Talk:Book - Contributions to Embryology Carnegie Institution No.37

CONTRIBUTIONS TO EMBRYOLOGY, No. 37.

NOTES ON THE POSTNATAL GKOWTH OF THE HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN IN MAN.

By Robert Bennett Bean,

Professor of Anatomy in the University of Virginia.

With eight text-figures.

NOTES ON THE POSTNATAL GKOWTH OF THE HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN IN MAN.

By Robert Bennett Bean.

Postnatal growth in man has up to the present time been inadequate!}' treated, but interest is aroused, and we maj- expect soon to have a much wider knowledge of the subject. The normal weight of the organs is difficult to obtain, and it is not easy even to determine what is normal. Averages may be misleading if there are two or more types in the population. The work of Godin de.serves especial consideration in this connection. Tliis author has determined the rate of growth of the linear parts of the bod}', from birth to maturity, by multiple measurements of individuals, especialh^ those between the ages of 13 and 18 years, on 100 of whom be made measurements every six months over a period of five years. Some of his conclusions are as follows:

The stature is about 50 cm. at birth; in 5 years it has attained an increase of 50 cm., and another 50 cm. is added between the ages of 5 and 15 years. After this the stature increases to the limits of the race, sex, and environment. Individual variations are important and coincident with the onset of puberty. If this is early, whether in girl or boy, the 50 cm. of stature added after 5 years is acquired before the age of 15; if liiter, after the age of 15. The stature comprises the length of three segments — head, trunk, and extremities. The sitting height (head and trunk) doubles its birth figure at 6 years, and is three times its birth figure in the adult. The lower extremities double at 4 years, triple at 7 years, and quadruple at 15 j'ears. The period elapsing between birth and puberty is 12 to 17 years, 2 years complete the period of pubert}^, and 3 j'ears are needed after this for maturity.

Godin has compiled certain laws relating to the alternation of gro^-th and rest periods, which parallel the law of alternation in development stated independently by me:

Godin (1914): The lower extremities grow rapidly before puberty, the trunk after puberty. The increase in weight is chiefly osseous before pubertj', muscular after puberty. The chief growth in stature about pubertj' occurs during the year preceding puberty; the chief increase in weight about the time of pubertj' occurs during the period of pubertj and the year following. The long bones enlarge in diameter for 6 months and elongate for the next 6 months. The periods of activity and of repose, which succeed each other each sLx months, are opposite for the two serial bones of the same extremity.

Bean (1914): There is one period or more of acceleration, alternating with periods of retardation, in the development of each structural unit or organ of the body. The periods of acceleration in the development of one structure may be sj'nchronous with the periods of retardation in the development of another, and if they are adjacent they may be called complementary structures. p]ach organ has a critical period when it is developing most rapidly, and when it is probably most susceptible to its environment. The teeth and the long liones alternate in growth. The growth of the individual teeth alternates from mandible to maxilla or the reverse, and from one tooth to another at some distance from it. The head and thorax alternate in growth, the trunk and extremities, the heart and luncs, the liver and intestines.

The law of alternation in development should he of interest in its relation to the growth of the organs, and it is important to know the relation of the individual to i)uberty in any study of growth. There is also another law of development that may be illustrated by the growth of the two types in man — the hyper-phylomorph and the m€so-])h!jlo)norph. Two types long have been known to physicians as the phthisic and plethoric, or carni\'orous and herbivorous; they have also been called the long skeleton and broad skeleton, or narrow back and broad back, but it remains to be determined whether these types are the same respectively as the hyper-phylomorph and meso-phylomorph.

If growth depends upon placental ahmentation, as stated by Godin, and if the hyper-phylomorph is precocious and the meso-phylomorph retarded in development, as determined by me (1914), and if the activities of the endocrinous glands influence growth, further studies may reveal some association of these facts, and thus enable us to link up our disconnected studies.

NIanom-rier (1902) called attention to the macroskeles (long skeleton) and the brachyskeles (broad skeleton) in cUfTerent individuals, and Godin (19 Oa\ has demonstrated that these two types differ from each other in their measurable components more than small individuals differ from tall ones, or men from women. Every transverse diameter is greater in the broad than in the long skeleton. The extremities of the broad skeleton, especially the lower, are relatively short, and of the long skeleton relatively long; but the trunk of the broad skeleton is relatively long, and that of the long skeleton relatively short. The difference in length of the trunk in the two types increases considerably- between the ages of 13 and 23 years, and becomes the most striking difference in the Uncar measurements of the vertical. These differences correspond with those between the hyper-phylomorph and meso-phylomorph. The two types should be discriminated in any study of growth.

The great growth of the extremities and of the teeth (osseous system) before puberty, and the great growth of the trunk after pubertj^ the latter coincident with the growth of the muscles including the heart, in conjunction with the activity of the sex glands and the maturity of the systems of alimentation, circulation and respiration, undoubtedly are of importance in relation to the growth of the organs.

Data

Heretofore it has been usual to select for study individuals who died in hospitals, taking only accident cases or those who died suddenly or of acute illness. In this way only the well-nourished would be chosen. It is as inexact to take only the well-nourished as it is to take only the thin. Many factors besides the pathological condition may enter into the state of nourishment. Some individuals are naturally thin, others naturally fat. The type of individual may have an important bearing. In pneumonia the organs are as much above the average as they are below it in tuberculosis. It may be equally inaccurate to choose only individuals who have died suddenly, because in shock the splanchnic vessels are dilated and the organs may weigh more after death than during Ufe. It may be difficult to devise a method of determining the weight of the organs during Ufe, although Bardeen (1918) has recently succeeded in obtaining what seems to be a satisfactory method of determining the heart weight in the living subject. Any results so far obtained from weighing the organs of the dead are necessarily inadecjuatc and deductions from them should be utilized with caution. It seems best to take all cases, regardless of the cause of death, and study them with as full knowledge as possible concerning their antecedents.

The data for the present study consist of records from the pathological department of the Charity Hopital, New Orleans, and from the pathological department of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. Some of those from the Charity Hospital were copied bj' Dr. Wilmer Baker, and all of them represent the submerged tenth of the semi-tropics; whereas those from the Johns Hopkins Hospital represent an average hospital population of a large, modern city. No attempt has been made to select only normal organs, but where an organ is ob- viously diseased, so as to materially aflfect its weight, it is discarded.

Heart

The weights of the organs were treated as Mall (1918) treated the crown- rump length of embryos; i. e., each individual is represented on a chart one meter square, with the weight as the ordinate and the age as the abscissa. The growth of the heart in both sexes and both races (wliite and negro) appears to be divided into three periods of rapid growth, alternating with three periods of slow growi;h; the first period of rapid growth is between 3 and 9 months, the second from 2 to 8 years, and the third from 14 years to maturity. There is no relative decrease in the increment of growth in each consecutive period from the first to the third. The rate of growth during any period is based upon the size of the heart at the beginning of that period of growth.

The heart of the female is smaller than that of the male except at about the tenth year, when it is larger. This corresponds to the time at which the stature of the female is greater than that of the male. Heart weight, size of individual, and physical activity are synchronous. For the first few months after birth the child is not very active, and during this period the growth of the heart is slow. From 6 to 9 months of age the child becomes more active, the growth in stature increases, and the heart enlarges rapidly. Then follows a less active period, when the child is learning to stand and walk, and during this time the heart is proportionately inactive. After the child has learned to walk and run, a period of great activity' ensues and the stature and heart weight increase rapidly up to the age of 8 years. After this there is a slowing down of this increase, followed by an acceleration, in girls at about the age of 10 years, in boys somewhat later; at this age, therefore, girls surpass the boys in stature and heart weight, to be again passed by the boys at about the age of 14 years, after wliich there is an increasing difference until maturity.

The weight of the heart varies more with the size of the individual than with age, sex, or race, and it may be taken as an index of the size and activity of the individual, other things being eciual. The weights given by Bardecn, Vierordt, Kress and others were placed on charts similar to those of my own, and similar differences were found, although the weights given by these authors were greater than my own, due to a difference in the selection of material. If these charts are analyzed it will be found that at almost every age, in both sexes and both races, there is a group of small hearts and a group of large hearts. In the early years there is no distinct line of demarcation for the two groups, no zone where there is complete absence of the heart weights; but after the age of 14 years such a zone appears, and when the age of 17 years is reached there are no heart weights between 225 and 250 grams in my records.

The cause of death was equally divided between acute and chronic disease in both large and small hearts during the early ages; but at the age of 17 years there are more large hearts among the acute cases and more small ones among the chronic cases. The stature does not appear to alter materially the heart weight, since in acute cases with large hearts the stature was about the same as in chronic cases with small hearts; while in chronic cases with large hearts the stature was 6 cm. less than that of acute cases with small hearts.

The type of the individual seems to affect the heart weight, as, even after discarding cases supi)osably influenced by disease, there still remain two groups, large and small. The same is true when only accident cases are tabulated. The largest hearts are found in cases of pneumonia, and the smallest in cancer and tuberculosis. Not all of the large hearts, however, are found in pneumonia cases, nor do all the small hearts occur among the wasting diseases. In the former it might be inferred that the physique, the nourishment, or the disease has caused the excessive size, but there seems to be Uttle evidence that pneumonia causes any considerable increase in the weight of the heart; therefore, the large size of the organ may be attributed to the type of individual. In wasting diseases there is loss of weight in the heart, but a part of the excessive smallness may also be attrib- uted to the type. The meso-phylomorph is susceptible to cardio- vascular, renal, and acute diseases, especially pneumonia; the hyper-phylomorj^h to nervous, alimentary, and wasting diseases, as already jwinted out by me (1912).

