Talk:Book - Outline of Comparative Embryology

GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

SOURCE WORDS AND ROOTS FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES

11, Gr., without

ab, L., away from

acro, fr. Gr. akros, highest tip, apex actin, fr. Gr. aktes, my

ad, L., to or toward, upon akros, Gr., tip

allos, Gr., other

alter, L., other

amnion, fr. Gr. amnos, lamb amphi, Gr., both

an, Gr., without

line, L., up

Anlage, Ger., fundament, beginning cell

mass

ante, L., before

enthropos, Gr.. man

apo, Gr., away

apsls, Gr., an arch

aqua, L., water

archos. fr. Gr. archaios, ancient arrenos, Gr., male

arthros, Gr., joint

askos, Gr., bag, wine skin aster, Gr., star

auris, L., ear

autos, Gr., self

basi, L., at the base of hi, L., two

bios, Gr., life

blsstos, Gr., germ brachium, L.. arm brschy, Gr., short

caecus, L., blind

caeno, fr. Gr. lcainos, common Cardin, Gr., heart

cauda, L., mil

centro, fr. Gr. Icentron, center cephslé, Gr., head

cercoid, fr. Gr. Icerkos, tail

chiasma, Gr., two crossed lines chondros, Gr., cartilage (grain of wheat) chords, L., a cord or string

chorion, Gr., foetus-membrane chroma, Gr., color

chyma, Gr., juice, ﬂuid

clast, fr. Gr. Iclastos, broken

cloaca, L., sewer

coelo, fr. Gr. lcoelos, hollow

cope, fr. Gr. hope, an oar

corpus, L., body

cortex, L., bark

crescere, L., to increase

cyclos, Gr., circle

cyphon, fr. Gr. Icyphos, bent, crooked cyst, fr. Gr. kystts, bladder, sac

cytos, Gr., cell or hollow space

de, L., from, away, out of

deferre, L., to carry away

delphys, Gr., uterus

de novo, L. “from a new” or "anew,”

origin from no known source

dens, L., tooth

derma, Gr., skin

desxnos, Gr., fastening, ligament deuto, fr. Gr. deuteros, second, second-

ary

dexios, Gr., on the right hand

di, Gr., two

dia, Gr., between

diplos, Gr., double

ducere, L., to lead

dura, L., hard

echinos, Gr., hedgehog

ecto, ekt, Gr., the outer, outside efferre, L., to carry away from elasmos, Gr., plate, ﬂat, metal plate

embole, Gr., 3. putting into enchyma, Gr., something poured in end, endo, Gr., within, inside enteros, Gr., inside

ep, epi, Gr., upon

epibole, Gr., a throwing upon erythros, Gr., red

eu, Gr., well, good

ex, L., out, outside

ferre, L., to carry ﬂlum, L., thread foetus, L., offspring foramen, L., an opening

gamete, Gr., wife

gastér, Gr., stomach

gemma, L., a bud

genesis, Gr., birth

gerere, L., to bear

germinate, L., to sprout

-glea, Gr., gelatinous substance goné, Gr., offspring

gyné, Gr., woman

hémi, L., half

hépar, Gr., liver

heteros, Gr., different

hippies, Gr., pertaining to a horse holes, Gr., whole

homoios, Gr., like

homes, Gr., the same

hydra, Gr., water

hyp, hypo, Gr. or L., below hyper, Gr., over, above

inter, L., between

in toto, L., in entirety intra, L., within

isos, Gr., equal

karyon, Gr., nut

kata, Gr., down

Keimbahn, Ger., germ track kinesis, Gr., motion

labium, L., lip

lactima, L., tear

lacuna, L., space

laion, Gr., left

lamina, L., a thin sheath

larva, L., ghost, mask

latus, L., side

lecithin, fr. Gr., lekithos, yolk leios, Gr., smooth

leukos, Gr., white

lingua, L., tongue

lithos, Gr., a stone

logos, Gr., speech, reasoning lympha, L., clear water

makros, Gr., large mamma, L., breast marsupium, L., pouch maturus, L., ripe

medius, L., middle medulla, L., marrow megos, megalon, Gr., great meros, Gr., part

