |
| Gigiber: regeneration in Protozoa,
| |
| | |
| 54.
| |
| | |
| Gurwitsch : monstrosities produced
| |
| in Amphibian embryos by chemical
| |
| reagents, 120, 123.
| |
| | |
| Hacker : Cyclops, 22.
| |
| | |
| Haeckel: recapitulation, 16.
| |
| | |
| — development of fragments of
| |
| blastulao of Crystallodes, 181, note.
| |
| Hr;ller : preformation and epigenesis,
| |
| | |
| 5.
| |
| | |
| Harvey: epigenesis, 13.
| |
| | |
| — metamorphosis, 14.
| |
| | |
| Hecker: growth of the human embryo, 62, 63.
| |
| | |
| Hansen: growth of guinea-pig embryos, 62.
| |
| | |
| Herbst : potassium, sodium, and
| |
| lithium larvae of Echinoderms,
| |
| 136-140.
| |
| | |
| —- significance of monsters for origin
| |
| of variatiops, 141.
| |
| | |
| 317
| |
| | |
| Herbst : necessity of elements present
| |
| in sea-water for normal development of Echinoid larvae, 141 sqq.
| |
| | |
| —— separation of blastomeres of Seaurchins in calcium-free sea-water,
| |
| | |
| 45.
| |
| | |
| — stimuli in ontogeny, 20, 272, 273,
| |
| 285.
| |
| | |
| — formation of Arthropod blastederm oxygenotactic, 114.
| |
| | |
| —— arms of Plutous due to presence of
| |
| skeleton, 187, 138, 144, 149, 274, 275.
| |
| | |
| I-Ierl itzka, development of half-blastomeres of Newt, 173.
| |
| | |
| Hertwig, 0. : centrifugalized Frog’s
| |
| egg, 29, 87.
| |
| | |
| —- rules for nuclear and cell division,
| |
| 31, 32, 85.
| |
| | |
| — — confirmed by pressure experiments, 34-36.
| |
| | |
| — gravity and Echinoderm eggs, 78.
| |
| | |
| —— insemination of Frog's egg, 79.
| |
| | |
| — cardinal temperatures for Rana
| |
| | |
| fusca. and csculenta, 97.
| |
| | |
| — monstrosities produced by high
| |
| and by low temperatures, 99.
| |
| | |
| — temperature and rate of development, 100.
| |
| | |
| —— monstrosities produced in Amphibian embryos by sodium chloride,
| |
| 119, 135.
| |
| | |
| — first furrow and sagittal plane in
| |
| Frog's egg, 165.
| |
| | |
| — compressedeggs: disproof of qualitative nuclear division, 34—86, 168,
| |
| 169, 240.
| |
| | |
| — development of half-blastomere of
| |
| Frog’s egg, 169.
| |
| | |
| — mutual interactions of developing parts, 271, 285.
| |
| | |
| Hertwig, 0. and R. : fertilization
| |
| processes altered by heat and cold,
| |
| 107.
| |
| | |
| — — by alkaloids, 126 sqq., 263.
| |
| | |
| His: mechanical explanation of
| |
| development, 3.
| |
| | |
| —- germinal localization, 17, 158.
| |
| | |
| — the blastoderm oxygenoti-opic,114.
| |
| | |
| Hunter: artificial parthenogenesis
| |
| by concentrated sea-water, 124.
| |
| | |
| Iijima: spiral asters in Nephelis egg,
| |
| 40.
| |
| | |
| Jenkinson: pressure experiments on
| |
| eggs of Antedon, 37, note.
| |
| | |
| — abnormalities of Frog embryos
| |
| produced by various solutions not
| |
| due to increased osmotic pressure,
| |
| 120, 133-136.
| |
| 318
| |
| | |
| Jenkinson: plane of symmetry, first
| |
| furrow and sagittal plane in Frog's
| |
| egg, 165-168.
| |
| | |
| Jennings: fertilization spindle in
| |
| Asplanclma, 34.
| |
| | |
| Kaestner: cardinal temperature
| |
| points for the Hen‘s egg, 102.
| |
| | |
| — malformations due to low tem~
| |
| peratures, 104. '
| |
| | |
| Kant : teleology, 286-289, 292, 297.