An average may be nothing more than a mean between two tj'jws, and the individual may be of greater value in a study of this kind than a mass of averages.

Liver

At 2 months the liver weighs little more than at birth, after which there appear to be three periods of rapid growth; the first from 3 to 12 months, the second from 2 to 8 years, and the third from 14 years to maturity. There is a decrease in the increment of growth in eacli conseculive period from the first to the third. The growth of the Uver from 3 to 12 months is greater than that of the heart, and less than that of the kidneys.

The liver of the female is smaller than that of the male except at about the age of 10 years, when it exceeds the latter in size. This corresponds to stature and heart weight and is evidence of precocity in the female. The liver of the negro is smaller than that of the white up to the age of 14 years; after that age the Uver of the negro female seems to exceed in weight that of the white female. However, more data are necessary to confirm this.

The weight of the liver at all ages falls naturaUy into two groups — large and small. This difference in size is especially noticeable after the age of 14 years, at which time the weight may be subdivided into four groups. This is true also for the other organs, but with them it is not so distinct. The extremely small Uvers are from individuals who have died of such wasting cU.seases as tuberculosis, the extremely large ones almost exclusively from those who have died of pneumonia. This organ, mere than the others, seems to be affected by such diseases. The extremes of weight in tuberculosis are 500 and 1,200 grams, while in pneumonia they are 1,800 and 2,800 grams.

Kidneys

The two kidneys are treated as one and charted as were the heart and liver. The initial increase in growth, i. e., 3 to 12 months, is greater and more rapid in the kidneys than in the other organs, and their maturity seems to be reached earlier, or at about the age of 15 years. Other than this the kidne3's have corresponding periods of rapid and slow growth, which fall at about the same time as those of the other organs.

The kidneys are smaller in the female than in the male except at about the age of 4 years, when they are sUghtly larger. Their weight is at aU times greater in the negro female than in the wliite female, and inversely greater in the white male than in the negro male. Only after the age of 14 years does the weight faU, to any appreciable extent, into the two groups; and even then these groups are not so distinct as in other organs.

Spleen

The growth of the spleen is similar to that of the other organs — rapid during the second 6 months of life, from 2 to 8 years, and from 14 to 18 years, with intervening periods of slow growth. However, a few irregularities may be worthy of note. A greater number of large spleens, for example, are observed at 2 weeks after birth, at 7 months, and at about 7 and 10 years; and more smaU spleens about the ages of 6 and 13 years. In the male the weight of the spleen remains practically the same from the sixth month to 2 years. In males the weight is always greater than in females, but there is Uttle difference between the sexes at the ages of 8 and 12 years. It is Ukewise greater in whites than in negroes, at all ages and in both sexes. This seems to be a distinct racial difference. After the age of 14 years, but not before, the spleen weight may be grouped at about 100 grams and 200 grams, thus representing two types.

Summary

Each organ has a period of rajiid growth soon after birth, a second period from 2 to 8 years, and a third jjeriod al)out i)uherty. Each of these periods alternates with one of slow growth. As growth ])roceeds each organ becomes either large or small, de])ending upon the type of individual. There are changes in size due to the state of nourishment and to pathological conditions; race and sex also influence the size of the organs. The most characteristic racial difference is found in the spleen, wliich is larger in the white than in the negro.

The rate of growth is determined from the weight of the organ preceding the period of growth under consideration; that for the first 2 j^ears is based upon the weight of the organ at birth; the other periods begin at 2, 10, and 18 years respectively.

The growth of the heart is slower during the first two years than is that of the spleen, liver, or kidneys; but after that time, until maturity is reached, the rapidit}' of its growth is relatively greater than that of the other organs. During the periods after the second year the kidneys grow relatively less than the spleen, and the spleen relatively less than the Uver.

In conclusion, attention is called to the great importance of collecting and carefully studying material about which the following data may be ascertained: Age, sex, race, type, relation to puberty, antecedent habits, heredity, condition of nourishment, pathological condition, and the actual cause and condition of death. The type and the relation to puberty are especially important, and it may be helpful to obtain the largest possible number of cases of instantaneous death. This will necessitate, of course, the cooperation of a large number of observers at different places and over considerable periods of time. The interest that has already cjuickened into activity, however, bids fair to result in better records for the future.

Bibliography

Bardeen, C. R., 1918. Determination of the size of the heart by means of the X rays. Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 23.

Bean, R. B., 1912. Morbidity and morphology. Johns Hosp. Bull., vol. 23, No. 262. , 1914. The stature and the eruption of the permanent teeth of American, German-American and Filipino children. Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 17. GoDiN, Pai'l, 1903. Recherches Anthropom(5triques sur la croissance des diverses parties du cori)s.

(Prix Broca). , 1910a. Lcs proportions du corps pendant la

croissance. Bull, ct M6m. de la See. d'Anthrop.

de Paris. , 19106. Altemanccs des accroissements au cours

du developpeinent du corps humain. Comp.

rend. Soc. de Biol., vol. 68, p. 1119-1121. , 1911. Etwiii d'explication du r61e de la pubert6

chcz I'homme. Bull, et M<5m. de la Soc. d'.\n-

throp. de Paris.

GoDiN, Paul, 1913. La croissance pendant I'&gescolaire. Delachaux et Niestl6, Neuchatel.

, 1914. Comment s'accroit notre corps de la

naissance k I'&ge adulte. Croissance, vol. 1, No. .5.

Kres.s, E., 1902. Ueber Organgewicht bei Kindem. Diss., Munich.

Lapicque, Louis, 1907. Tableau g(n<5ral des poids soma- tique et onc('-phaliciuc dans les cspfeces animates. Bull, et M6m. de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, No. 3.

Mall, V. P., 1918. On the age of human embryos. Amer. Jour. Anat., vol. 23.

Manouvrieii, L., 1902. M(5moires de la Soci6U5 d' An- thropologic de Paris, tome 2 {3e serie), 3e fasc, p. 98-101.

VlERORUT, n., 1907. Daten und Tabellen, ,\natomische, Physiologische und Physiojilische. Gustav Fis- cher, Jena.

Tables

The first four tables given here are from records in the Pathological Department of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The weights are given in grams and are omitted when they are obviously altered by the pathological condition. No pathological records are given, but each record was studied separately in order to determine which organs to ehminate and which to retain, as well as for other purposes. The last four tables are from records in the Pathological Department of the Charity Hospital, New Orleans, Loui.siana, and have been treated thesame as theother records. For the use of these data I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. W. CI. MacCallum, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, and Dr. C. \V. Duval, of the New Orleans Charity Hospital.

White female.

White male.

Negro female.

NCKTO

male.

Totals.

Johns Hopkins Hospital records. Chi.rity Hospital records

Totals.. .

203 52

255

81

246 115

264 159

968 307

255

336

361

423

1375

Table 1.-

-Johns Hopkins Hospital, White Female Children.

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

5231 3953

1 1 months. . 1 1 months. .

25 30

13

20

210 270

L. 37 70

4971 4986

25 18

200 200

R. 38

1 1 months. .

26

3964

5 months. .

20

10

100

40

4807

3.5 months

30

18

175

26

3967 3977

4 months. . 1 year ....

15 20

10 10

85 400

20 25

4821 4822

25 25

240 320

52 67

1 year ....

39

4615

10 months..

55

40

340

55

4824

3 months. .

20

13

175

27

4625

10 months. .

20

25

405

4826

16 months. .

42

300

57

4628

5 minutes .

4

3.5

33

R. 2.5

4829

2.5 years . .

50

45

400

L. 45

4645 4652

3 weeks. . 1 year ....

21 20

5 10

250

R. 9

4854

4858

38 95

420

850

82 195

10.5 years. .

130

4658

1 year ....

23

33

180

R. 26

5376

9 years

150

145

940

4673

1 month . .

23

17.5

180

27.5

4859

2.5 years. .

56

39

380

51

4689 4692

18 R. 18

4860 4866

2.25 years. 1 1 years . . .

61 115

22 55

320 600

66 139

3 months. .

22

230

4699 4508

Still-bom. .

L. 8.5 60

4869 4872

5 years . . . 2.66 years

70 55

39 34

485 253

72 68

50

460

4526

1 year ....

27

23

285

38

4875

2 years

52

39

430

76

4572

1 month . .

18

5

180

4879

1.75j*ire

60

40

440

89

4539

3 years

68

105

340

L. 5.2

4882

6 months. .

31

17

243

36.5

4589

Still-bom . .

23

16

205

29.5

4708

Still-bom..

24

13.5

150

28

4590 4591

18 20

310

R. 24 53

4727

4748

3 years

10 months. .

90 40

80 23

470 70

115 80

8 months. .

30

4307

6 years

85

62

645

110

4757

1 month . .

14.5

7

110

L. 7.5

4364

2.5 years . .

50

500

4777

16 months. .