mes, meso, Gr., the middle

met, meta, Gr. and L., between or after

metos, Gr., a thread metron, Gr., 3. measure micros, Gr., small

mixis, Gr., mingling monos, Gr., one

morphé, Gr., form morula, L., little mulberry mys, Gr., muscle

myzon, Gr., sucker

natus, L., born

neos, Gr., new, youthful nephros, Gr., kidney neuron, Gr., nerve notes, Gr., back nucleus, L., kernel

odons, Gr., tooth

-oid, fr. Gr. eidos, form, like, in the form

of

oikos, Gr., 9. house onto, Gr., being ophis, Gr., a serpent optikos, Gr., eye orthos, Gr., straight ovum, L., egg

paedo, fr. Gr. pais, paidos, child palin, Gr., again

pallium, L., cloak or mantle para, Gr., beside, near

paren, L. from parere, to bear sinus, L., curve, hollow bag parthenos, Gr., virgin soma, Gr., body

Pen“. Gr., ﬁve sperms, Gr., germ, seed

peri, Gr. or L.. around splanchnon, Gr., one of the viscera petros, Gr., a stone sporos, Gr., 9. seed, a sowing

phag, fr. Gr. phagein, to eat stereos, Gr., solid

phasis, Gr., appearance stoma, Gr., mouth

pherein, Gr., to bear stratum, L., a layer

philein, Gr., to love atria, L., 9, fun-ow

-photos, Gr., bearing,-producing strobilos, Gr., something twisted, as :3. photos, Gr., light , pine cone

PhY11°ﬂs GP-» 1081' sub., L., under

Pmdi°nv G’-v lime 03? super or supra, L., above

pinna, L., feather

plakous, Gr., ﬂat cake (in placenta) planus, L., ﬂat

plasma, Gr., formed, molded plastos, Gr., formed

plax, Gr., plate, fl-at

pleura, Gr., a rib, a side

pluteus, L., a shed

pueuma, Gr., breath

syn or sym, Gr., or L., together

teleos, Gr., whole

telos, Gr., end

tentare, L., to feel, to handle tetra, Gr., four

tetrados, Gr., four

théke, Gr., a case

pod‘, G,” foot thélé, Gr., a nipple poly’ G,-_, many thelys, Gr., female poros, Gr., a passage, pore tome, fr. Gr. tomé, a cutting post, L., behind, after tonos, Gr., tension pre, L., before totus, L., all, whole primordium, L., the beginning Trllger, Gen, carrier pro, Gr. or L., in front, toward tréma, Gr., opening proktos, Gr., anus tri, L., three

PT°t°S. GT». first ttochos, Gr., a wheel Pseudésv G1‘-v false trope, Gr., a turning Pt°’°“v Gr-r Wing trophé, Gr., nutrition 9"?” L‘! girl’ do“ tunic, L., tunic

Pym’ Gr" gate -typos, Gr., impressed form

quadrans, L., a fourth part _u1e, L" diminutive

' . l radius, L., spoke of wheel umbmcus’ L ’ mwe

re- (red-), L., back, again, against maul?’ L" hoof renes, L., kidney , ., one. . . this, Gr” nose in’, Ger., primitive . rostrum’ L” beak um, fr. Gr. aura, tail

vagina, L., sheath

111 L. littl “cc us’ ’ E e sac valent, fr. L. valerc, to be worth

sarx, Gr., ﬂesh

saurus, Gr., a lizard V“: L-v 3 duct _ _

scleros, Gr., hard V9891“, Lu enlivened; VIEOTOUS: STOW- segmentum, L., from secure, to out ins

semi, L., half veiuxn. I--, a veil

septum, L., fence, wall venter, L., belly, stomach SOURCE WORDS AND ROOTS FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES 391

vermis, L., worm zeugle, zeug, combining form from G12, vitellus, L., yolk of egg yoke, join vivus, L., alive zo6n, Gr., animal

volvere, L., to roll zygon, Gr., yoke, pair

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY

Names which are applied to a single structure only, as notovhord, mandible, ambulacra, etc., are not usually included in this glossary. Names of systematic groups are also omitted.

Acoelomate. Not possessing a coelome or body cavity.