| |
| | |
| Kastschenko: injuries to blastoporic
| |
| lip in Elasmobranchs, 178.
| |
| | |
| Kathariner: gravity and the gray
| |
| crescent of the Frog's egg, 86.
| |
| | |
| King : cause of differentiation of lens,
| |
| 276, 276.
| |
| | |
| Knowlton : sec Lillie and Knowlton.
| |
| | |
| Kolliker: 16.
| |
| | |
| Kopsch : first furrow and sagittal
| |
| plane in Frog's egg, 165, 168.
| |
| | |
| —— efl'ect of injuries to blastoporic lip,
| |
| 178.
| |
| | |
| Korschelt: fusion of ova in Ophryotmcha, 202.
| |
| | |
| — nucleus of egg-cell in Dyfiscus, 252. .
| |
| | |
| Kostanecki and Wierzejski: efi'ect of
| |
| fertilization in Physa, 250.
| |
| | |
| Kowalewsky: 16.
| |
| | |
| Kraus : the role of water
| |
| growth of plants, 58.
| |
| | |
| Lang : effect of fertilization in Polyclads, 250.
| |
| | |
| Leibnitz : preformation, 15.
| |
| | |
| Lewis: causes of formation of lens
| |
| and cornea, 275, 276.
| |
| Lillie and Knowlton: eflect of low
| |
| temperatures in Amphibia, 100.
| |
| — temperature and rate of development, 101.
| |
| | |
| Lillie: effects of salts on ciliary
| |
| movement, 135.
| |
| | |
| — ghysiologically balanced solutions,
| |
| 1 6.
| |
| | |
| in the
| |
| | |
| — toxicity and valency, 136.
| |
| | |
| Loeb : suppression of cell-division
| |
| in Echinoids and Fishes, 56, 117.
| |
| -— eflect of light in development, 94.
| |
| —the respiration of Otmolabrua and
| |
| | |
| Fundulua eggs, 111.
| |
| | |
| —— the respiration of the ova of
| |
| Echinoids, 112.
| |
| | |
| — function of oxygen in regeneration
| |
| of Tubular-ia head and other processes, 114, 278, 274.
| |
| | |
| -— efi'ect of hypertonic solutions on
| |
| Fundulus and Arbacia eggs, 117.
| |
| | |
| --exovates produced by dilute seawater, 118, 190, 194, 195.
| |
| | |
| INDEX or AUTHORS
| |
| | |
| Loeb: artificial parthenogenesis,
| |
| 121, 124.
| |
| | |
| —- etfect of potassium cyanide in prolonging life of ova, 131, 132.
| |
| | |
| — eflect of certain salts on Fundulus
| |
| embryos and on Plutei, 135.
| |
| | |
| — toxicity and antitoxicity functions
| |
| of valency, 186.
| |
| | |
| -— effect of alkalies, 151.
| |
| | |
| — effect of gravity on Anmmularia,
| |
| 272, 273.
| |
| | |
| -gégterogeneous cross-fertilization,
| |
| | |
| Lombardini : electric currents, 91.
| |
| | |
| Lyon : need of oxygen for the eggs of
| |
| Arbacia, 112.
| |
| | |
| — action of potassium cyanide, 132.
| |
| | |
| Malebranche : preformation, 15.
| |
| | |
| Malpighi: preformation, 14, 15.
| |
| | |
| Marcacci : mechanical agitation of
| |
| Hen's eggs, 90.
| |
| | |
| Mark: spiral asters in eggof Lz‘maac,40.
| |
| | |
| Mathews: artificial parthenogenesis
| |
| by mechanical agitation, 90.
| |
| | |
| —— effects of atropine and pilocarpine
| |
| on Echinoderm eggs, 131.
| |
| | |
| —toxicity and decomposition tension,
| |
| 136.
| |
| | |
| — see also Wilson (E.B.)and Mathews.
| |
| | |
| Mencl : formation of lensin SaImo,276.
| |
| | |
| Metsclinikoif : separation of blastemeres of Oceania, 181.
| |
| | |
| -—fusion of blastulae in Mitrocoma, 202.
| |
| | |
| Minot : rate of growth defined, 60.
| |
| | |
| —— change of rate of growth of guineapigs, 61.
