User:Z3217345

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Lab 4 Online Assessment

1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?
2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.
3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

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Lab Attendance

--z3217345 11:55, 28 July 2011 (EST)

--z3217345 12:52, 4 August 2011 (EST)

--z3217345 11:43, 11 August 2011 (EST)

--z3217345 11:03, 25 August 2011 (EST)

Individual Assessment

Lab 1

1. Identify the origin of In Vitro Fertilization and the 2010 nobel prize winner associated with this technique.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), is a type of Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART). It stems from the Latin word "vitro" meaning "glass" and refers to the process of fertilization undertaken in a test tube/laboratory environment. In 1978 IVF was first conducted by Robert G. Edwards et al. in the UK producing the first IVF baby, Louise Brown.[1] The 2010 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Robert G. Edwards for this advancement.[2]

2. Identify a recent paper on fertilization and describe its key findings.

Correlation of body mass index with outcome of in vitro fertilization in a developing country.

The paper looked at individuals in a developing country, examining the relationship between their BMI and their experience of in vitro fertilization.

This research paper had a number of key findings:

-Oocytes retrieved from all four groups (low, normal, overweight, obese weight based on BMI) were of a similar number

-Fertilization and cleavage rate of oocytes decreased with an increasing BMI

-Oocyte quality decreseas with an increasing BMI

-Clinical pregnancy rate decreased with the decreasing oocyte quality

-Low BMI had no substantial affect on oocyte quality and clinical pregnancy rate

3. Identify 2 congenital anomalies.

Congenital anomalies are abnormal structural formations of a newborn baby. Two malformations are Myelomeningocele and Tetralogy of Fallot. Myelomeningocele, commonly known as Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect where the spinal canal does not completely fuse with the backbone prior to birth.[3] Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart defect which is characterised by: ventricular septal defect; thickened muscular wall of right ventricle; aorta stems from both left and right ventricle; decrease in size of the artery and valve connecting the lungs and heart. This results in cyanosis. [4]

Lab 2

1. Identify the ZP protein that spermatozoa binds and how is this changed (altered) after fertilisation.

The zona pellucida sperm-binding protein, ZP3, is a receptor glycoprotein that spermatozoa use to recognise and bind to the zona pellucida of the egg. This initiates the acrosome reaction, where acrosomal contents are exocytosed. When the sperm fuses with the egg plasma membrane, the intracellular Ca2+ levels increase causing a cortical reaction, where cortical granules are exocytosed from the egg. These granules modify the zona pellucida by removing a carbohydrate from ZP3 which makes it unable to bind to sperm and secondly, cleaving ZP2 which hardens the zona pellucida.

2. Identify a review and a research article related to your group topic. (Paste on both group discussion page with signature and on your own page)

Research Articles:

Turner syndrome and metabolic derangements: Another example of fetal programming.

Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders.

Estrogen requirements in girls with Turner syndrome; how low is enough for initiating puberty and uterine development?

Review Articles:

Optimising management in Turner syndrome: from infancy to adult transfer.

We have now changed our subject topic to Thalassemia:

Research Articles:

How I treat thalassemia

Pulmonary function in thalassaemia major and its correlation with body iron stores

Review Articles:

Beta-thalassemia

Lab 3

1. What is the maternal dietary requirement for late neural development?

For late neural development, folate is essential. Folate, a vitamin B, assists in reducing the probability of neural tube defects such as meningomyelocele (spina bifida), when the neural tube does not close properly on the caudal end, or anencephaly, when the neural tube does not close properly on the cranial end. The recommended dietary intake of folic acid by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Centre is 600µg/day throughout pregnancy and an additional 400µg/day from a supplement or supplemented foods between one month before conception till three months after conception.

Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes

Healthy Pregnant Women

2. Upload a picture relating to you group project. Add to both the Group discussion and your online assessment page. Image must be renamed appropriately, citation on "Summary" window with link to original paper and copyright information. As outlined in the Practical class tutorial.

Thromboembolic Events In Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) VS Thalassemia Major (TM)

Lab 4

1. The allantois, identified in the placental cord, is continuous with what anatomical structure?

The allantois is continuous with the superior end of the bladder. Its main function is gas, nutrition and waste exchange.

2. Identify the 3 vascular shunts, and their location, in the embryonic circulation.

The three vascular shunts are foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus. They function to assist with embryonic circulation, transporting oxygenated blood from the lungs, liver and kidneys. Their location in embryonic circulation is as follows:

Foramen ovale: the foramen ovale is located between the right atrium and left atrium. It allows the blood from the right atrium (oxygenated from inferior vena cava and desaturated blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs)to pass into the left atrium of the heart.

Ductus arteriosus: the ductus arteriosus is located between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.

Ductus venosus: the ductus venosus is located between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava. It allows for most of the oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to pass into the inferior vena cava.

3. Identify the Group project sub-section that you will be researching. (Add to project page and your individual assessment page)

The two sub-sections that I will be researching for the group project are diagnostic procedures and current/future research possibilities.

Lab 5

1. Which side (L/R) is most common for diaphragmatic hernia and why?

The most common form of congenital diaphragmatic hernias are Bochdalek hernias, which more frequently occur on the left side of the diaphragm.

Lab 6

1. What week of development do the palatal shelves fuse?

The palatal shelves fuse in week 9 of embryonic development.

2. What animal model helped elucidate the neural crest origin and migration of cells?

The origin of the neural crest and migration of cells has been assisted by using the chicken model.

3. What abnormality results from neural crest not migrating into the cardiac outflow tract?