Acrosome. The apical body at the tip of a spermatozoon. Also called “perfera- torium” from its supposed function of penetrating actively into the egg.

Actinotrocha. The larva of Phtrromls.

Actinula. The larva of many hydrozoa.

Agamocytogony. Asexual reproduction. M. Hartman’s term.

Agamogony. The same as agamocytogony.

Alecithal eggs. Eggs without yolk or with very little, and that uniformly distributed. Equivalent to isolecithal or homolecithal.

Alima. A larval stage of certain Crustacea.

Alternation of generations. The same as metagenesis.

Ametabola. A division of generalized insects which do not undergo metamorphosis; the Thysanura and Collembola.

Amitosis. Direct cell division; division without the formation of spireme or chromo- somes.

Amnion. A thin membrane enclosing the embryos of some invertebrates and of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Amphiblastula. The free-swimming larval form in the sponges.

Arnphigony. Sexual reproduction, involving participation of two individuals.

Amphoterotoky. The condition in which parthenogenetic organisms of both sexes are produced in a single brood.

Analogy. Similarity of the parts due to function rather than structure.

Anaphase. The stages in mitosis during which the chromosomes pass from the meta- phase position at the equator of the spindle to the poles.

Animal pole. The protoplasmic part of the egg from which the polocytes or polar bodies are given off from which the nervous system and sense organs develop.

Arachnactis. The larva of the Cereanthidae.

Archenteron. The primitive gut of the gastrula which later becomes the primitive digestive tract.

Archeocytes. In sponges the wandering parenchyma cells, aggregates of which form gemmules. Also called sorites.

Architomy. Asexual reproduction in which no zone of division is indicated before the division actually begins. Contrasted with parntomy.

Arrhenotoky. The production parthenogenetically of eggs which are exclusively male producing.

Artiﬁcial parthenogenesis. The initiation of development in an egg without ferti- lization.

392 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 393

Ascidiozooid. In Pyrosoma buds produced from a stolen which forms on the rudi- mentary embryo.

Asexual reproduction. Reproduction without the union of germ cells, and conse- quently without their production, not even reducing divisions occurring in animals which propagate in this manner.

Aster. The star-like radiations which surround the central body during mitosis.

Augmentation. Reproduction by growth above the normal.

Auricularia. The larva of the Holothuroidea.

Atrochal larvae. In annelids ciliated larvae with an apical tuft of long cilia but with no prototroch are spoken of as atrochal.

Axis of cell. A line passing through the nucleus and centrosome of a cell.

Axis of embryo (embryonic axis). The anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, or the

line drawn through the uncleaved egg in the position of the future anterior- posterior direction.

Bilateral cleavage. A type of cleavage in which the egg substances are distributed symmetrically with respect to the median plane.

Biparental. Derived from two parents.

Bipinnaria. The larva of the starﬁshes, so called from the symmetrical arrangement of its arms.

Bisexual. Herrnaphroditie. Having organs of both sexes in one individual.

Blastea. The hypothetical ancestral form, corresponding to the blastula in the simplicity of its structure, which Haeckel made use of in his “Blastea-Gastrea” theory.

Blastocoele. The segmentation cavity or the cavity of the blastula.

Blastocone. Cells of the external row about the blastodisc of a cephalopod, the lower ends of which fade into the yolk.

Blastocyst. The hollow sphere formed in mammals by the cleavage of the egg and the migration of the blastomeres; the blastodermic vesicle.

Blastoderm. The layer of formative cells developed about the yolk mass in embryos from meroblastic eggs, particularly vertebrates; it is of only one cell in thickness.

Blastodisc. In eggs with discoidal cleavage the protoplasmic area during cleavage takes the form of a blastodisc.

Blastomere. The cell produced by cleavage of the egg.

Blastopore. The communication between the gastrular cavity and the outside.

Blastotomy. The separation of cleavage cells or portions of them in the early stages of development. '

Blastula. The end stages of cleavage. In its simplest condition a hollow sphere of cells.

Brachiolaria. An asteroid larva in a stage of development following the bipinnaria; it has three anterior arms containing diverticula of the anterior coelome.