| |
| | |
| — - of rabbits, 62, 68.
| |
| | |
| — — ofchickens, 67.
| |
| | |
| — coeflicients of growth, 65.
| |
| | |
| — senescence, 65.
| |
| | |
| -- increase of cytoplasm, decrease of
| |
| mitotic index, 65.
| |
| | |
| — change of variability in guineapigs, 71. _
| |
| — genetic restriction, 246, 277.
| |
| Mitrophanow: malformations due to
| |
| low and high temperatures, 104.
| |
| — necessity of oxygen for the Chick,
| |
| 109.
| |
| | |
| Moore : sodium sulphate an antidote
| |
| to sodium chloride, 135, 186.
| |
| | |
| Morgan : suppression of cell-division
| |
| in Arbacia, 56, 118.
| |
| | |
| - gravity and the gray crescent of
| |
| the Frog's egg, 86.
| |
| | |
| -— monstrosities produced by low
| |
| temperatures in Ranapaluslris, 100.
| |
| | |
| — need of oxygen for the Frog's egg,
| |
| 110.
| |
| INDEX OF AUTHORS
| |
| | |
| Morgan :lithium salts used to produce
| |
| alzlgéiormalities in Frog's eggs, 120,
| |
| | |
| — attempts to induce
| |
| parthenogenesis, 124.
| |
| | |
| — number of chromosomes in artificial parthenogenesis, 125.
| |
| | |
| — artificial parthenogenesis produced
| |
| by cold, 108.
| |
| — first furrow, plane of symmetry,
| |
| and sagittal plane in Frog's egg,
| |
| 165,168.
| |
| | |
| — development of half-blastomere of
| |
| | |
| Frpg's egg ; post-generation, 170,
| |
| | |
| 17 .
| |
| | |
| — development of vegetative cells of
| |
| Frog’s egg, 173.
| |
| | |
| — potentialities of half-blastomeres
| |
| in Teleostei, relation of flrstfurrow
| |
| tn sagittal plane, effect of removal
| |
| of yolk, 178.
| |
| | |
| — effect of injuries to blastoporic lip,
| |
| 179.
| |
| | |
| — number of cells in partial larvae
| |
| of Amphioxus, 181.
| |
| | |
| — potentialities of ectoderm in
| |
| Echinoids, 195.
| |
| | |
| — development of egg-fragments of
| |
| Echinoids, 197.
| |
| | |
| — number of cells in partial larvae
| |
| of Echinoids, 198.
| |
| | |
| — fusion of blastulae of Sphaerechinua,
| |
| 201.
| |
| | |
| — and Driesch: isolated blastomeres
| |
| and egg-fragments of Ctenophora,
| |
| 210-212.
| |
| | |
| — micromercs of Ctenophore egg, 30.
| |
| | |
| —- characters of hybrid Echinoid
| |
| larvae, 260.
| |
| | |
| Moscowski : gravity and the gray
| |
| crescent of the Frog's egg, 86.
| |
| | |
| Miihlmann : prenatal growth-rate
| |
| in man, 64.
| |
| | |
| artificial
| |
| | |
| Nfigeli : permutations of original
| |
| elements in development, 286.
| |
| | |
| Pander: 16.
| |
| | |
| Pearson : variability in man, 73.
| |
| | |
| Pfliiger: isotropy of the cytoplasm,
| |
| 18, 158.
| |
| | |
| —--influence oi’ gravity on development, 18, 78, 81-83, 168.
| |
| | |
| -- rule for direction of nuclear
| |
| division, 32, 85.
| |
| | |
| Plateau : principle of least surfaces,
| |
| 41, 43.
| |
| | |
| Platnerz 280.
| |
| | |
| Pott : growth of the Chick, 59, 60, 67.
| |
| | |
| 319
| |
| | |
| Pott and Preyer: respiration of the
| |
| Chick, 112.
| |
| — loss of weight of Hen’s egg due to
| |
| evaporation from albumen, 115.
| |
| Preyer : rate of growth, 60.
| |
| | |
| Quetelet: change of rate of
| |
| in man (weight), 68.
| |
| | |
| — — (stature), 69.
| |
| | |
| — — (other dimensions), 90.