37

17

308

73

4372 4375

17 20

210 290

4780 4794

9 years

4 months. .

145 17.5

80 11

690

L. 95 24

6 months. .

40

4381 4393

5 days .... 2 years

40 50

4797 5010

16 months.. 2.5 hours. .

26

7

11 2

250 33

52 R. 5

40

380

90

4399 4208

12 years.

90 10

1200 100

200 40

5016 5017

Still-bom.. 3 days

9 18

2

8

40 160

R. 6 12

8 months. .

10

4219

7 weeks . . .

22

50

180

40

5023

4 months. .

29

18

210

35

4230

13 months. .

25

18

90

70

5037

Still-bom..

4

2

38

7

4256

14 months. .

25

100

420

42

5040

Still-born . .

12.5

6

80

R. U

4261

4.5 hours. .

10

70

20

5043

16 months. .

100

22

300

R. 33

4903

8 months. .

60

25

425

32

5064

9 months. .

36

30

300

R. 65

4913

19 months. .

50

32

389

88

5084

2 years . . .

SO

400

R. 40

4924 4945

c

75 20

390

129

72

5093 5102

Still-born . .

1 5

45 100

7 R. 30

2 years

60

2 months. .

13

4951

18 months. .

39

37

355

64

5115

15 months. .

50

40

400

40

4958

3.5 years..

90

40

450

78

5117

10 months. .

27

8

130

16

272

POSTNATAL (JROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

Table 1. — John,s Hopkins Hospital, White Female Children — Continued.

J. H. H. No.

Age.

5119 5120 5137 5141 5167 5179 5201 5219 54S4 5222 5512 5412 5336 5497 5474 6533 5360 5546 5264 5424 5487 5459 1487 1597 1497 2157 3402 3741 3884 3936 3939 4135 4212 4242 4489 4349 1586 1474 1479 1324 1370 1393 1235 1249 2758 2779 2539 2592 2420 2429 2438 2495 2309 2341 2352 2103 2133 2143 2213 2289 1911 1916

10 years . . .

5 years . . . 1 year ....

7 months. . 4 months. .

Still-torn . . 3 months. .

6 months. . 13 months. .

1 year ....

15 months. .

17 months. .

18 months. .

1 year ....

2 years . . .

3 years . . . 3.5 years . . 4 years. . .

4 years. . . 5 years. . . 9 years . . .

20 years. . . 19 years. . . 20 years. . . 20 years . . . 18 years. . . 19 years. . . 22 years . . . 20 years. . .

16 years . . .

19 years . . . 20 years. . . 18 years. . .

20 years . . . 20 years. . . 10 years. . . 14 years. . . 10 months. .

2 years . . .

6 years . . . 13 days.. .. 13 days. . . . 16 years. . .

9 years . . . 12 years. . . 16 months. .

4 days .... 12 years. . .

2 years . . . 12 years. . .

2 years . . . 15 years. . .

8 years. . .

3.5 month.*! 18 years. . . 10 days. . . . 10 days ....

8 years . . . 6 years . . .

15 years . . . 4 hours . . .

Heart weight.

80 60 170

170 150 210

300 200 200 120

20 20 250

140 50

20 250 23 35 75 70 90 28

Spleen weight.

120 50 40 17.5

110 200 200 170 220 100 180 150 100 100 190 250

100 30 50

50

5

220

50

100 225 05 100 8 20 00 50 60 7

Liver weight.

1000 640 340 210 215 63 180 220 280 305 360

230 300 370 400 650 900

500 1020 1600

1750 1590 1600 2000 1500 1100 1.550 1045 1900 1770 1625 1500 820 1550 365 550 680 150 70 1210 950 1200 360 50 950

1240 400 1580 1200 250

130 120 710 390 800 135

Kidney weight.

R. 100 R. 85

40 R. 24

37 R. 12 R. 17 R. 24

46

50

R. 40

R. 28

R. 40

R. 42

R. 35

105

L. 45

L. 80

L. 49

80

R. 100

350

280

340 360 390 310 240

250

280

350

R. 135

370

200

L. 150

R. 30

145 30

200 150

150 190

75 340 300

90 250

22

120 200

J. H. H.

No.

1963 1807 1819 1890 1639 1513 1518 1637 1508 4139 5513 4151 3867 3701 3704 3776 3518 3526 3544 3534 3426 3431 3443 3444 3455 3309 3246 3285 3118 3129 3175 3026 3067 3098 2925 2855 2717 2738 4411 4415 4421 4430 4431 4448 4449 4452 4454 4459 4400 4472 4285 4035 4070 4076 4082 4098 5221 5222 5224 5229 5230

Age.

17 years. .

5 years. . 10 years. . 17 years. .

16 years. . 10 years. . 20 years. . 21 years. . New-lx>rn . 14 years . .

3 years . .

14 years . . StilUwrn .

17 years. . 12 years. .

5 weeks. . 16 years. .

18 months.

7 years . . 10 years. . Still-born .

15 months. 1 year . . .

18 months. 12 years. . 14 years. .

6 years . . 15 years. . 13 years. .

13 years. . 19 years. .

3 years . . 9 years . . 4.5 years . 13 years. .

14 months. Still-born . 10 months. 14 months.

7 years . . . 1 month . ,

19 months. 10 months.

1 day

2 months. 18 years. .

3 months. 3 months.

14 months.

8 months.

9 months. 1 year. . . 4.5 years .

8 months.

15 months.

3 months. 1 year ...

4 months. Still-born . , Still-born . .

Heart weight.

250 110 150 220

230

260

25

240

200 150 40 280

120

200

40

70

120

130

200

90

180

70 125

20 35.5

130 15

28

Spleen weight.

140 100 100

9 280 125 100 240

15 210 50

50

30

15

23.5

17

60

10

40

3

9

6 180

9

Liver weight.

1370 800 850 1600 132 1600 1050 1150 1630 110 1060 300 1500

1250

1300 170

1800 500 650

1100 160 320 350 450 900

1250

1500

1340 850

1750 500

1080 850 830 350 180 315

540 140 375 ISO 130 100 1400 130 160 300 170 140 255

170 250 165 305 210

22.5

18

Kidney weight.

200 250 390 26 L. 1.35 280

R. 200 90

350 300 35 440 115 120 250

100 100

150

L. 175

150 430

150 170 150 100

180

64

30

35

13

250

R. 25

R. 43

R. .30

40

60

65

L. 60

35

60

43

R. 23

4.5 3.75

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEAUT, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

273

Table 2. — Johns Hopkins Hospital, White Mate Children.

J. H. H.

No.

Age.

Heart weight.

Spleen weight.

Liver weight.

Kidney weight.

J. H. H.

No.

Age.

Heart weight.

Spleen weight.

Liver weight.

Kidney weight.

1873 1768 1796 1631 1690 1529 1538 1.5.J9 1411 1435 1496 1319 1364 1214 1170 2897 2740 2747 2752 2768 2769 2589 2433 2462 2470 2325 2363 2125 2141 2157 2168 2171 2172 2204 2258 2284 2027 2046 2066 1910 1915 1918 1945 1966 1981 1993 1808 1842 4079 4083 4088 4092 4094 3685 3531 3586 3424 3479 3481 3493 3497 3308 3361 3371 3374 3383 '3235 3239 3245 3172 3003

10 years. . 14 years. . 14 years. . 17 years. .

4 years . . 18 years. . 14 years. .

9 days . . . 19 years. . 18 years. .

8 years. .

4 years. .

13 years. . 4 years. .

10 years. .

14 months

6 years. . 6 years. . 8 years. .

18 years. . 18 years. . 6 years. . Still-l»rn. 20 days... 17 months. 17 months, 14 years . . 5.16 months

7 years . . 15 years. . 18 years. .

3 months.

5 years . . 18 years. . 18 years. . 10 years. .

14 years . . 16 years. . 18 years. .

7 years . . 1 year . . . 3 years . .

5 years. . . 7 years . .

12 days.. . 17 years. . 10 years . . 17 years, . 20 months. 16 days . . .

6 years . .

1 year . . . 2.5 years .

16 years . . 12 years. . 9 years. .

15 years . . 14 years. . Still-born .

2 years . . Still-born .

7 years . . 2 months.

10 years. . 4 years. .

8 months. 7 years . . 8 years. .

19 months.

9 years . . 29 months.

120 170 200

150 70

120 50

100

120 75

270

250 85 15 20 50 60

210 20 90 90

250 25

250 150 120

200 115 30 70 80

30 250 100

150 20 25 20 90 20

70 40 60

150 50

120 SO

70 60 200

60 80 70 90 75 40 50

100 60

270

110 14 50 70

15 50 150 100 50 70 150

100 40

35

5

170

32

42 150

55 120 160

100 40 40 50 60 20

100 40

970 1500

1020 700 1200

70

1900

2000

900

560

700

480

700

320

1100

700

820

2600

1550

530

90

125

600

1000

155

825

800

1800

229

620

1800

2500

800

640

1350

1550

870

200

700

950

850

140

1650

770

1500

580

120

590

330

575

1500

840

720

1260

980

70

250

150

520

1200 640 270 370

1050 300 850 500

270 350 300

150

270

330

L. 12

350

R. 250

L. 90

260 100 170 50 200 170 140

130 20

140 380 40 180 L. 90

45

350 350 150 180 200 300 190 100 120

50 300

L. 40 110

170 250 220

70 100

65 170

3004 3018 3061 3080 3087 2934 2844 2845 2872 4400 4405 4428 4433 4435 4438 4440 4441 4445 4466 4467 4480 4499 4118 4149 4155 4177 4181 4182 3828 3893 3709 3717 3721 3724 3747 3781 3794 3605 3670 4670 4525 4541 4553 4577 4579 4581 4585 4587 4592 4314 4316 4353 4367 4371 4388 4215 4225 4226 4283 4288 4297 4005 4023 4044 4065 4066 4078 4855 4856 4862 4865

15 years . . . 10 months.