Bud. An undeveloped branch, usually lateral, of an organism.

Budding. Reproduction in which a small secondary part is produced from the parent organism and gradually grows to become independent.

Calytopsis. The larval form of Euphausiodocea; a zoaea.

Campodeiform larva. An insect larva of generalized form resembling the thysanuran genus Campodea. Also called thysanuriform. Has long, ﬂattened body, hard plates, long legs and antennae, caudal cerci, large mandibulate mouth parts. 394 GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

Cell lineage. The history of the cell divisions from the early cleavages up to the time when the deﬁnite fundaments of the organs are laid down.

Cenogenesis (caenogenesis). The developmental processes in an individual which reproduce no old or ancestral characters, but only new and adaptive ones. Opposed to palingemesis.

Centtodesmus. A connection between the centrioles after their division from which the central spindle at least in some cases is said to arise.

Centrolecithal eggs. Eggs in which the yolk, usually of rather large amount, is found in the central region.

Centrosome. The large central bodies formed at the poles of the spindle, consisting

of the centriole surrounded by the aster; the center of the divisional activity of the cell.

Cercaria. The tailed larva of the liver-ﬂuke.

Chondriosome. A cytoplasmic body of the character of mitochondria, chondrio- chonts, etc.

Chorion. The second covering of an egg cell produced by the follicle cells. Also used loosely in other senses. In chick embryo it is equivalent to the outer or false amnion, and in mammalian embryos it is identiﬁed as trophoblastic in origin.

Chromatin. That substance in the nucleus which is rendered conspicuous by basic stains and which is the chief constituent of chromosomes.

Chromatin diminution. The elimination, usually in early cleavage, of a portion of the chromatin in the formation of the primordial germ cells.

Chromosomes. Bodies, commonly rod-shaped, seen to best advantage during the metaphase of a dividing cell. The mechanism by which their division is accom- plished is the physical basis of inheritance.

Chrysallogenesis. Production of ripe sex products in the pupal stage of Chironomus. A special form of paedogenesis.

Cleavage. The cell divisions by which the egg is converted into a. multicellular organ- ism, the blastula.

Coelome. The true body cavity lined with mesoderm and lying between the digestive tract and the body wall.

Coenogenesis. See Cenogenesis.

Concrescence. (1) The fusion or union of parts of a growing embryo which were already separate. The usual example is the coming together of the lateral halves of the blastoderm in the neighborhood of the blastopore. (2) Also the fusion of masses of sponge cells and their growth into an individual from which a new colony is formed.

Copepodid. A temporary hatched larval stage following the nauplius and meta- nauplius stages of certain parasitic copepods.

Cydippid. The larval form of higher groups of Ctenophora; named from the most primitive type of ctenophore, the Cydippidea.

Cyphonautes. The larval form of the ectoproct bryozoa.

Cypris. The larval form of certain decapods, named from the genus Cypris, an ostracod.

Cysticercoid. The bladder-worm stage of those tapeworms whose intermediate host is an invertebrate.

Cystlcercus. A bladder-worm larva of the tapeworms living in solid organs, as

muscles, liver, brain, etc., of vertebrate hosts. Cyte. A germ cell in the stages in the production of a gamete during which maturation DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 395

and especially chromosome reduction are accomplished. Oocyte and spermatocyte of the female and male, respectively. Cythazoid. One of the larval forms of Salpa. Cytogamy. Conjugation. Cytogeny. Sexual reproduction by germ cells. Cytology. The science which devotes itself to the study of cells as individuals. Cytoplasm. The protoplasm of the cell not including the nucleus.

Dediﬂerentiation. The return of cells from a condition of specialization to one corre- sponding to that of their embryonic condition.

Delamination. The formation of a new layer of cells parallel to the old by the division and migration and rearrangement of cells of the primary germ layers.

Desor’s larva. A type of larva of certain nemerteans which is really a modiﬁed pilidium.

Deuterostomia. A group of phyla which includes all forms in which ectomesoderm is lacking, namely the Echinodermata, Enteropneusta, and Chordata. Contrasted with Prostomia.

Deutoplasm. The food material or yolk within the cytoplasm of an egg.