| |
| | |
| growth
| |
| | |
| Rauber : efiect of reduced atmospheric pressure on the Frog’s egg,
| |
| 110.
| |
| | |
| — elfect of pure oxygen on the eggs
| |
| and tadpoles of the Frog, 118, 114.
| |
| | |
| Reichert: 16.
| |
| | |
| Remak : 16.
| |
| | |
| Robert : mechanics of spiral segmentation, 45-47.
| |
| | |
| — rate of growth in man, 68.
| |
| | |
| —-— change of variability, 73.
| |
| | |
| Rossi : efi‘ect of electricity on
| |
| Amphibian eggs, 91.
| |
| | |
| Roux : aims of experimental embryology, 13.
| |
| | |
| — ‘Mosaik-Theorie ’ of self-differentiation, 17, 158, 279, 286, 297.
| |
| | |
| — qualitative nuclear division abandoned, 19, 159, 240.
| |
| | |
| — idioplasm and reserve-idioplasm,
| |
| 159, 266.
| |
| | |
| — a half-embryo from one of first
| |
| two blastomeres and post-generation of missing half, 159, 162.
| |
| | |
| — coincidence of first furrow and
| |
| sagittal plane in Frog's egg, 17, 159,
| |
| 165. '
| |
| | |
| — the spermatozoon and symmetry
| |
| of the Frog's egg and embryo, 80,
| |
| 165, 247, 248.
| |
| | |
| — meaning of karyokinesis, 252.
| |
| | |
| — dependent diflerentiation, 17, 158,
| |
| 277, 286.
| |
| | |
| — functional adaptation, 290.
| |
| | |
| -— specific gravity of contents of
| |
| Frog’s eg, 79.
| |
| | |
| —- gray crescent of Frog's egg, 80, 165.
| |
| | |
| — influence of gravity on the Frog's
| |
| egg, 85-87.
| |
| | |
| — effect of electricity upon the Frog’s
| |
| egg, &c., 92.
| |
| | |
| — light and development, 93.
| |
| | |
| — segmentation of Rana esculenta, 26.
| |
| | |
| —- Frog's eggs compressed in small
| |
| tubes, 39, 40.
| |
| | |
| — comparison of systems of oil drops
| |
| and segmenting ova, 49-58.
| |
| | |
| — cytotropism, 55, 278.
| |
| 320
| |
| | |
| Roux: cytotaxis, 55.
| |
| | |
| — cytochorismus, 45.
| |
| | |
| -— cytarme, 45, 53.
| |
| | |
| — cytolisthesis, 58.
| |
| | |
| — ‘ Framboisia’, 135.
| |
| | |
| Ruseoni : electric currents, 91.
| |
| | |
| Sachs : law of direction of cell
| |
| division, 28.
| |
| | |
| Sala: fertilization processes altered
| |
| by cold, 108.
| |
| | |
| - fusion of the eggs of Ascaris, 202.
| |
| | |
| Samassa: effect of pure oxygen at
| |
| pressures on the Frog's egg,
| |
| | |
| — effect of lack of oxygen on the
| |
| Frog's egg, 119.
| |
| | |
| — effect of various gases on the eggs
| |
| of Ascaris, 112.
| |
| | |
| —development of animal cells of
| |
| Frog's egg, 173.
| |
| | |
| — Schaper: development of tadpoles
| |
| after removal of brain and eyes,
| |
| 175.
| |
| | |
| —- cause of differentiation of lens,
| |
| 275.
| |
| | |
| Schulze, F. E. :
| |
| Sponges, 22.
| |
| Schulze, 0.: gray crescent of Frog’s
| |
| | |
| eg, 80, 247.
| |
| | |
| —— gravity and the Frog’s egg, 86.
| |
| | |
| —- effect of low temperatures on the
| |
| Frog's egg, 100.
| |
| | |
| —— first furrow and sagittal plane in
| |
| Frog's egg, 165.
| |
| | |
| — double monsters from Frog’s egg,
| |
| 171.
| |
| | |
| Seeliger : hybrid Echinoderm larvae,
| |
| 260, 269.
| |
| | |
| Selenka: first furrow and sagittal
| |
| plane in Echinoids, 250.
