User:Z3465141: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:24, 16 September 2014

Attendance

Lab 1 --Z3465141 (talk) 12:45, 6 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 2 --Z3465141 (talk) 11:56, 13 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 3 --Z3465141 (talk) 11:59, 20 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 4 --Z3465141 (talk) 11:19, 27 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 5 --Z3465141 (talk) 11:41, 3 September 2014 (EST)

Lab 6 --Z3465141 (talk) 11:46, 10 September 2014 (EST)

PubMed

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Assessment 1

The article above aim was to determine whether vitamin D levels effects women’s clinical pregnancy rates following in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. A total of 173 infertile women participated in the study that met the following criteria: being in the age category of 18-41 years, follicle-stimulating hormone level 12 IU/L or lower, as well as consent.

Participants of this study were divided into two categories based on their Vitamin D via the serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels. Sufficient levels were classified for women to have ≥ 75 nmol/L of vitamin D whereas insufficient levels were classed as being < 75 nmol/L vitamin D levels. Successful patients IVF cycles resulted in a clinical pregnancy, which is defined as a visible intrauterine sac upon ultrasound.

The study concluded that the womens clinical pregnancy rates were subsequently higher per IVF cycle if the patient had a sufficient level of Vitamin D. Thus forming a relationship between serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and clinical pregnancy rates.

Assessment 2

Assessment 3

Assessment 4

Pre-mature ovarian failure (POF) is currently classified into two categories, these include: there are little to no remaining follicles or there is a copious quantity of follicles present in the ovaries. POF in women has been commonly treated by hormone replacement therapy, even though the treatment increases the risks of other complications including the formation of blood clots such as DVT’s and cancers such as ovarian and breast cancer. The study undertaken by Wang et. al. attempted to investigate whether Mesenchymal stem cells utilized from the human umbilical cord “umbilical cord matrix stem cells” or (UCMSCs) originating in Wharton’s Jelly has any therapeutic use for the treatment of premature ovarian failure in mice.

Wang et al. collected and isolated UCMSCs from full term umbilical cords following the drainage of the cord blood. The umbilical cords were then dissected into sections of 5-6 grams of tissue manually and treated chemically in preparation to be cultured and then harvested after 10 days. The mice were then divided into 3 categories, each consisting of 15 mice each, which included the POF and UCMSC groups. Mice in the UCMSC were intravenously injected with 1 x 10^6 hUCMSCs in 100 𝜇L PBS, whereas the mice in the POF group were exclusively injected with 100𝜇L PBS. These groups then received daily injections of intraperitoneal CTX (50mg/kg) for a total of 15 days, instigating the development of POF models of chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage.

The study concluded that following the transplantation of UCMSCs in mice in the chemotherapy treated group, the mice had a decrease in apoptosis of cumulus cells as well as restoring the normal function of the ovary. Mice treated with UCMSCs also reportedly had a significant increase in their sex hormone levels, leading to an increase in follicles present in the treated mice in comparison to the control group. In essence, the study conveyed UCMSCs could successfully restore the function of damaged ovaries as well as significantly decreasing apoptosis of granulosa cells in the developing follicles.

Vascular shunts

• Ductus venosus - connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal segment of the arotic arch allowing oxygenated blood to travel from the left umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, thus allowing bypass of the liver. This shunt is then closed postnatally and becomes ligamentum venous.

• Foramen ovale - an opening located between the right and left atrium that directs highly oxygenated blood flow entering from the right atrium to the left atrium. This is then closed at birth and become the fossa ovalis. The remnant of a foramen ovale that had not closed after birth is known as a patent foramen ovale.

• Ductus arteriosus - connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. This blood vessel prevents the output of the right ventricle from entering the non-functioning and fluid filled lungs of the fetus. Ductus arteriosus then becomes the ligamentum arteriosum postnatally.

Assessment 5

Gastrochisis

Gastrochisis is a development abnormality of the anterior abdominal wall, where the bowel protrudes without a covering sac between the developing rectus muscles, occurring slightly lateral and towards the right of the fetal umbilicus. Gastrochisis commonly occurs as an isolated malformation, occurring in approximately 2.5 in 10’000 births.

During the fourth week of normal fetal development, the lateral body of the fetus folds, moving ventrally and fusing in the midline to form the anterior body wall. In Gastrochisis it has been theorized that the incomplete fusion of the midline results in this abnormality, resulting in the abdominal viscera to protrude through the abdominal wall, herniating through the rectus muscle. This is one of many theories linked to Gastrochisis as the cause is still unclear. Other theories include, the failure of mesoderm to form in the body wall, rupture of the amnion around the umbilical ring with subsequent herniation of the bowel, abnormal involution of the right umbilical vein resulting in a weakening of the body wall and thus resulting in herniation of the bowel, and disruption of the right vitelline (yolk sac) artery with consequent body wall damage and gut herniation.

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 During the fourth week of normal fetal development, the lateral body of the fetus folds, moving ventrally and fusing in the midline to form the anterior body wall. In Gastrochisis it has been theorized that the incomplete fusion of the midline results in this abnormality, resulting in the abdominal viscera to protrude through the abdominal wall, herniating through the rectus muscle. This is one of many theories linked to Gastrochisis as the cause is still unclear. Other theories include, the failure of mesoderm to form in the body wall, rupture of the amnion around the umbilical ring with subsequent herniation of the bowel, abnormal involution of the right umbilical vein resulting in a weakening of the body wall and thus resulting in herniation of the bowel, and disruption of the right vitelline (yolk sac) artery with consequent body wall damage and gut herniation.
 <pubmed>25059025</pubmed>
 <pubmed>17230493</pubmed>
 <pubmed>19419415</pubmed>