7 years . . . 16 years. . . 1,7 years . . .

9 years . . . 19 years. . .

2.5 years . .

5 years . . .

5 months. 1 .5 hours. . 2 months. 2 years . . .

6 years . . . 4 years . . .

4 years . . .

5 months. 17 years. . .

2 days

New-born. .

2 years . . . 13 months.

1 year . . . . 38 months.

3 months.

3 months. 9 months.

22 months.

16 years . . . 9 months.

17 days. . . .

4 years . . . 13 months. 16 years. . . 15 years . . .

3 years . . . 3 years . . .

6 years . . . 6 years . . .

3 months. 6 days . . . .

5 days . . . .

6 years . . . Still-bom . .

5.5 years. .

4 years . . .

1 year . . . . 8.5 hours. . 9 weeks . . .

2 years . . . 2.5 years .

7 years . . .

13 months. 1 month . .

5 months.

14 months. 1.5 years.

3 months.

1 month . 30 minutes

12 days

2 months.

13 weeks... 4.5 years.

6 days . . . .

10 months. .

4 months. .

1 1 months. . Still-lx>m . . 22 months. . 4.5 years. . .

250 210 120 300 70 95

200 60 70 75 70

15 25 80 35 40 20 18 8 39 61

110 160

100

40

50

17 198 2.5

1020 250 1000 1700 2270 1000 1820 500 700 270 155 140 440 510 560 750 167 2000 38

425 225

450 230 110 210 520 1870 300 150 480 240 1200 1950 450

650 450 190

100 600

480 450 300 205 170 580 450 970 355 50 300

400? 130

158 80 125 600 140 270?

460

40

240

500

300 50 250

340

200

400

70

60 29 32

216

200

50

375

R. 5

R. 7

90

R. 30

90 65 L. 25

100

320

L. 40

50

90' 330 300 120 120 140

39 . 10 16 110 10.5

130

84

29.5

39 110 100 225

65

60 110 35 45 50 45 22 25 125

274 POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LnT:R, AND SPLEEN,

Table 2.— Johns Hopkins Hospital, WhiU Male Children— Continued.

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

4867

29 months. .

72

28

400

70

4848

11 months..

39

47

365

72

4868

10 months. .

42

19

390

59

4849

1 year ....

20

26

440

R. 28.5

4873

4874

9 weeks... 4.75 years.

19 92

25 37

140 589

40

98

5005 5007

9

70

140 200

R. 21

20

8 months. .

40

4877

3 years . . .

55

35

50

5031

4 years . . .

90

60

730

R. 60

4878

9 months. .

55

29

448

93

5054

3 weeks. . .

30

16.5

120

R. 13.5

4881

15 months. .

31

15

420

61

5058

3 months. .

12.5

9

R. 18

4887

5 months. .

27

19

257

63

5088

15 years. . .

180

R. 120

4891

3.5 years..

68

27

370

80

5090

4.5 years . .

80

35

500

R. 35

4892

9 years . . .

125

65

760

190

5098

4 months. .

21

16

R. 20

4894

16 years. . .

235

1500

290

5154

Still-bom. .

8

6

68

21

4895

10 months. .

23

20

400

5158

2 months. .

60

6

140

4899

20

250

60

5162

5 years . . . 4 years . . .

100

60 45

740

125

84

4706

1 hour. . . .

6.5

2

40

R. 5

5165

70

4720

9 months. .

45

20

270

80

5190

5 years . . .

100

36

480

60

4725

11 months..

80

75

410

95

5194

Still-born . .

16

4 5

70

R. 15

4730

2 days.. . .

8

3.5

85

12.5

5220

9 months. .

24

17

220

R. 24

4738

5 months. .

24

12

320

5226

8 years . . .

lis

72

840

158

4740

4 months. .

47

7

R. 18

5232

5.5 months

14

6

90

4747 4763

6 months. . Still-born . .

21 14

14

4.5

120 100

R. 17 22

3962 3966

8 days. . . .

12 25

140 320

R. 21 L. 55

17 months.

40

4772

6 months. .

28

15

295

45

3974

4 years . . .

50

450

100

4781 4784

20 13

123

S3 40

3975 3984

10 years . . . 16 months. ,

150 50

110 65

980 350

260 110

3 months. .

19

4603

5 daj's ....

6

20

3986

7 days.. . .

15

5

100

50

4611

7 months. .

75

20

300

80

3990

4 months. .

20

10

130

32

4639 4653 4654

Still-bom . .

4

3.5 25

350

14

14 5 74

3809 1106 1493

3 months. . 20 years. . . 21 years. . .

35

250 200

20 110 120

240 1330 1600

37

145

L. 130

Still-born

1 year ....

60

4904

6 weeks...

24

16

160

40

1397

20 years. . .

370

1900

L. 108

4908 4915

4 months. . 9 months. .

12 35

5 20

68 300

21 50

1432 1647

20 vears . . .

1800 2910

L. 150

20 years. . .

280

4916

2 years . . .

56

45

417

73

3100

21 years. . .

240

1970

280

4925

2.25 years.

62

40

430

103

3436

21 years. . .

240

2200

360

4931

1 year ....

42

45

392

64

3458

19 years. . .

250

1520

4932

3 months. .

20

7

130

35

3449

21 years. ..

420

1940

420

4936

13 years . . .

140

80

980

200

3733

21 years. . .

170

L. 120

4942 4961

20 40

490 400

80

3796 3611

IS years. . . 20 years . . .

185 240

1570 1940

330

14 months. .

45

4969 4975 4981 4983 4990

Still-born.. Still-bom . . 10 years. . .

8 months. .

6 months. .

16 21 122 46 32

6

80

34

22

75

L. 11

3869 3821 4412 4586 4507

100 160 100 275 240

1000 1300 1950 1500 1960

L. 125 300 480

460

990 305 200

""57" 40

21 vears. . .

20 vears...

325

4994 4995

19 months. . Still-bora..

50 18

30

320 140

80 36

5506 5428

30

7

340 260

R. 40 60

16 months. .

30

4809

6 months. .

23

11

220

39

5295

22 months. .

35

12

400

80

4815

7 months. .

30

20

140

50

5307

1 year ....

22

15

250

50

4817

7 years . . .

100

620

160

5310

6 vears . . .

8

80

680

R. 60

4820

16 months. .

35

34

360

71

5441

8 years . . .

140

85

830

R. 90

4825

3 years . . .

60

35

400

58

5386

9 years . . .

98

60

205

4827 4832

7 months. . 1.75 years.

22 45

17 20

200 320

40 98

5496 5385

10 years. . . 1 1 years . . .

110 220

220 160

62

1160

4836

21 months. .

60

370

70

5322

1 1 years . . .

130

56

1190

R. S5

4837

57

34

500

75

5426

17 years. . .

240

1040

R. 150

4842

16 months. .

49

41

2H0

57

5483

22 years . . .

350

3,30

2450

R. 200

4847

7 years . . .

125

37

660

179

J. H. H.

No.

2446 2457 2472 2474 2318 2107 2138 2153 2160 2166 2180 2190 2266 2023 2093 1976 1800 1818 1837 1853 1893 1767 1655 1661 1694 1559 1429 1311 1245 1251 1252 1257 1135 4101 4113 4125 4130 4136 4144 4147 4160 4162 4166 4174 4175 4192 3737 3762 3792 3609 3637 3505 3522 3556 3560 3566 3578 2719 2739 2753 2642 2697 2566 2572 2430 2440 4406 4414 4420 4422 4425

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN. Table 3. — Johns Hopkins HospUal, Colored Female Children.

275

Age.

3 years . . 16 years. . 2 years . .

2 months. 14 years. . 14 years . . 14 years. .

6 years . . 1 1 months. 14 months.

3 years . .

18 years. .

4 3'ears . .

7 months. 10 years. ,

19 years . .

3 years . . 18 years. . 14 years . .

13 years . .

8 years . .

18 years . . 10 years. . 18 years. .

8 years. .

14 years . .

19 years . . 14 months. 17 years . . 19 years . . 19 years . .

17 years. . 13 years. .

2 years . . 6 months.

4 days . . .

6 months.

7 months. Still-born .

4 months.

1 year . . .

3 months.

4 months.

14 years. . . 3 weeks . .

18 months.

15 years. .

17 years. . 3.5 months 4.5 years.

17 years. .

26 days . . .

7 years . .

9 years . . Still-bom .

3 years . . 14 years . .

6 weeks . .

18 years. . 14 years . . 17 years . . 14 years . . 18 years. .

5 months.

19 months.

10 years . . 19 days...