| |
| | |
| Semper: rate of growth in Limnaea, 67.
| |
| | |
| Smith: Peltogaster, 24.
| |
| | |
| Sollmann : after effects of hypertonic
| |
| solutions, 124.
| |
| | |
| Spemann : development ofconstricted
| |
| Newt's eggs, and embryos, 174, 175.
| |
| | |
| — causes of formation of lens and
| |
| cornea, 275, 276.
| |
| | |
| Sumner: injuries to blastoporic lip
| |
| of Teleostei, 178, 246.
| |
| | |
| Sutton {individuality of chromosomes
| |
| in Brachyslola, 256.
| |
| | |
| Swammerdam : preformation, 14, 15.
| |
| | |
| segmentation of
| |
| | |
| Vejdovsky : unequal centrosomes in
| |
| dividing pole-cells, 31.
| |
| | |
| — polar rings in Rhym.-hclmis, 251.
| |
| | |
| Vernon: rate of growth in Strongmlocmtrotus, 67, 70.
| |
| | |
| INDEX or AUTHORS
| |
| | |
| Vernon : alteration of variability in
| |
| Echinoid larvae, 71, 74.
| |
| | |
| -— effect of light on Echinoid larvae,
| |
| 95, 96. '
| |
| | |
| — effects of change of temperature
| |
| on Echinoid larvae, 106, 107.
| |
| | |
| -— change of variability produced
| |
| by heat, 107.
| |
| | |
| — and by chemical agency, 141, 156.
| |
| | |
| —poisonousness of carbon dioxide
| |
| to Sea-urchin eggs, 112.
| |
| | |
| — characters of hybrid Echinoid
| |
| larvae, 261.
| |
| | |
| Verworn : behaviour of Protozoa in
| |
| an electric current, 93.
| |
| | |
| — regeneration in Protozoa, 254,
| |
| note.
| |
| | |
| Walter, sec Endres and Walter.
| |
| | |
| Weber : law of stimuli, 272.
| |
| | |
| Weismann: qualitative
| |
| division, 19, 297.
| |
| | |
| — idioplasm, and reserve—idioplasm,
| |
| 159.
| |
| | |
| Weldon : growth-rate in Carcinus, 71.
| |
| | |
| — change of variability in Carcinus,
| |
| 72.
| |
| | |
| — — in Clausilia, 73.
| |
| | |
| Wetzel : double monsters
| |
| Frog’s egg, 172, 245.
| |
| | |
| Whitman : polar rings in Clepsine,
| |
| 251.
| |
| | |
| Wierzejski, see
| |
| Wierzejski, 250.
| |
| | |
| Wilson, 0. B. : malformations of
| |
| Amphibian embryos, 120.
| |
| | |
| — acclimatizution to salt-solution,
| |
| 136.
| |
| | |
| Wilson, E. B. :
| |
| phioxus, 26.
| |
| | |
| —— segmentation of Renilla, 55, note.
| |
| | |
| — unequal centrosomes in dividing
| |
| pole-cells, 31.
| |
| | |
| —pressure experiments on eggs of
| |
| Nareis, 39, 213, 240.
| |
| | |
| - cytology of artificial parthenogenesis, 124.
| |
| | |
| — development of isolated blastemeres in Amphioxus, 179, 180.
| |
| | |
| —— isolated blastomeres of Oerebratulus,
| |
| and fragments of blastulae, 205,
| |
| 206.
| |
| | |
| — isolated blastomeres of Patella,
| |
| 218-222.
| |
| | |
| —- of Dentalium, 225, 226.
| |
| | |
| —— removal of polar lobe, 224.
| |
| | |
| — effect of fertilization, 222, 223.
| |
| | |
| — development of egg-fragments,
| |
| 226, 227.
| |
| | |
| nuclear
| |
| | |
| from
| |
| | |
| Kostanecki and segmentation of Am
| |
| | |
| Wilson (E. B.) and Mathews : spermpath, egg axis, fix-st furrow, and
| |
| embryonic axes of Toacopneustes,
| |
| 185, 249, 250. ‘
| |
| | |
| Windle: effect of magnetism and
| |
| electricity on development, 91.
