View source for File:Thalidomide - CPS49 vascular effect.jpg

==CPS49 prevents filopodial extensions in endothelial cells==

CPS49 - a tetrafluorinated analogue of thalidomide that is chemically and structurally related to thalidomide breakdown products.

('''A–F''') Confocal images of {{zebrafish}} intersomitic vessel (ISV) formation 3 h (A–C) or 6 h (D–F) after DMSO (A and D) or CPS49 (B, C, E, and F) treatment at 24 h postfertilization. 

Black arrowheads in B and E are shown at higher power in C and F. CPS49 reduced the number of filopodia and filopodial extensions (arrowheads), stunted forming ISVs (black asterisk), and prevented formation of a patent, functional vascular network (black arrows; compare A, B, D, and E). 


('''G and H''') Number of tip cell filopodia (G) and accumulative change in ISV length (H) in control (DMSO; open circles) and CPS49 (filled circles) treated zebrafish embryos imaged by using time-lapse photography. 


('''I–L''') Confocal images of HUVEC cultured cells after 1 h of treatment with DMSO (I and J) or CPS49 (K and L). f-actin antibody staining highlights increased stress fibers in CPS49-treated cells (K) but not in DMSO-treated cells (I). alpha-tubulin staining indicates a decrease in tubulin structure between DMSO (J) and CPS49 (L) treated cells. 


('''M''') Model of CPS49 action on endothelial cell and vessel outgrowth, where new vessel networks are stunted and lost as CPS49 prevents all angiogenesis, but in stable, established, mature networks, only the distal cell is prevented from angiogenesis and stunted temporarily. 


('''N''') Model of action of CPS49 of the limb highlighting the developmental stage dependence of drug action. Treatment at HHst18 results in limb outgrowth failure, as all vessels are unstable and affected, whereas at HHst23, proximal vessels are stable, but distal vessels are angiogenic and lost resulting in loss of the handplate. We hypothesize that phocomelia arises because of some {{FGF}} signaling remaining, which can then pattern the resulting limb stump. 


(Scale bars: A, B, D, and E, 25 μm; C and F, 12.5 μm; I–L, 10 μm; text modified from figure legend)

:Links: {{Thalidomide}}

===Reference===
{{#pmid:19433787}}


{{PNAS}}

Fig. 4. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/21/8573/F4.expansion.html

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[[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Chicken]] [[Category:Limb]] [[Category:Cardiovascular]]