Dexiotropic. Right handed, or in a clockwise direction.

Differentiation. Process by which originally a simple type of organization becomes structurally or functionally specialized.

Dioeceous. Having the organs of the two sexes in two individuals.

Dipleurula. The hypothetical larval ancestral form of the echinoderms.

Diploblastic. Of two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm only.

Diploid. Having the unreduced number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells, the gonia, and the fertilized egg.

Discoidal. Having the type of cleavage found in extreme meroblastic eggs in which the cytoplasmic area is limited to a small disc on the yolk surface.

Disogeny. “Sexual maturity of one and the same individual in two different con- ditions, between which a metamorphosis with retrogression of the sex products occurs” (Chun).

Disymmetrical. Having the type of cleavage found in ctenophores in which two centers of symmetry are developed.

Echinopluteus. The pluteus larva of the echinoids.

Ectoderm (epiblast). The outer germ layer or the formative tissue composing it. Also the derivatives in later development of this layer.

Ectomeres. The micromeres in eggs with spirally cleaving eggs which produce ectodermic structures.

Ectomesoderm. Mesoderm derived from the primary ectoderm.

Ectoplasm. (1) The protoplasmic layer just within the cell wall. (2) The clear proto- plasm of the ascidian egg which is derived from the germinal vesicle and collects at the upper pole of the eg, the source of the material of the gray crescent.

Embolic gastrulntion. Gastrulation by invagination.

Embryo. The undeveloped organism during the period in which it is nourished only from stored food. Strictly speaking this term is applied to the young organism only while still enclosed in the egg membranes.

Embryonic axis. See Axis of embryo.

Embryonic knob. In the mammalian embryo in the cases of entypy of the germ, the thickened trophoblastic cell mass over the embryonic shield which by its enlarge- 396 GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

Inent brings about the so—called inversion of germ layers ; the "Triiger,” also tropho- blastic knob.

Embryonic shield. A thickening, more or less shield-like, in the walls of the blaste- derm, which will give rise to the body proper.

Endoderm (entoderm, hypoblast). The inner germ layer or the formative tissue composing it. Also the derivatives in later development of this layer.

Endoderm mother cells. Cells in the one-layered mammalian blastoeyst which by their inward migration and proliferation produce the primary endoderm.

Endomeres. The large macromeres of spirally cleaving eggs from which the endo- derm will arise.

Endomesodenn. Mesoderm derived from primary endoderm.

Enterocoele. A portion of the coelomic cavity which arises by outgrowth from the enteric cavity.

Entoderm. See Endoderm.

Ephippium. The shell in which the winter eggs of Cladocera are often contained.

Ephyra. The free-swimming larval form of the Scyphozoa.

Epiblast. See Ectoderm.

Epiboly. The process of overgrowth by which gastrulation is accomplished where the endomeres are very large and the micromeres very small.

Epigenesis. The conception that the developing germ cell is structurally homogeneous and undiﬁerentiated, and that its subsequent development is due to the interaction of the protoplasrn and the environment. Opposed to preforrnation.

Erichthoidina. A stage in the development of the larva of stomatopod Crustacea.

Erichthus. A stage in the development of stomatopod crustacean larva.

Eruciform larva. Insect larva of caterpillar or maggot type. Cylindrical, ﬂeshy body, thin integument, reduced mouth parts, antennae, legs, and caudal cerci. Inactive.

Evagination. The unequal growth outward of a. surface layer, one of the processes by which the differentiation of organs is produced.

Facultative or Optional. Said of parthenogenesis when the eggs possess the power of developing without the intervention of sperm, but more usually are fertilized.

Fertilization. Broadly considered, the union of the gametes of two sexes. Strictly speaking it has two phases, initiation of development and the union of the egg and sperm pronuclei.

Fetus. See Foetus.

Foetus (fetus). The advanced embryo of the mammal.

Formative area. The portion of a blastoderm or blastocyst which gives rise to the body proper of the embryo.

Fragmentation. The breaking into parts which may undergo further growth. Occurs in sponges.

Frustulation. Constriction of small bud-like branches from a hydroid after which it settles down as a frustulum which grows into a new hydranth.

