User:Z3331264: Difference between revisions
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Initially the paraxial mesoderm undergoes segmentation to form the sclerotome and dermomyotome. Subsequent differentiation of the sclerotome results in the development of the vertebrae and Intervertebral discs. Additionally, the dermomyotome divides into the dermatome, which contributes to the dermis of the skin throughout the trunk and the myotome which forms the epaxial(dorsal) and hypaxial(ventrolateral) skeletal muscles of the body wall. | Initially the paraxial mesoderm undergoes segmentation to form the sclerotome and dermomyotome. Subsequent differentiation of the sclerotome results in the development of the vertebrae and Intervertebral discs. Additionally, the dermomyotome divides into the dermatome, which contributes to the dermis of the skin throughout the trunk and the myotome which forms the epaxial(dorsal) and hypaxial(ventrolateral) skeletal muscles of the body wall. | ||
'Dermis' | [[''Dermis'']] | ||
The dermis is the connective tissue that supports the epidermis and binds it to the hypodermis. It consists of two indistinct layers, the superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer. The thin papillary layer is composed of loose connective tissue with populations of fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and often leucocytes that have been extravasated. This layer interdigitates with the epidermis, the external layer of skin separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. The reticular layer is a thicker layer composed of irregular dense connective tissue. In comparison with the papillary layer it has more fibers and fewer cells. The presence of elastic fibres allows for the elasticity of the skin. | The dermis is the connective tissue that supports the epidermis and binds it to the hypodermis. It consists of two indistinct layers, the superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer. The thin papillary layer is composed of loose connective tissue with populations of fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and often leucocytes that have been extravasated. This layer interdigitates with the epidermis, the external layer of skin separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. The reticular layer is a thicker layer composed of irregular dense connective tissue. In comparison with the papillary layer it has more fibers and fewer cells. The presence of elastic fibres allows for the elasticity of the skin. | ||
A rich supply of sympathetic effector nerves, hair follicles and gland structures are derived from the dermis. | A rich supply of sympathetic effector nerves, hair follicles and gland structures are derived from the dermis. | ||
'Vertebrae' | [[''Vertebrae'']] | ||
The vertebral column consists of a series of small bones. Each vertebra is lined by a thin outer layer of periosteum, a vascular fibrous layer surrounding bone, except over articular surfaces. It has an outer layer of collagen with elastic fibers. It provides vascular and nerve supply to bone. The medullary cavity of bone is lined with endosteum, a thin CT of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. The cortical region of vertbrae is composed of compact lamella. The unit of compact bone is the osteon, which are concentric layers of mineralised matrix surrounding a central vertical blood vessel and nerve carrying canal. this canal is lined by endosteum. The osteon also have concentrically arranged osteocytes with radiating canaliculi allowing for communication with other osteocytes.Volkman's canals are horizontal canals which allow a connection between osteons. Spongey bone is an interconnected network of trabecular and many intertrabecular spaces. The laminated structure is due to the arrangement of the collagen fibres within the trabeculae giving the bone its strength. | The vertebral column consists of a series of small bones. Each vertebra is lined by a thin outer layer of periosteum, a vascular fibrous layer surrounding bone, except over articular surfaces. It has an outer layer of collagen with elastic fibers. It provides vascular and nerve supply to bone. The medullary cavity of bone is lined with endosteum, a thin CT of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. The cortical region of vertbrae is composed of compact lamella. The unit of compact bone is the osteon, which are concentric layers of mineralised matrix surrounding a central vertical blood vessel and nerve carrying canal. this canal is lined by endosteum. The osteon also have concentrically arranged osteocytes with radiating canaliculi allowing for communication with other osteocytes.Volkman's canals are horizontal canals which allow a connection between osteons. Spongey bone is an interconnected network of trabecular and many intertrabecular spaces. The laminated structure is due to the arrangement of the collagen fibres within the trabeculae giving the bone its strength. | ||
Revision as of 22:51, 14 August 2012
Lab Attendance
Lab 1--Z3331264 11:49, 25 July 2012 (EST)
Lab 2--Z3331264 10:02, 1 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 3--Z3331264 10:02, 8 August 2012 (EST)
Lab 1: Fertilisation
2010 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine
Robert G. Edwards, For the development of in vitro fertilisation
Recent Article on Fertilisation
Adiponectin and its receptors modulate granulosa cell and cumulus cell functions, fertility, and early embryo development in the mouse and human.