2 weeks . .

4 weeks . . 14 months.

1 1 days . . .

Heart weight.

70 200

220

150

180

70

25

20

40

240

100

30

150

200

50

170

150

130 250 140 230 280 45

230 250 170 120 50 30 20 40 10

45 170 210 35 70 170 20 70 145 30

150 20 300 240

200 250

20 200

25

28 18.5

Spleen weight.

40 220

80 1.30 150

40

30 120 40 20 70 140

170 125

100 160

40 130

80 145 150

40

10 90 70 20 20

100 20

100

170 150 150

Liver weight.

420

525 170 1150 1200 1300 400 150 200 270 1740 540

955 1350

370 1470 1675 1050

940

1020 1450 1000 1800 1600 350 1400 1400

1580 790 360 310 110 160 60 145 130 230

100

540

80

360

1120

1660

215

400

1460

150

690

930

125

400

1350

190

1400

1700

1750 1200 160 300 1300 90 120

420 140

Kidney weight.

70 320 100

300 140 40 10

260 140

30

220

R. 120

70 280 330 250

320 240

350

460 R. 150 270 220 180 L. 50 60

80 25 20 20 70 70 20 120 20 85 270 320 50

120 220 45 70 250 40 350 250

300 360

J. H. H.

No.

4434 4446 4453 4462 4465 4483 4485 4491 4488 4318 4374 4384 4394 4240 4014 4021 4040 4061 4084 4095 3908 3931 4782 4789 4604 4616 4617 4624 4629 4633 4638 4640 4661 4665 4672 4678 4685 4690 4697 4509 4535 4552 4557 4559 4562 4563 4571 4574 4576 4578 4597 4301 4306 4910 4929 4937 4938 4949 4952 4991 4960 4992 4800 4803 4806 4813 4819 4828 4833 4838 4861

Age.

18 months, 16 years . .

3 months. 10 days...

2.5 months StiU-hom .

5 months. 10 months 15 days. . . 46 months.

4 years . . 14 years. . 15 years. .

3 j'ears . .

4 months. 9 months.

9 years . . . 6 weeks . . 13 months.

11 months. 9 months.

1 year . . . . 8 years . . .

32 hours. . 1.5 years.

2 years . . . 2 years . . .

2 months. Still-born . .

3 years . . . 10 years . .

5 months.

8 months. Still-bom . .

12 hours . .

4 months. 10 months.

2 years . . . Still-born . .

9 days . . . . Still-bom . .

4 months. Still-bora . . New-born. . 18 years. . .

1 day

New-bom. . 17 years. . . 13 years. . .

3 hours . . . Still-lwm . . 40 minutes . Still-lwrn . .

5 days . . . . Still-bom . . Still-bom . .

2 years. . . Still-bom . . Still-bom . .

2 years . . . Still-bom . .

3 days . . . . 13 years. . .

4 months. . 4 months. . 2 years . . . 2 years . . . 2 years . . .

New-bom. . 1 year.. . .

Heart weight.

78 200 40

21.5 13

50 50 210 180

25 45 20 40 32 100 13 33 60 50

120 26

27.5 55

275 8.5

300 280

21.5

23

13.5 10

23 18

102 9 20

170 26 16 50 52 50 17 45

Spleen weight.

60 150 7.5 12 8.5 7.5 7 11 8.5 25 45 100 100

45 70 120 45 22

14 15

2 15 40 18 19 2i2

9 25

8.5 30 15

7 10.5 60 13

7 170

3.5 55 120 95 18.5 12 20 10.2

10

Liver weight.

450 1625 200 330 187 60 120 180 80 400 500 1090 1120 400 100 310 640 650 180 265

275 180 670

215

200 125

35 420 730 140 260 215 130 300 175 365 140

90

54.5 250

80

90 1550

49.5

80 1400 1020 130 125 240

72

37 120 350 115 100 450

43 150 980

50 145 430 310 340

75 360

Kidney

weight.

150 250 70

R. 27

18

R. 15

R. 37

18

120

110

180

100 L. 10 80 140 210 55 90

L. 30

50

155

12

69

105

46

48

12.5

120

185

32

R. 24

L. 26

L. 8

R. 20

L. 32

105

24

. 30

16

23.5 240

13

32 250 230

25.5

25

45.

28

80

60

18

85 9

35 171

10.2

40 100

64

56

36 100

276

POSTNATAL (iKOWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN. Table 3. — Johns Hopkins Hospital, Colored FemdLe Children — Continued.

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Sjjlecn

Liver

Kidney

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

4876

4 years

68

28

400

80

3302

13 years. . .

170

50

750

200

4880 4885

Still-born .

10

30

61

R.

8

3301

4 years . . . 10 years. . .

70

150

3 years. . .

58

30

351

84

3366

120

60

900

200

489.3

5 months. .

30

15

235

42

3209

7 years . . .

70

25

370

100

4897

10 years. . .

50

760

210

3238

17 years. . .

250

1750

4898

20 months. .

54

31

260

59

3280

18 years. . .

250

170 '

2120

390

4710

6 days

19

11.5

110

31

3168

6 years . . .

70

50

120

4712

26 days ....

9

5

50

16.5

3008

17 years. . .

190

80

1570

270

471.3

Still-born . .

14

3

40

16

3033

13 years . . .

160

110

1020

180

4737

8 months. .

34

16

240

49

2986

18 years. . .

260

200

1680

4743

Still-born . .

26.5

3.5

190

35

2813

20 years. . .

220

150

2050

520

5009

Still-born . .

35

13

110

R.

26

2737

Is years. . .

290

130

1920

270

5003

5 years . . .

50

80

930

R.

60

1126

18 years. . .

210

95

1500

R. 125

5029

1 1 years . . .

133

52

920

R.

90

1167

16 years . . .

1.50

90

14.50

250

5036

11 days....

16

28

85

R.

9

1179

18 years. . .

350

1700

370

5044

2 months. .

16

13

R.

16

1361

20 years. . .

200

"170"

250

5045

3 years . . .

90

50

R.

75

1405

20 years. . .

200

1500

375

5067

Still-born . .

12

7

170

R.

12

1439

20 years , . .

220

1680

355

5072

10 years. . .

185

76

1000

R.

100

2176

20 years . . .

220

70

1070

240

5076

Still-bom..

12

6

85

R.

10

2294

20 years. . .

220

120

1600

250

5085

2 years . . .

50

28

400

R.

20

3181

20 years . . .

200

100

1000

200

50,S7 5106

3 months.

36

22

240

85

3294

20 years . . .

100

1100

400

Still-bom . .

11

5

140

6

3825

17 years. . .

300 '

160

1400

L. 175

5110

4 weeks. . .

13

9

80

8

3845

17 years. . .

150

40

1150

250

5112 5134

1 .5 vcars . .

380 25

R. R.

28 6

3863 5024

17 years. . . 19 years. . .

210 275

50 125

1100 1600

340 R. 140

Still-bora . .

lo"

1.5

513S

Still-lwra . .

17

170

R.

18

5077

19 years . . .

195

70

920

250

5142

27 days

17

12

14

3994

17 years. . .

215

1660

395

5150 5152

8 months. . 1 year

32 47

16 26

220 325

4246 4410

20 years. . . 19 years. . .

225 300

110

1400 1870

320

580

R.

36

5155

Still-bom. .

28

7

95

27

5481

13 months.

40

265

55

5156

16 months. .

50

70

450

90

5522

14 months.

40

20

250

70

5157

Still-bom. .

27

9

80

35

5539

15 months.

54

14

250

72

5164

StUl-lwm..

12

12.5

71

15

5244

16 months.

15

270

80

5169

4 years . . .

100

35

820

R.

80

5540

23 months.

'70"

46

350

105

5187

4 years . . .

26

480

R.

46

5448

1 year . . . .

50

26

305

R. 30

5188

19 months. .

41

37

320

R.

39

5367

1 year . . . .

36.5

7.5

230

60

5176

Still-bom. .

18

3

22

4

5341

1 year

33

22

200

R. 52

5177 5186

2 weeks... 20 days

15 5.5

5.75

85

R.

13 6

5296

O ,.pj,|.a

330

R. 60

2.25

33 •

R.

5509

3 years . . .

95'

30

560

R. 55

5195

13 months. .

51

77

365

R.

30

5531

3 years . . .

60

15

R. 70

5210

1 month . .

26

6.85

174

24

5471

4 years . . .

65

530

155

5214

Ncw-l)orn. .

6.25

15.5

70

L.

4.5

5340

7 years . . .

87

32'

500

R. 70

6218 5223

32

17

95

210 1195

39 345

5387 5480

7 years . . . 9 years . . .

96 100

35 30

600 480

140 L. 65

18 years. . .

5227

8 years . . .

105

75

740

180

5409

10 years. . .

140

40

1060

3943 3963 3968

50 250

30 60

320 1120

90 260

5346 5309

12 years. . . 15 years. . .

120

80 82

940 1490

R. 85 R. 140

15 years. . . 1 month . .

20

10

no

L.

12

5443

15 years. . .

310

110

1440

R. 125

3970

6.5 years. .

120

35

580

95

5492

19 years. . .

370

110

1960

305

3795

1 1 months. .

40

5417

19 years . . .

