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Endocrinology Textbook TOC
Principles of endocrinology Functions of hormones and their regulation Chemical signalling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine mechanisms Chemical classification of hormones and their synthesis Hormone synthesis Transport of hormones in the circulation and their half-lives Hormone receptors - cell surface Hormone receptors - intracellular Hormones and gene transcription Hormone receptor regulation Neuroendocrine interactions Hormones and the immune system Hormones, growth promotion and malignancy Genes, mutations and endocrine function Clinical evaluation of endocrine disorders The endocrine pancreas Glucose turnover Anabolic and catabolic phases of glucose metabolism Actions of insulin and glucagon Lipid metabolism - insulinopenia and diabetic ketosis Protein metabolism and the anabolic actions of insulin Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Etiology of type 1 DM Prevention of type 1 DM Structure, synthesis and metabolism of insulin and glucagon Anatomical features of pancreatic islets in relation to hormone secretion and its control Control of insulin and glucagon secretion Type 2 DM Causes of DM Genetic disorders of β-cell function Counter-regulatory hormones and DM Complications of DM Macrovascular circulatory changes Microvascular changes - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy Diabetes and the neuropathic foot Diabetes and insulin resistance of pregnancy Development of the pancreas: effects of DM on organogenesis Treatment of DM - rationale and practical considerations Hypoglycemia Physiological responses to hypoglycemia and its treatment Hypoglycemia and insulinoma Hypoglycemia in infancy Disorders of the α, γ and PP cells of the islets Clinical case questions The thyroid gland Iodine intake Anatomical features of the thyroid gland Iodine trapping and thyroid function Synthesis of thyroid hormones Actions of thyroid hormones Control of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion Hyperthyroidism — Graves' disease Surgical anatomy and embryology of the thyroid gland Primary hypothyroidism — Hashimoto's disease and myxedema Secondary hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood Thyroid hormone resistance Non-thyroid illness (‘sick euthyroid’ syndrome) Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones Biochemical measurements of thyroid hormone status Thyroid growth Nodular thyroid disease Thyroid cancer Clinical case questions The adrenal gland Specificity of the biological effects of adrenal steroid hormones Cholesterol and steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex Anatomical and functional zonation in the adrenal cortex Glucocorticoid receptors Actions of glucocorticoids and clinical features of Cushing's syndrome Adrenal cortical androgens Hypothalamic control of adrenocortical steroid synthesis - CRH and vasopressin Pituitary control of adrenocortical steroids - ACTH Feedback control of glucocorticoids Excess glucocorticoids: biochemical investigation of Cushing's syndrome Measurements of cortisol in blood, urine and saliva Dynamic tests of endocrine function Imaging the adrenal gland Treatment of Cushing's syndrome Nelson's syndrome Excess adrenal androgens - congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions - Addison's disease Aldosterone and the control of salt and water balance Transport and metabolism of adrenocortical steroids Selective mineralocorticoid excess and deficiency The adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma Catecholamine synthesis and secretion Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas Clinical case questions The parathyroid glands and vitamin D Calcium and phosphate in serum and its measurement Intracellular calcium concentration Calcium and phosphate balance Hormonal control of serum Ca²⁺ and P_i concentrations Sources, metabolism and transport of vitamin D Classical actions of vitamin D on intestine and bone Parathyroid glands and PTH synthesis Control of PTH secretion Actions of PTH Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Hypercalcemia and vitamin D excess Hypercalcemia and malignancy Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp) Treatment of hypercalcemia Mutations of the Ca²⁺ or PTH receptors Hypocalcemia and its treatment Pseudohypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Non-classical actions of vitamin D Vitamin D resistance and rickets Hormones and the skeleton Structure, formation and function of bone Osteoporosis Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide Clinical case questions The gonad Genetic determination of sexual differentiation Sexual differentiation of the gonads and internal reproductive tracts Sexual differentiation of the external genitalia Control of steroid production in the fetal gonads Puberty GnRH and the control of gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion The gonadotrophins - LH and FSH - and their actions Endocrine changes in puberty Precocious sexual development Delayed puberty Premature adrenarche Acne, hair growth and hirsutism The breast - premature development, hypoplasia and gynecomastia Testicular function Control of testicular function Transport, metabolism and actions of androgens Spermatogenesis Erection and ejaculation Ovarian control and the menstrual cycle Transport, metabolism and actions of ovarian steroids The ovary - folliculogenesis and oogenesis Non-steroidal factors in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis Ovulation, menstruation and its problems Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Contraception Infertility Ovulation induction and assisted conception Ovarian failure, the menopause and andropause Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) Clinical case questions The pituitary gland Anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis Embryology of the pituitary gland Craniopharyngioma Blood supply of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis Sheehan's syndrome Growth and somatotrophin deficiency Growth hormone - secretory patterns and control Actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors GH replacement therapy GH excess - gigantism and acromegaly Pituitary adenomas - incidence and treatment Prolactinomas Prolactin and its control Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus The pineal gland and melatonin Autonomic functions of the hypothalamus Obesity The neural lobe of the pituitary gland - AVP and oxytocin Clinical case questions Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology Endocrinology of heart failure Paracrine and autocrine regulation of blood pressure: the endocrinology of sepsis Hormones and blood cell production - erythropoietin Carcinoid Clinical case questions

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+! Endocrinology Textbook TOC
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/ Principles of endocrinology]
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+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/ '''Principles of endocrinology''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/#A10 Functions of hormones and their regulation]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/#A14 Chemical signalling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine mechanisms]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/#A41 Genes, mutations and endocrine function]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A3/#A42 Clinical evaluation of endocrine disorders]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/ The endocrine pancreas]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/ '''The endocrine pancreas''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/#A52 Glucose turnover]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/#A58 Anabolic and catabolic phases of glucose metabolism]
@@ Line 45: / Line 47: @@
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/#A228 Disorders of the α, γ and PP cells of the islets]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A43/#A229 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/ The thyroid gland]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/ '''The thyroid gland''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/#A246 Iodine intake]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/#A248 Anatomical features of the thyroid gland]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/#A402 Thyroid cancer]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A235/#A435 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/ The adrenal gland]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/ '''The adrenal gland''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/#A460 Specificity of the biological effects of adrenal steroid hormones]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/#A461 Cholesterol and steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/#A720 Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A442/#A737 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/ The parathyroid glands and vitamin D]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/ '''The parathyroid glands and vitamin D''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/#A769 Calcium and phosphate in serum and its measurement]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/#A770 Intracellular calcium concentration]
@@ Line 118: / Line 120: @@
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/#A948 Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A742/#A966 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/ The gonad]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/ '''The gonad''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/#A982 Genetic determination of sexual differentiation]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/#A1022 Sexual differentiation of the gonads and internal reproductive tracts]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/#A1252 Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A972/#A1253 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/ The pituitary gland]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/ '''The pituitary gland''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/#A1267 Anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/#A1273 Embryology of the pituitary gland]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/#A1489 The neural lobe of the pituitary gland - AVP and oxytocin]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1257/#A1523 Clinical case questions]
-# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/ Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology]
+# [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/ '''Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology''']
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/#A1537 Endocrinology of heart failure]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/#A1542 Paracrine and autocrine regulation of blood pressure: the endocrinology of sepsis]
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 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/#A1557 Carcinoid]
 ## [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/endocrin/A1527/#A1564 Clinical case questions]
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