The expression of Adiponectin in mouse and human follicle cells was studied. Additionally, the function of this hormone in regulating fertilisation and early embryo development was observed. Adiponectin has been demonstrated to be secreted by adipocytes as well as ovarian cells. Their role in modulating metabolic homeostasis in granulosa and cumulus oophorus cells has also been studied. This study took into consideration, the impact of changing metabolic homeostasis on not only granulosa but also cumulus cells and thus the quality of the oocyte, pre-fertilisation. Adiponectin was shown to function as a cytokine and the levels of its receptors ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 were shown to be statistically significantly related to fertility outcome.
Consequently, adiponectin can enhance the quality of the oocyte pre-fertilisation as well as positively impact on embryonic development. While the particular genes involved in the response to adiponectin require further study, the applications of these results are promising. The addition of adiponectin to the maturation media of oocytes in human infertility care may improve the developmental competence of mature oocytes and enhance the possibility of successful in vitro fertilisation.
Interestingly, women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome have lower levels of adiponectin which in turn alter the metabolic, steridogenic and apoptiotic activities of these cells. Such impacts have been hypothesised to be correlated with the lack of fertility in this cohort. Consequently, adjustments of adiponectin levels in treatment of this syndrome is a promising future research area.
<pubmed>22633650</pubmed>
Lab 2:Embryo Development
Implantation
The transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) plays a major role during decidualisation of the uterine stromal cells. Silencing of this protein suppressed the expression of Lamc1 which encodes for laminin. This protein is secreted by decidual cells as a constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The loss of laminin impaired the ECM architecture and stromal cell differentiation. As a result of the impaired formation of a basal lamina-like matrix, trophoblast outgrowth is reduced and the progression of embryo implantation is prevented.
<pubmed>21471197</pubmed>
Lab 3
Gestational Age vs. post-fertilisation Age
The post-fertilization age is the age since fertilization of the egg while gestational age is age since the first day of the mother's last menstrual cycle before fertilisation has occurred. Gestational age is approximately two weeks greater than post-fertilization age. Gestational age is used clinically because its start date can be clearly determined from the mothers account and so is more accurate. On the other hand, the moment of fertilization must be inferred by adding 14 days, a variable time frame.
Fishton, P.M (2011) Embryo Fetus Development Stages [Internet]. Available from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/92683-embryo-fetus-development-stages/ [Last accessed 13/8/2012]
Tissue derived from somites
Initially the paraxial mesoderm undergoes segmentation to form the sclerotome and dermomyotome. Subsequent differentiation of the sclerotome results in the development of the vertebrae and Intervertebral discs. Additionally, the dermomyotome divides into the dermatome, which contributes to the dermis of the skin throughout the trunk and the myotome which forms the epaxial(dorsal) and hypaxial(ventrolateral) skeletal muscles of the body wall.
The dermis is the connective tissue that supports the epidermis and binds it to the hypodermis. It consists of two indistinct layers, the superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer. The thin papillary layer is composed of loose connective tissue with populations of fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and often leucocytes that have been extravasated. This layer interdigitates with the epidermis, the external layer of skin separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. The reticular layer is a thicker layer composed of irregular dense connective tissue. In comparison with the papillary layer it has more fibers and fewer cells. The presence of elastic fibres allows for the elasticity of the skin. A rich supply of sympathetic effector nerves, hair follicles and gland structures are derived from the dermis.
The vertebral column consists of a series of small bones. Each vertebra is lined by a thin outer layer of periosteum, a vascular fibrous layer surrounding bone, except over articular surfaces. It has an outer layer of collagen with elastic fibers. It provides vascular and nerve supply to bone. The medullary cavity of bone is lined with endosteum, a thin CT of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. The cortical region of vertbrae is composed of compact lamella. The unit of compact bone is the osteon, which are concentric layers of mineralised matrix surrounding a central vertical blood vessel and nerve carrying canal. this canal is lined by endosteum. The osteon also have concentrically arranged osteocytes with radiating canaliculi allowing for communication with other osteocytes.Volkman's canals are horizontal canals which allow a connection between osteons. Spongey bone is an interconnected network of trabecular and many intertrabecular spaces. The laminated structure is due to the arrangement of the collagen fibres within the trabeculae giving the bone its strength.