| |
| | |
| Wolff : epigenesis, 16. '
| |
| | |
| Yatgu: egg-fragments of Cerebratulus,
| |
| | |
| 2 7.
| |
| | |
| Yung: effect of light on tadpoles,
| |
| etc., 94.
| |
| | |
| Zeleny : egg-fragments of Cerebratulus,
| |
| 206, 207.
| |
| | |
| Zelinka : fertilization
| |
| Callidma, 34.
| |
| | |
| spindle in
| |
| | |
| Jnxntsonr’ Y
| |
| | |
| Ziegler : heterodynamic centrosomes, 80.
| |
| | |
| .— formation of micromeres in Cteno
| |
| phora, 209, note.
| |
| | |
| -— pressure experiments on egg
| |
| gaéiinoids and Ctenophora,
| |
| | |
| — fertilization of Diplogaster, 84.
| |
| | |
| — egg and embryonic axes, 250.
| |
| | |
| Zoja : isolated blastomeres of Hydromedusae, 181, 182.
| |
| | |
| —— animal and vegetative cells of
| |
| Strongylocentrotus, 198.
| |
| | |
| Zur Strassen : segmentation of
| |
| Asoaiis, 81.
| |
|
| |
|
| — fusion of the eggs of Ascaris.
| | Index of Authors |
|
| |
|
| s of
| | Addenda |
| 88,
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Addenda Et Corrigenda== | | ==Addenda Et Corrigenda== |
Jenkinson JW. Experimental Embryology. (1909) Claredon Press, Oxford.
- Jenkinson (1909): 1 Introductory | 2 Cell-Division and Growth | 3 External Factors | 4 Internal Factors | 5 Driesch’s Theories - General Conclusions | 6 Appendices
| Online Editor
|
| This is an historic 1909 embryology textbook.
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|
Experimental Embryology
Experimental
Embryoijogy
By
J. W. Jenkinson. M.A.. D.Sc.
Lecturer in Embryology in the University of Oxford
(1909)
Preface
For the biologist there are, I conceive, in the main two problems. One is to give an account of those activities or functions by means of which an organism maintains its specific form in an environment. The other is to find the causes which determine the production of that form, whether in the race or in the individual. The solution of the first of these problems is the business of physiology, in the usual sense of the term. The second falls to morphology.
It is with the origin of form that we are here concerned, and in particular with its origin in the individual. The endeavour to discover by experiment the causes of this process — as distinct from the mere description of the process - is a comparatively new branch of biological science, for Experimental Embryology, or, as some prefer to call it, the Mechanics of Development (Entwicklungsmechanik), or the Physiology of Development, really dates from Roux's production of a half-embryo from a. half-blaatomere, and the consequent formulation of the ‘ Mosaik-Theorie’ of self-differentiation. That hypothesis has been the focus of much fruitful criticism and controversy, the experiment has been followed by many others of the same kind, and the present volume is an attempt to sketch the progress of these researches and speculations on the nature and essence of differentiation, as well as of those which deal with growth, cell-division, and the external conditions of development.
In writing this review I have had the very great advantage of an excellent model in the textbook of Korsehelt and Heider (Lehrbuch cler fucrgleichemleat Entwio/cluugsgeschiclzte (Zer 1ve'rbelZo.~e'n T/u'c7'e, Allgemeiner Theil, Jena, 1902). I have indeed followed the general arrangement adopted by these authors fairly closely except in one respect. I believe so strongly that the processes of growth and cell-division, though they always (in the Metazoa) accompany, are yet distinct from, differentiation, that I have felt justified in treating them in a chapter apart from the other internal factors of development. The external factors—whether of growth, celhdivision, or differentiation - are discussed in Chapter III, and the ground is thus cleared for a consideration of the real problem — the differentiation of specific form.
The last chapter is devoted to the theories, scientific and philosophical, of Hans Driesch. I sincerely hope that Herr Driesch will allow my great admiration for the former to atone in some measure for my inability to accept the tenets of nee-vitalism.
It is a very great pleasure to me to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Delegates and Secretaries of the Clarendon Press, and in particular to Professor Osler, for undertaking the publication of this book, as well as for the pains which have been expended in its preparation. Dr. Osler also took the trouble to read through the whole of the manuscript, and Mr. G. V. Smith and Dr. Haldane have been kind enough to look through certain chapters.