260

250

1800

200

3415

Still-bora . .

40

20

210

40

5334

22 years . .

270

100

1400

330

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN. Table 4. — Johns Hopkins Hospital, Colored Male ChUilren.

277

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

J. H. H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

4103

21 montha. .

50

30

320

L. 50

4362

3 weeks...

25

40

175

20

4172

3 months..

25

20

200

30

4368

SmonthH..

20

50

120

40

4176 4191

4 months. . 7 months. .

20 25

10 15

120 200

30 60

4378 4207

150 300

SO

15 months..

22

60

4198

6 weeks . . .

70

4221

20

8

60

30

2808

15 years. . .

210

65

1200

230

4241

14 years. . .

170

120

1260

215

2730

16 years . . .

300

170

1300

250

4252

8 days ....

15

...."....

100

20

2733 2755

2 years . . . 6 years . . .

50 50

50 20

350 450

40 150

4289 4015

40 15

260 220

60

4 months. .

25

2707

17 years. . .

250

1530

350

4020

5 years . . .

80

50

480

L. 75

2777 2510

100

950 2170

300 420

4038 4055

15 40

275 350

""so"

17 years. . .

350

1 year ....

50

2527

120

1530

4058

45

425

2561

Still-bom . .

20

18

120

4096

20 months. .

45

20

240

75

2593

19 years. . . 17 years. . .

240

920

350

4097

30

40

2445

255

50

1520

330

4099

3 years . . .

55

40

400

R. 61

2466

1 1 years . . .

170

1050

290

3999

6 months. .

20

6

100

25

2351

15 years. . .

170

1020

3831

14 months. .

50

40

75

2123

8 months. .

22

40

150

45

3844

2 weeks...

40

35

210

L. 50

2145

18 years. . .

380

1820

426

4756

3 months. .

35

20

285

L. 26

2164

3 y"jjrs . . .

70

300

100

4760

5 months. .

23

14

180

R. 20

2178

7 years . . .

140

65

850

R. 120

4762

27 days .

11

180

33

2214 2085 1997

290 200 470

4764 4766 4768

40 8 5

220 115 100

R. 26 R. 14

22.5

45

680 1629

2 months. . 2 months. .

20 13

19 years. . .

270

1838 1851

150 20

1120 350

100

4774 4778

4 days .... 14 months. .

19 38

14 24

95 320

31 R. 38

6 years . . .

70

1700 1743 1760

13

136

21

4785 4601 4602

Still-bom . . Still-bom. . StiU-bom . .

20 11 23

8

4.5

8.5

150 45 115

22 14 38 5

17 years. . . 1 year ....

180 40

30

250

50

4401 4402

28.5 20

275 190

50

4607 4614

3 days .... StiU-lwrn . .

16 16

9

12

70

19 R 13

5.5 months

4408

6 months..

35.5

8

180

50

4632

Still-born. .

11

18

85

24

4409

1 year ....

33

21

375

75

4643

28 days....

18.5

10

185

53

4418 4455

30

4649 4664

Stil'-oom. . 7 weeks...

15 23

8.5 10

50 150

L. 10

16 years . . .

120

700

200

4458

2.5 months

16

9.5

105

27

4667

3 minutes.

4.5

0.75

4

4461 4468

20 15

160 100

R. "9

4671 4679

5 months. . Ihour

27 16

23 3

200 135

R. 28 30

2 weeks ..

12

4471

6 months. .

30

60

260

4691

3 years . . .

92

40

520

116

4475 4481

4482 4486

60 140 140

14 R 17

4693 4695

2 9 5

220 125

L. 18 36 5

5 months. . 7 months. . 15 hours. . .

8

7.5 17

21 36

R 12

4510

StiU-bom

180

36

125

44

4512

11 hours. . .

12

15

165

22

4493

Still-born..

32

20

210

R. 16

4515

7 weeks...

35

20

150

27

4494

StiU-bom . .

14

25

100

17

4520

StiU-bom . .

6

2

35

7.5

3528 3222 3282

4 years. . . 17 years. . . 14 years . . .

50 190 270

25

300

4522

6

60

14

4528 4548

1 210

50 1800

10 460

50

1330

260

15 years. . .

300

3120

5 years . . .

130

100

940

R. 90

4556

12 days

14

2

55

15

3019 3045

50 70

450 1200

220

4560 4900

7 months. . 6 years . . .

26 82

16 75

200 710

37 94

17 years. . .

160

3051 3071 3082 2900

10 months. .

50

30 60 95

450 790

2900

4905

33

350 300

4907 4917 4928

StiU-bom . . 15 months. . 5 weeks . . .

6.5 20 13

2.8 12 7

45 '70'

16

31

R. 11

17 years . . .

350

2919 2924 2926

1870 1270 1950

320 270 400

4930 4940 4947

30 minutes . StUl-bom . . 22 months. .

12 16 46

10

7

130 55 300

36

18

R. 36

110 200

20 years. . .

300

2975

15 vears . . .

150

50

710

220

4955

12 hours. ..

29

9

32

35

4566

Still-born . .

23

11

150

29

4967

8 months. .

45

35

240

4567

Still-bora . .

15

5

90

19

4976

StUl-bom . .

21

16

160

L. 18

4593

Still-born . .

18

3

60

16

4993

Still-bora . .

36

23

190

35

4594

8 hours . . .

22.5

13

110

18

4996

3 days.. . .

30

17

145

42

4596 4332

25 35

280 530

66 110

4802 4810

StUl-bora . . StiU-bora. .

25

60 14

210 225

16 44

3 years . . .

60

4342

16 months. .

20

290

67

4814

7 months. .

16

10

90

R. 18

4346

5.5 years.

60

320

4816

2 years . . .

55

8

380

64

4351

2 weeks . . .

10

3

35

20

4830

18 months. .

45

26

49

4355

17 years. . .

260

110

1380

320

4834

4.5 years . .

90

25

440

87

4356

4 months. .

47

22

260

47

4835

16 years . . .

200

1350

280

278

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

Table 4. — Johns Hopkins Hosjnial, Colored Male Children — Continued.

J. H. H.

No.

Age.

Heart weight.

Spleen weight.

Liver weipht.

Kidney weight.

J. H. H.

No.

Age.

Heart weight.

Spleen weight.

Liver weight.

Kidney weight.

4840 4841 4850 4852 4871 4890 4700 4702 4722 4744 4752 4753 5011 5015 5018 5025 5027 5035 5039 5048 5050 5053 5075 5079 5083 5086 5100 5101 5104 5107 5113 51ir> 5121 5122 5123 5128 51.36 51.39 5143 5153 5ia3 5166 5173 5180 5171 5178 5192 5193 5197 5198 5204 5215 5225 5233 3938 3859 .3860 3898 3788 3405 3416

Still-born . 6 months.

6 months, 23.5 months

4 years . . . 13 years. . . Still-born . .

7 years . . . 30 minutes .

5.5 months Still-bom .

3 months. Still-bom . Still-born . Still-born .

2 days . . . Still-born .

3 days . . .

4 months. 7 months.

6 months. 20 months.

Iday.... 6 years. .

4 years . . 1 1 years , . Still-born. 14 months.

2 years . .

17 months.

7 months. Still-born .

10 months.

8 months. StUl-born .

3 years . .

18 months. Still-born . Still-born . Still-lx)rn . 14 months.

Iday...

6 years . . 2.5 years .

Still-born . Still-born . Still-born . Still-born .

5 months. 2 years . .

Still-born . 5 months. 14 months.

11 months. 1 1 months. 32 months. 17 years. .

7 months. 7 years . . 5 days . . .

4 months.

75

28 110 10.5 24.5

25

110 55

27

26

75

24.5

90

64

11

70

7.2 40 39 38 35 55 55 40 130 20

20

11.5

19

60

3.5 24

IS 50

6

2

25 5

26 9

28 7.7

30

45 4.75 4.5 7.5 3.5

11

40

60 210 240

R. 5

88

R. 23

300 823 200 660

47 190 220 300 125

38

40 110 200

70 200 190 200

80

210

40

140

15.5

R. 24

54

100

R. 20

L. 4

8

25

11

8.5

R. 21

135 4.35 600 1030

45 260 430 230 280

90 450

R. 12 R. 42 R. 90 R. 120 16 R. 29 R. 40

R. 26 R. 16.5

40 580

350 110 445 340

62.75

.30.5

65

53 180 640

45 220 360 240 220 .300 600 200 650 100 210

20 R. 75 100 21.75 R. 6 R. 9.5 R. 6 R. 19 92.8 16.5 R. 21 34 R. 21 L. 25 L. 30 125 L. 50 170

40

3307 3328 3375 3395 3345 3362 3499 3633 3856 4112 4277 4296 4889 4948 4959 5089 1209 1316 1494 1455 1600 1783 1753 1810 1844 2025 2175 2184 2254 2424 2687 2604 2765 2784 2793 2716 2877 31,53 1770 1638 1635 1526 1580 1406 1424 1467 1497 5460 5238 5,502 5400 5507 53,33 5294 5447 5327 5468 5349 5245 5392 5270

8 years . 10 years . 18 years.

2 years . 21 years. 20 years .

20 years .

21 years. . 20; 20:

years .

years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 20 years. .

20 years . . 18 years. .

