File:Canonical and non-canonical signalling TGF beta pathways.png

Canonical and non-canonical signalling TGF beta pathways^[1]

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SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate the signal of the TGF-β pathway. It is enlisted to the TGF-β receptors through its communication with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein, then phosphorylated by the TGF-β receptors as a response to TGF-β signal. The phosphorylation activates the disjunction of this protein with SARA and the connection with the family member SMAD4. The link with SMAD4 is significant for when the protein moves into the nucleus, where it binds to target promoters and forms a transcription repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by activin type 1 receptor kinase, and mediates the signal from the activin.

Growth factor receptor-bound proteins (GRB) are required in signal transduction/cell communication.

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