Gaxnete. The germ cell when ready for fertilization without reference to sex.

Gametocytogony. Sexual reproduction. M. Hartman’s term.

Gametogenesi. The process of the development of the mature gamete from a pri- mordial germ cell.

Gamogony. Sexual reproduction. Gastrea. The hypothetical ancestral form which Haeckel conceived to have the

characters of a typical gastrula. C’f. blastea. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 397

Gastroblast. Nutritive individual of the tunicate colony.

Gastrula. The two-layered stage following the blastula of the embryo.

Gastrular cavity. The gastrocoele, from which the future enterie cavity is to be developed.

Gemmiparous. Reproducing by means of gemmules.

Gemmule. The reproductive mass of cells asexually derived in the sponges.

Germ balls. Groups of cells in the larval liver-ﬂuke which give rise to the new rediae. By some regarded as parthenogenetic ova, by others as groups of cells asexually budded off.

Germ cell determinants. Cytoplasmic inclusions which are unequally distributed in cleavage but pass into the daughter cells of the germ line.

Germinal epithelium. That portion of the coelomie epithelium which covers the genital ridge and the developing gonads.

Germ layer. A primary formative layer of cells which by subsequent processes of development produces tissues and organs of the embryo.

Germ plasm. The hereditary material, the physical basis of inheritance, speciﬁcally localived in the chromatin.

Germ ring. The formative edge of the advancing blastodisc in eggs cleaving dis- coidally. The material of the embryonic region proper comes largely from this ring.

Germ track. Equivalent to the German Keimbahn. Those cells which are distinguished in the early cleavage stages, and from then on, from whose lineage will come the primordial germ cells.

Glochidium. Larva stage of bivalve molluscs; it commonly lives parasitically in the gills of ﬁshes during part of its life cycle.

Gonangium. An individual without tentacles in a typical hydroid which buds off the medusae asexually.

Gonia. The cells resulting from the division of the primordial germ cells previous to the end of the growth period, sperrnatogonia for the male and oogonia for the female.

Gonocoele. That portion of the coelome in which the gonads are developed. It is derived from the ventral part of the myococlc.

Haploid. Having the reduced number of chromosomes as found in the matured gametes.

I-Iermaphrodite. An individual having organs of both sexes.

Hermaphroditic. The same as monoeceous.

I-Ieterochrony. Disturbances in the synchrony of development, or in the sequence of the events of ontogeny.

I-Ieterogarny. Production of gametes of different kinds. Opposed to isogamy.

I-Ieterogony. Alternation of generations in which hermnphroditic and bisexual generations are involved.

Heterometabola. Those groups of insects which have incomplete or direct meta- morphosis. Included are Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Platyptera, Plecoptera, Ephe- merida, Odonata, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera.

I-Ieterotypic. Having the first meiotic or reduction division as distinguished from the second or homotypic.

I-Iibemacula. The winter buds of the Bryozoa. Holoblastic. Having the type of egg structure in which cleavage divides the entire

egg. Holometabola. The more specialized insects in which metamorphosis is complete or 398 GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

indirect. Includes Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Neuroptera, Meccptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, and Hymenoptera.

Homeotypic. Having the second meiotic or maturation division in which the behavior of the chromosomes is not greatly different from that of somatic mitosis as con- trasted with the case in the heterotypic division.

Homolecithal eggs. Equivalent to isolceithal and alecithal eggs; eggs in which the meager amount of yolk present is uniformly distributed.

Homology. The fundamental structural similarity between organs or organisms based upon a common embryologieal origin.

Hydra-tuba. See Scyphistoma.

Hydrocoele. That portion of the coelomic system of an cchinoderm from which the chief parts of the water vascular system of the adults arise.

Hypoblast. See Endoderm.

Implantation. The process by which the mammalian blastocyst becomes attached to the uterine wall.

Instar. A term used to designate an insect at any particular stage between molts, as: first instar, the insect at time of hatching; second instar, the insect after the first molt.

Interkinesis. The “resting” period intervening between two successive mitoses. The term is now commonly applied to all vegetative nuclei.

Invagination. The unfolding process by which, for example in gastrulation, the primary endoderm is withdrawn into the blastula cavity and becomes enclosed by the primary ectodcrm.