To Dr. Ramsden I am under great obligations for his assistance in that part of Chapter II, Section 1, in which surface-tensions are discussed; to Dr. Vernon for calling my attention to Roberts’s work on Anthropometry, and to Mr. Grosvenor for the information embodied in the foot-note on p. 89. Mr. A. D. Lindsay has given me invaluable assistance in those sections of Chapter V which deal with the philosophy of Kant, while, for Aristotle, I was fortunately able to attend Professor Bywater’s lectures on the De Anima.
I can hardly express the debt I owe to Mr. J. A. Smith for much friendly counsel and criticism, although he is, of course, in no way responsible for the philosophical speculations in which I have ventured to indulge.
The illustrations are largely borrowed from Korschelt and Heider’s work, and I must thank Herr Gustav Fischer, of Jena, for his readiness in supplying the blocks. Others are from the original publications‘, and I am obliged to the proprietors for permission to make use of them. A few are my own.
In the appendices will he found an account of some recent work on the relation between the symmetry of the egg and that of the embryo in the Frog, and on the part played by the nucleus in ditt'c1-entiation.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, the Journal of Experimental Zoology (Williams 8; Wilkins, Baltimore), the Anm'ir(rn Journal of I‘hysz'ulo_'/_I/ (Ginn & C0., Boston), ZeIIrn~Sfu(Iim (Fischer, Jena), l’erhamIlmI_r/en 410;" A/mlumis-1-hm G(‘.s'¢'”N(‘7I((fl (Fischer, Jena), Er;/cbnisse fiber din Ii'on.m'tzm'ou dcr cIu'onmta'scIzm Kernsubslmz: (Fischer, Jena), .[r¢-kin fiir mik)'osk0])i.s¢*7¢1: .»lm¢tomi(' (Cohen, Bonn), Archizv ff/"r Entwiclcluuysnwvlzanik (Engelinunn, Leipzig), and the Popular Science .llontM3/ (Appleton & Co., New York).
Contents
Chapter I Introductory
Chapter II Cell-Division And Growth
- Ce1l-division
- Growth
Chapter III External Factors
- Grravitation
- Mechanical agitation
- Electricity and magnetism
- Light
- Heat
- Atmospheric pressure. The respiration of the embryo.
- Osmotic pressure. The role of water in growth
- The chemical composition of the medium
- Summary
Chapter IV Internal Factors
(1) The initial structure of the germ as a cause of differentiation.
- The modern form of the preformationist doctrine
- Amphibia
- Pisces
- Amphioxus
- Coe-lenterata
- Ecliinodcrmata
- Nemertinen
- Ctenophora
- Chaetopoda and Mollusca
- Ascidia
- General considerations and conclusions
- The part played by the spermatozoon in the determination of egg-strucure
- The part played by the nucleus in differentiation
(2) The actions of the parts of the developing organism on one another
Chapter V Driesch’s Theories Of Development - General Reflections And Conclusions
Appendices
APPENDIX A
On the symmetry of the egg, the symmetry of segmentation, and the symmetry of the embryo in the Frog
APPENDIX B
On the part played by the nucleus in differentiation
Index of Authors
Addenda
Addenda Et Corrigenda
P. 5, 5 lines from bottom, for unicellular read multicellular.
P. 28, line 10, after irregular, insert and in Triclads.
P. 57. To Literature acid J. Sacns. Die Anordnung den-Zellen in jiingsten
Pflanzentheilen, Arb. Bot. Inst. Wurzburg, ii, 1882. _
P. 114. To Literature add G. BUNGE. Weitere Untersuchungen iiber die
Athmung der Wiirmer, Zeitsc-hr. physiol. Chem. xiv, 1890.
P. 140, line 22, for prospective potentialities read prospective significanoes.
P. 225, 2 lines from bottom, for is now placed in road has now moved
into.
P. 271. To Literature add W. S. Surrox. On the morphology of the
chromosome group in Brachyslola magna, Biol. Bull. iv, 1902.
P. 278. To Literature add J. W. Jnxxmsox. On the effect of certain
solutions upon the development of the Frog's egg, Arch. Ent. Mech. xxi, 1906.
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