2016 Group Project 6: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
===TGF-beta=== | ===TGF-beta=== | ||
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta is a multifunctional peptide/cytokine that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation and other functions in various cell types. | Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta is a multifunctional peptide/cytokine that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, angiogenesis and other functions in various cell types. | ||
TGF-beta plays a dominant part in the development of the embryo and adult organism, as well as cell growth, immune function and hormone secretion. | TGF-beta plays a dominant part in the development of the embryo and adult organism, as well as cell growth, immune function and hormone secretion. | ||
===TGF-beta superfamily=== | ===TGF-beta superfamily=== | ||
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This site will focus on the TGF-beta family. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis. During development of the embryo, members of the TGF-beta family are essential for bone and cartilage formation, mesoderm induction and patterning and dorso-ventral patterning. | This site will focus on the TGF-beta family. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis. During development of the embryo, members of the TGF-beta family are essential for bone and cartilage formation, mesoderm induction and patterning and dorso-ventral patterning. | ||
===TGF-beta signalling pathway=== | ===TGF-beta signalling pathway=== | ||
The Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway is required for a large number of cellular processes such as cell | The Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway is required in the regulation for a large number of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, invasion and inflammation. TGF-beta can also activate mitogen activated protein kinase signalling. | ||
===History of TGF-beta signalling pathway=== | |||
http://www.cgfr.co.uk/article/S1359-6101(05)00116-4/fulltext?mobileUi=0 | |||
(Place discoveries and findings in a timeline) | |||
===Process of TGF-beta=== | ===Process of TGF-beta=== | ||
(Diagram) | (Diagram) | ||
TGF beta superfamily ligands form dimers that bind to heterodimeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptor subunits with serine/threonine kinase domains. | |||
Following ligand binding, the Type II receptor phosphorylates and activates the Type I receptor. | |||
The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. This initiates a SMAD-dependent signalling cascade that induces or represses transcriptional activity. | |||
Note: | Note: On one hand, Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. On the other hand, Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. The difference between Type I and Type II receptors is that Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS, which is a characteristic of Type I receptors. | ||
Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. | |||
The difference | |||
(Tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology) | (Tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology) | ||
===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== | ===Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it=== | ||
2 | |||
===Current Research=== | ===Current Research=== | ||
===Limitations=== | ===Limitations=== | ||
Mutations in the TGF-beta RII gene have been associated with multiple syndromes. Alterations of this signalling pathway are common in cancer. | |||
===Further Reading=== | ===Further Reading=== | ||
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===References=== | ===References=== | ||
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html | |||
https://www.rndsystems.com/research-area/tgf--beta-superfamily |
Revision as of 09:08, 23 September 2016
2016 Student Projects | ||||
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Signalling: 1 Wnt | 2 Notch | 3 FGF Receptor | 4 Hedgehog | 5 T-box | 6 TGF-Beta | ||||
2016 Group Project Topic - Signaling in Development
OK you are now in a group, add a topic with your student signature to the group page. | ||||
This page is an undergraduate science embryology student project and may contain inaccuracies in either descriptions or acknowledgements. |
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TGF beta Signaling Pathway
Introduction
TGF-beta
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta is a multifunctional peptide/cytokine that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, angiogenesis and other functions in various cell types. TGF-beta plays a dominant part in the development of the embryo and adult organism, as well as cell growth, immune function and hormone secretion.
TGF-beta superfamily
TGF-beta belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor superfamily, a large group of structurally connected cell regulatory proteins. It consists of TGF-beta 1, 2 and 3, Activins, Inhibins, Lefty, Nodal, Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs), Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factors (GDNFs) and Mullierian Inhibiting Substance (MIS). This site will focus on the TGF-beta family. TGF betas are involved in embryogenesis. During development of the embryo, members of the TGF-beta family are essential for bone and cartilage formation, mesoderm induction and patterning and dorso-ventral patterning.
TGF-beta signalling pathway
The Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) beta signalling pathway is required in the regulation for a large number of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, invasion and inflammation. TGF-beta can also activate mitogen activated protein kinase signalling.
History of TGF-beta signalling pathway
http://www.cgfr.co.uk/article/S1359-6101(05)00116-4/fulltext?mobileUi=0
(Place discoveries and findings in a timeline)
Process of TGF-beta
(Diagram)
TGF beta superfamily ligands form dimers that bind to heterodimeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptor subunits with serine/threonine kinase domains. Following ligand binding, the Type II receptor phosphorylates and activates the Type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. This initiates a SMAD-dependent signalling cascade that induces or represses transcriptional activity.
Note: On one hand, Type I cytokine receptors are also transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells. They recognize and respond to cytokines with four alpha helical strands. On the other hand, Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. The difference between Type I and Type II receptors is that Type II receptors do not possess the signature sequence WSXWS, which is a characteristic of Type I receptors. (Tabulate how it is involved in the various processes of embryology)
Regulation of the pathway and factors affecting it
2
Current Research
Limitations
Mutations in the TGF-beta RII gene have been associated with multiple syndromes. Alterations of this signalling pathway are common in cancer.
Further Reading
Glossary
Apoptosis - Cytokine - a broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signalling Ligands - a molecule that binds to a larger molecule
References
http://wormbook.org/chapters/www_tgfbsignal/tgfbsignal.html https://www.rndsystems.com/research-area/tgf--beta-superfamily