Inversion of germ layers. The formation in mammalian embryos due largely to the entypy of the germ of a false amniotic cavity lined with ectoderm and covered by mesoderm. No inversion in a true sense occurs, but a misleading appearance is responsible for the term.

Involution. Technically the rolling in or turning over of cells as over the blastodermal rim into the segmentation cavity. Commonly secondary to epiboly.

Isolecithal. Equivalent to aleeithal or homolecithal, indicating in holoblastic eggs the uniform distribution of the yolk granules.

Karyokinesis. Cell division of the indirect type involving primary nuclear activity and the formation of spindle, spiremes, chromosomes, etc. The same as mitosis.

Laceration. Fragmentation due to external unfavorable conditions. Subsequent re- generation normally follows.

Laeotropic. Left handed, or a cleavage plane of the spiral type turned counter- clockwise.

Lamella. A thin plate of tissue often connecting adjacent structures.

Lamina. A thin plate, especially of bone or other hard tissue.

Larval stage. An immature but usually active stage in the development of an organ- ism. Since it leads an independent existence 9. larva often possesses special tempor- ary adaptive characters which may not be of later signiﬁcance.

Lecithin. One of the lipoid substances commonly found in the egg yolk.

Macromere. One of the larger blastomcres in eggs with unequal cleavage. Also written megamere. Opposed to micromere. Maturation. The process by which the germ cells or gametes are prepared for fertiliza- DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 399

tion. During maturation the reduction of the chromosome number to one-half usually takes place.

Megalecithal egg. An egg of the extreme meroblastic type in which there is a large amount of yolk.

Megalops. The larval stage which follows the zones. in most crabs. Megamere. See Macromere.

Meroblastic. Having the type of egg structure in which cleavage is only partial owing to the accumulation of yolk in the egg.

Mesenchyme. That part of the mesoderm which is not developed as a surface cover- ing, the mesothelium, or derived from it. Gives rise to connective tissue, blood, bone, etc.

Mesoblast. See Mesoderm.

Mesoderm (mesoblast). The middle germ layer or the formative tissue composing it. Also the derivatives in later development of this layer.

Mesoglea. A non-cellular layer of gelatinous consistency between the ectoderm and endoderm of sponges and coelenterates.

Mesomeres. A blastomere of size intermediate between macromeres and micromeres.

Mesoplasm. .One of the organ~forming substances, for example in Cynthia, where it is formed just below the equator from crescentic material.

Mesothelium. The mesoderm lining the primitive coelome; the epithelium of meso- dermal origin.

Metagenesis. Alternation of a sexual and an asexual generation.

Metamerism. The state of being made up of metameres or similar segments (somites) arranged serially.

Metamorphosis. The changes accompanying the transformation of a larva into an adult.

Metanauplius. The larval stage of crustaceans which commonly follows the nauplius, having usually seven pair of appendages.

Metaphnse. The middle stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes are arranged about the center of the spindle and are ready for separation.

Metaplasm. Inclusions within the cytoplasm such as yolk, pigment, starch, etc., which are the products of cytoplasmic activity.

Metazoaea. The larva of the decapod crustacea which intervenes between the zoaea and the mysis stages. It shows the first rudiments of the abdominal appendages.

Microlecithal eggs. Eggs containing only a small amount of yolk.

Micromeres. The smaller blastomeres of an egg with unequal cleavage.

Micropyle. The minute opening through the membranes of many eggs through which the sperm enters.

Miracidium. The earliest larval form of a liver-ﬂuke.

Mitosis. Indirect cell division, karyokinesis; opposed to amitosis. It involves the formation of chromatin spiremes which split longitudinally, their conversion into chromosomes, and their separation by means of the spindle apparatus.

Mitraria. An aberrant annelid larva of the troehophore type.

Monoeceous. Having the organs of the two sexes in one individual.

Morula. A type of blastula characterized by the absence of a segmentation cavity. It differs from the stereoblastula in that in it the inner cells do not reach the surface. Found chieﬂy in coelenterates.