21 years . . 20 years. . 20 years. . 16 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. .

19 years. . 21 years. .

20 years . .

19 years. . 20 years. . 20 years. .

20 years . .

21 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 21 years. . 20 years . . 20 years . .

20 years . . Full term .

9 months. ,34 days . . .

1 1 years . . New-born. 18 years . .

12 years. . 7 years. .

13 years . . 13 months.

13 months.

14 months.

1 year . . . 26 months.

2 years . .

2 years . . 2 years. .

3 years . .

4 years . .

5 years . . 7 years . .

17 years. .

21 years. .

150 70 450 ,390 350 300

200 290 250 300 340 190 380 325 2,50 230

300 200 300

220 320 350 270 180

150 280

220 260 275 270 350 20 40

100

15

270

no

120

110 160 300 310

290 70 160 25 200 90 250 220 110 175 350 170

110 130

190 200

170 100

120 120 90 18 15 10

60 100 60 35 15

25

22.5

50

180 250

700 1150 890 350 2070 1770 1900 1820 1800

1500 2100 1380 1660

2650 2150 2520 1200 1600 1530 1350 1800 1800

1500 1950 1350 2450 1100

2550

1600 1600 1300 2020 120 230 120 920 200 2000 970 500 850 340 300 260 380 460

350 460

480 500 700 1780 2350

210 250

110 470 340 370 440 340 340 380 300 3.50 400 400 350

L. 160 350

L. 100 430 350 400 400

370 450

290 340 20 50 35 250

270 260

65 H. 34

150 R. 80 R. 70 R. 57

150

440

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

279

Table 5. — Charily Hospital, While Female Children.

C. H.

No.

2108 2911 2026

107 217 219

62 71 85 105 123 137 201 206 272 300 328 339 359 387

1915

3 72 74 77 104 122 135 149

C.H.

No.

2581 2569 2447

1913

114 136

1914

7

154 168 185

198 217 218 220 227 236 260 306 321 324 332 355 429 437 452

Age.

19 years . . 17 years. . 10 months.

14 years . 20 years. 4 weeks .

2 years . . 4 months.

3 years . . 2 years . .

3 years . .

Iday... 2.5 months

2 years . .

9 years. .

5 days . . .

2 weeks . . 2.5 years . . 15 years . .

19 years. .

9 days. . .

3 years . .

7 days.. ,

3 months. New-born. 13 years. . 20 years . .

Heart

weight.

295 113

340 25

no

40 50 45 190

390 20 60 20 20 15 170 320

Spleen weight.

1820

310

28

850

100

14

120

190

1450

300

190

1210

20

140

B. 18

20

B. 50

11

65

25 10 30 25 100

Liver weight.

440 220 280 400 140 110 475

1230 110 160 370

1370

1500 110 470 140 160 60

1020

Kidney weight.

B. 85

B. 55

65

100

33

C.H.

No.

1915

180 227 259 277 301 323 345 380 424 444

1916

115 164 225 257 277 352

1917

84 238

1918

60 108 83 62

1914

311 1918

Age.

4 years . . 13 years. .

3 months. 19 years. .

3^ay8.. . 18 years. .

1 month . . 16 years. . .

3 days ...

8 months.

7 years . . 3 months. 7 months. 10 years. . 3 years. . 3 days . . .

1 month . Iday....

13 years. . 13 years. . 2.33 years. 6 months.

9 months. 10 years . .

Heart weight.

90 170

20 330

20

20 100 20 30

150 80 35

110 130 55 40

Spleen weight.

70 170 10

10 150 10 20

70 100 50 20

Liver weight.

500 1050 150

85 1300

90 800

95 200

530 150 230 1030 665 150

120 800

480 145

140 950

Table 6. — Charily Hospital, While Male Children.

Age.

13 years . . 4 years. . 19 years . .

7 years. . 2 months.

5 years . . 2 years. . 9 years . .

Died day born. 7 years . . 2 months. Died day bom. 9 months.

6 months. 6 weeks. .

18 years. . 21 years. . 19 years. .

2 months.

5 days . . .

6 years . . 5 months.

18 years. . 17 years. .

19 years . . 2.5 years. . 19 days . . .

Heart weight.

170 21

80 24

135 60 125

120 20

320 225 20 25

30 280 195 160

Spleen Liver Kidney weight, w^eight. weight.

25 115

110 100 10 10

1580 425 1500

410 920 45

580 130

250 200

1500 1600 1620 150 115 770 250 1780 1350 1100 750 100

230 56

220 29

60

200

15

180 35

418 295 260 116

C.H. No.

38 123 167

241 252 276 281 291 295 349 369 390 401 404 407 433 491

73 162 209 213 280 291 316

Age.

7 months. Newborn. . 10 days.. . .

2 months.

8 months. 11 years. . .

6 months. . 6 weeks . . .

2 months. 20 years. . . 20 years . . .

5 days . . . . 4 years . . . 15 years. . .

3 months. . 16 years . . . 2.5 months

18 years . . , 5 weeks . . 3 months.

17 hours. .

New-born. 7 days. . .

18 years . 10 years .

Heart weight.

30 20 20

30 60

140 30 20 15

230

300 25 70

220 50

200

325 20 30 35 50 50 30

390

Spleen weight.

25 10 15

20 30 100 20 20

175 40 20 50 30

Liver weight.

140 130 180

100

450

520

170

100

150

2400

2350

150

400

1820

1570 225

2100 200 65 150 100 150 85 2040 1305

Kidney weight.

130 30

50 100 170

170 210 90

Kidney weight.

40 30 Horse- shoe. 50 60

50 40

30

no

280 POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

Table 6. — Charity Hospital, White Male ChUdren — Continuetl.

C.H.

No.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

C.H.

weight.

No.

1917

190

1800

314

30

20

90

31

318

70

50

410

120

349

30

170

1918

19

20

15

50

52

65

40

290

80

54

180

65

1320

68

370

190

1900

300

115

230

200

1230

2619

80

40

460

150

2409

260

1500

2588

30

10

80

40

2502

25

18

110

45

2060

30

60

25

2081

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

weight.

60

35

410

50

30

25

200

50

85

50

375

78

40

170

54

80

25

220

45

350

200

1400

70

40

800

60

110

80

685

115

170

30

510

110

311

120

1135

245

28

15

200

55

254

283

2300

406

311

170

1550

370

270

140

1150

312

342 344 347 379

1917

37

53

56

68

119

256

257

275

291

300

16 years. . New-bom. 22 months. 2 months.

Premature 14 months. 10 years . . 17 years. . 16 years. . 16 months. 18 years. . 3 weeks . .

3 weeks . .

4 days . . .

5 years. . , 3 weeks . . 3 months.

19 days.. .

4 months. 20 years. . 10 months, ll-f years

2+ years 20 years. .

1 year . . . 16 years. . 21 years. . 20 years. .

Table 7. — Charity Hospital, Colored Female Children.

C.H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

C.H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

2275

6 years . . .

170

85

224

1915

2408

18 years. . .

110

45

96

2637

19 years. . .

170

56

1020

224

97

20 vears . . .

130

1.100

320

2232

21 years. . .

220

113

1020

113

21 years . . .

240

200

1570

1913

184

2 months. .

40

10

110

197

4 months. .

20

15

170

50

148

2 years . . .

50

35

325

202

12 years. . .

100

50

740

150

168

19 years . . .

1700

320

209

50

370

110

177

3 weeks...

13

5

Very

19

235

19 years. . .

250

70

1040

250

small.

238

2 months. .

30

10

150

182

4

122

30

247

15 davs

15

10

50

90

1235

256

20

5

7

207

4 months. .

18

10

95

264

3 days ....

16

5

110

20

1914

278

1 year. . . .

50

20

250

282

18 years. . .

180

100

1250

17

4 months. .

30

18

210

341

18 years. . .

280

1750

55

7 years . . .

125

95

770

342

5 days ....

30

10

180

30

89

17 years. . .

235

75

1130

363

18 years. . .

200

50

1200

95

3 months. .

45

30

200

378

Npw-lxjrn,

106

70

40

600

150

60

118

5 years . . .

90

40

392

20

15

260

40

131

2 months. .

18

10

110

464

1 .5 years . . .

20

270

60

138

9 days

20

7

135

465

4 months. .

25

15

180

160

20 years. . .

230

90

1530

468

1.5 years. . .

35

15

185

60

170

12 days.. . .

20

10

80

15

498

4 months. .

20

16

120

20

187

2 days

30

15

135

62

1916

188

3 months. .

20

9

130

205

2.5 years . . .

55

40

380

80

8

19 years. . .

270

90

1725

232

17 years. . .

215

100

1200

9

17 years. . .

280

110

17(M)

309 313

3 months. .

4 months. .

10 20

6

55 125

42 45

42 49

25 25

400 170

105 70

4 months. .

45

319

1 month . .

36

23

135

76

3 months..

59

270

322

19 years. . .

210

1680

438

84

8 months. .

60

90

230

100

366

19 years. . .

209

60

1810

109

3 months. ,

50

110

50

368

20 months. .

17

10

111

200

120

900

396

2 months. .

20

10

140

45

144

14 years. . .

230

140

1150

300

435

70

1220

170 183

4 months. . 18 years . . .

