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| ==Week 2: Lab Attendence==
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| ===Individual Assessment===
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| : ''Your Lab assessment now requires you to find a 2 recent research references on fertilisation or in vitro fertilisation.
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| : Paste each reference on your page, as shown in the class.
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| : Write below each reference a brief summary of the research article methods and findings.
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| : The summary for each need not be more than 3-4 paragraphs in length.
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| : This will need to be completed before next weeks laboratory.''
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| <pubmed>25044079</pubmed>
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| : The objective of the study was to investigate whether using culture at 36 degrees celsisus would improve blastulation and pregnancy rates compared to the traditional core temperature of 37 degrees celsisus in human IVF trials. Seventy couples volunteered and were considered for participation in the study.
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| : Obtained from a single source of oocytes, mature oocytes were randomly assorted into 2 categories at a time- one cultured in a 37 degree celsisus environment and the other cultured in a 36 degrees celsisus environment. A random number assortment determined which group of oocytes would be cultured in each environment. The mature oocytes were classified into each group in equal numbers, based on morphology (as determined by the subjective assessment of the embryologist). All oocytes immediately underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). On day 5 of IVF, DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the outcome of each embryo. This process was repeated using single sources of oocytes from the differing respective participants (all selected and based on a predetermined criteria).
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| : Throughout the study, the procedure was performed as planned. The incubators were constantly ensured to have an equivalent stability at both temperature- the variations at each trial having no statistical significance. In this investigation a total of 805 mature oocytes were cultured- including 399 from the 36°C cultured environment and the remaining 406 from the 37°C environment. However, paired analysis demonstrated a slightly higher usable rate of blastocyst per zygote at the 37°C environment (48.4%), compared to that at the 36°C culture (41.2%). This result was deemed statistically significant and noticeable. However, the rates of fertilisation, sustained implementation and aneuploidy was deemed equivalent.
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| : It was thus concluded from this investigation that IVF culturing at 36°C does not show any clinical improvements or advantages to embryo development than the traditional 37°C environment typically used- as other previous studies based on animal IVF have implied.
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| <pubmed>1889140</pubmed>
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| : Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is used in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effects of PrEP on pregnancy outcomes and incidences was studied in this recent investigation.
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| : Methodology- 1785 heterosexual and HIV uninfected couples from 9 sites in Kenya and Uganda participated in a randomised trial, conducted between July 2008 and June 2013. Participants were initially given on a daily basis either TDF, FTC + TDF or a placebo until July 2011. PrEP was given for the remaining testing period. Testing for pregnancy was conducted monthly- with the study medication discontinued with a positive pregnancy result.
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| : Results- For every 100 persons, approximately 10 became pregnant belonging to the placebo group, 11.9 for those in the TDF group and 8.8. amongst those assigned in the FTC+ TDF combination group. The loss of pregnancy before July 2011 was approximately 42.5% for the FTC + TDF group, 32.3% for the placebo group and 27.7% for the TDF group. The occurrence of birth defects, anomalies and growth through the first year of life had not statistical significance during the first year of life.
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| : Among the heterosexual, HIV-negative African couples studied, differences in the incidence of pregnancy, birth outcomes or growth were not statistically significant between the differing test groups. However, since all study medication (including that of PrEP) was discontinued at the instant result of a positive result- definitive statements about the safety of prEP in the preconception period can not be established.
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