50 400

50

1915

120

1.306

196

6 years, . .

225

100

800

13

4 months..

40

15

210

40

197

18 years . . .

230

100

H.W

300

14 16

20 years. . . 2 months. .

210 20

180 10

IJiSO 100

40

198 199

130 30

1K50 310

........

1 .5 years . . .

120

42

16 years . . .

160

90

970

190

207

150

300

61

6 months. .

35

16

146

40

222

16 years. . .

350

150

1660

84

5 months. .

30

20

220

60

228

1 year ....

50

30

220

90

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN. Table 7. — Charily Hospilal, Colored Female Children — Continued.

281

C.H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

C.H.

Age.

Heart

Spleen

Liver

Kidney

No.

weight.

No.

weight.

1916

1917

230

16 years. . .

200

150

1350

350

185

11 days.. . .

20

19

30

40

237 242

New-bom.. 6 months. .

50 50

80 30

220 210

60

191 193

4 years . . . 18 years. . .

150 300

1300

245

3 weeks . . .

30

20

140

38

204

17 years. . .

250

100

1260

252

5 months. .

20

100

40

248

21 years. . .

380

180

2060

266

17 years . . .

340

2100

252

18 years. . .

200

170

1400

270

333

21 years . . .

270

65

1075

330

292

23 months. .

75

40

300

100

338

7 months. .

45

30

ISO

75

326

10 months. .

30

600

355

18 years. . .

225

1430

360

337

15 years. . .

220

1120

359

3 months. .

40

30

150

60

3.39

16 years. . .

160

90

980

295 :

376

5 months. .

70

45

190

85

359

4 months. .

30

600

60

382

4 weeks . . .

25

16

50

40

1918

391

8 months. .

50

30

220

40

1917

29

22 days....

22

14

70

28

53

6 weeks . . .

45

10

200

60

3

2 months. .

40

25

130

31

99

8 months. .

40

285

40

19

1 year ....

50

10

150

30

3153

5 months. .

10

20

160

20

114

10 years. . .

50

30

550

3067

18 years . . .

100

2600

112 123 172

2 j-ears . . . 17 years . . . 8 months. .

50 220 60

30 90 25

280 280

100 260

2016 2383

12 years. . . 21 years. . .

57 224

Table 8. — Charily Hospital, Colored Male Children.

C. H.

No.

1906

2174 2263

2354 2418

2494 2642

1913

127

188

1914

5 61 87 99 102 119 139 149 153 155 165 169 178 195

207 216 229 241 248 250 267 274 277

Age.

21 years. 19 years.

17 years. . 16 years. .

20 years . 20 years.

17 years. 2 days . .

7 days.. . .

2 years . . . 6 months. .

19 years. . . 14 months. . 16 years . . . 5 years. . .

3 months. . 14 days. . . . 21 years . . .

16 years . . . 10 months. .

5 month'. .

6 months'

gest

1 day

17 years. . . 21 years. . .

6 years . . . 20 years . . . 5 months. .

4 days . . . .

18 years . . . New-born. .

Heart weight.

170 295

170 141

311 311

280 110 17

285 260

340 130 230 20 25 190 15

Spleen weight.

170

200

220 20

8 177

20 20

3

10

250

145

60

120

10

5

80

16

Liver weight.

1148 430

1800 1350

674 2090

2675 190

5

80

420

20

160

210

1180

25

355

630

115

80

1765

1400

150

155

75 100 1250 1800 640 1550 ISO

1130 100

Kidney weight.

70 440 110 20 40

330 55

22 240

180 60

C.H. No.

285 289 292 304 323 338 348 349 357 358 388 405 421

19 30 40 57 91 101 108 110 163 165 174 221 222 226 233 243 244 251 275 285 214 312 321

Age.

1 month . 20 years. .

4 years . . New-born.

5 months. 5 months.

17 years. . 1 1 months. 11 years. . 15 years . .

7 months. 21 years. .

3 months.

6 months.

2 months. 1 1 days . . . 1 1 months.

5 months. 17 years. . .

5 j'ears . . , 20 years . . .

20 years . . . 18 years. . . 17 years . . , 20 years. . .

21 years . . . 9 months.

14 years . . .

6 years. . .

4 months.

.3 months.

4 months. 14 months. 20 years. . .

4 months. New-born. ,

3 months. .

6 months. .

Heart weight.

20 30 30

120 50

130

180 15

310 25

20

50

25

250

392 210 260 290 35

Spleen weight.

23

190

47

210

1650

30

350

125

20

75

50

30

160

30

1270

70

30

100

120

820 1600

8

90

25

160

1940

30

160

10 20 60 20 200 50

170

172

110

180

220

100

140

50

5

15

10

70

Liver weight.

250

100

120

370

150

1700

470

1550

1450

2382

1100

1570

1650

370

1170

650

80

100

140

200

1330

150

160

100

200

Kidney weight.

60 20 30 90 65 280 80

340

80

150 20 30 40 80

425 30

282 POSTNATAL (iKOWTH OF HEAUT, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

Table 8. — Charity Hospital, Colored Male Children — Continued.

C. H.

No.

Age.

Heart Spleen weiKht. weight

Liver weight.

Kidney C. H. weight. No.

Age.

Heart Spleen Liver Kidney weight, weight, weight, weight.

335 346 381 388 389 394 417 435 437 478 481 494 508

1916

41 51 108 116 118 127 133 136 140 171 176 188 203 212 241 247 311 314 315 318 330 336 346 349 360 364 381 385

1917

New-born 17 years. . 1.5 months

20 years . 1 month 1.5 months 7 years. .

10 days.. .

1 year . . . 19 years. .

2 years. . 20 years. .

21 years. .

21 years. . 20 years . . 18 years. .

6 days . . .

17 years. . 14 weeks. . 12 days.. .

3 months.

7 months. 7 years . .

20 years. . 19 years. . 16 years. . 20 years . .

4 days . . . 7 days.. .

20 years . . 10 years . .

21 years. . 4 months. 3 months.

18 years . . 9 weeks . .

19 years . . 18 years. . .N'ew-born.

2 months. 17 years. .

3 days . . . 21 days...

20 years. .

1 1 years . . 21 years. . 7 weeks . .

20 250

50 320

60 325

230 300

205 285 255

20 180

40

125 285

250 300 40

250 110 240 60

250 290 30 30

210 480 50

20 120

145 80 30

105 60 20 20 30 75

150 200

220 100 40 35 1.30 20

125 15 20

140 15

120 150

150

1820

270

1670

70

180

650

70

1600 320 1600 1600

2015 1530 1350 300

240

145

150

180

730

1075

1450

1550

1700

150

120

1475

1050

12.30

200

210

1280

75

1790

1500

90

115

1380

85

140

2330

930 1700 250

40 140

320 52

340 355

40 220

110 1,50 350

100 300

140

70

250

270 25 115

72 74 92 105

no

149 181 197 210

240 254 263 271 279 281 302 308 310 315 336 350 352

85 50

1917

299 1910

3138

4 years . . 8 months 20 years. .

1 month . 19 years . . 19 years. .

0.5 months 8 months. 18 years. . 4 months. 1.5 years.

4 years. . . 17 years. .

2 months. 12 years. .

7 years . . 6 months.

5 months. 21 years. .

2 months. 19 years. .

4 years. . 19 years. .

3 years . .

3 weeks . . 16 years . . 8 years . .

20 years . .

21 years. . 20 years. .

2 days . . . 6 weeks . .

6 months. 1 year . . .

21 years. .

3 months. 3 months.

19 years . .

7 months. 17 years. . 15 years . .

9 days

60 80 450 50 340 290 60 60 250 30 60 300 240

315 100 340

140 150

250

230 40 45 25 70

380 35 25

500 40

60 250

30 220 50

110 50

260 60

270 40

85 40 115

300

115

20

130

20

15

30 150

810 350

1730 100

2050

2000 130 190

1140

640

1680

1200

100

920

430

195

135

1770

500

2000

600

1500

440

135 1080

480 1500 1750 1550

110

240

1670 100 140

1570 205

1360

1250

500 60 355 280 80

280 65

60 190 135

30

140 210

40 160

60

70

40

100

300

30

75

330

R. 40

360

400

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN. 283

CHARTS.

The 8 charts which follow were constructed from the data contained in the tables. In these the data from Baltimore and New Orleans are combined. At birth includes still-born, premature, full term and new-born specimens; 1-18 refers to the age in months at the time of death; 2-20 refers to the age in years at the time of death. In chart 5 four curves are shown after the age of 5 years, as ex- plained in the text.

PA

^^

E

Chart 1. Heart weight and age, white and negro females.

?:.

f^i!

Chart 2. Heart weight and age, white and negro males.

284

POSTNATAL GROWTH OF HEART, KIDNEYS, LIVER, AND SPLEEN.

it

^

iH

?i?H;

m

Att ]-18Rxmlhs Birth

Chart 3. Kidney weight and age, white and negro females.

■N

^:

r^

li

&■

m

2— 20 yean

Chart 4. Kidney weight and age, white and negro males.

Chart 5. Liver weight and age, white and negro females.

n

tt

m

^

CiiAitT 0. Liver wciidit and aw. »liil< and negro males.

CiIAKT 7. Spleen weight and age, wliitc and negro females.