Mﬁller’s larva. The larva of many polyclads, having an oval body and eight ciliated processes. 400 GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

Mysis. The larval stage of certain deeapod crustaceans corresponding to the genus Music in the possession of exopods upon the walking legs.

N auplius. Primary type of crustacean larva.

Neoteny. The retention of embryonic characters throughout life.

Nephrocoele, lﬂephrostome. The derivation of the primitive coelome and its cavity from which the nephridia are developed.

Nucleolus. The conspicuous, rather large, round body found during the resting stage of most. nuclei, having various functions, but primarily concerned with cell metab- olism.

Nucleus. The principal organ of a cell, serving to regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction.

Obligatory. Said of parthenogenesis when it occurs regularly in the life cycle of an organism.

Oecium. An individual among the Byrozoa in which the development of the young embryo takes place, and which is specialized for the purpose. Also called ovivcll.

Ontogeny. The entire life cycle of an individual organism, especially the develop- mental portion of it.

Olicyte. See Cyte.

Oligenesis. The gametogenesis in the female line.

Oogonia. See Gonia.

Otisome. The cytoplasmic body developed in the mature ovum of certain forms which, passing into the stem cell, serves as a germ-cell determinant.

Otitid. Mature egg.

Oozooid. In Salpa the first zooid produced from the egg; from its stolon is bud(l(‘d off a long series of other zooids that remain in connection with it for a consider- able time.

Ophiopluteus. The pluteus larva of the Ophiuroidea.

Optional parthenogenesis. The same as facultativc parthenogenesis.

Organ-forming substances. Diﬂ'erentia.ted materials localized in the eggs of do- terminative type whose fate as shown by the study of cell lineage is in the forma- tion of deﬁnite organs of the embryo.

Organogenesis. The origin and development of the organs and organ systems in the embryo.

Organogeny. See Organogencsis.

Ovicel. The same as occium.

Oviparous. Egg laying.

Ovoviviparous. Retaining the eggs within the oviduct until hatching. The young, however, are not nourished from the body of the mother nor attached to the oviduct.

Ovum. The female gamete ready for fertilization.

Paedogenesis. The production of gametes during embryonic or larval life.

Palingenesis. The reproduction unchanged of old or ancestral characters. Palin- genetic characters are those having to do with old or phylogenetic structures. Opposed to cenogenesis.

Paranucleus. The nucleus of the trophamnion developed in the egg of parasitic Hymenoptcra, derived from the nuclei of the polar bodies.

Pnratomy. Asexual reproduction in which a special zone of division is prepared in DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 401

advance of the actual division. More or less regeneration of the new organs pre- cedes ﬁssion. Contrasted with architomy.

Parenchyma. Soft cellular tissue, relatively undifferentiated, found in the lower invertebrates.

Parenchymella. Equivalent to amphiblastula, the swimming larva of the sponge.

Parthenogenesis. Development of eggs without fertilization.

Partial cleavage. Incomplete cleavage of extreme telolecithal or meroblastic eggs.

Pentacrinoid. A larva of the crinoids such as Antedon. So called from its resemblance to the genus Pentacrinus.

Periblast. The cytoplasmic layer with nuclei which surrounds the formative cells of a blastodisc. It aids in digesting yolk and the nuclei often make their way into the yolk.

Perivitelline. About the ovum, as the perivitelline fluid which ﬁlls in the space of the same name between the surface of the frog’s egg and its jelly.

Phorozooid. A zooid of the free-swimming tunicates which although of the sexual generation does not mature sexually.

Phototropism. The response of an organism either by growth or locomotion to light rays. Phototaxis.

Phyllosoma. The larva of certain decapod crustaceans, as Palinurus.

Phylogeny. Racial history of a group of organisms.

Pilidium. The chief type of larva of the heteronemerteans.

Placenta. In higher mammals the embryonic connection between the mother and the young. Furnishes nourishment to the foetus.

Placentation. The formation of a placenta and its attachment to the walls of the

uterus. Plncula. A type of blastula in which the animal and vegetative halves are somewhat

compressed toward each other.

Planula. The hollow single-layered blastula which is the larval form of many coel- enterates.

Pluteus. The free-swimming larva of sea-urchins and ophiuroids.

Polar bodies. See Polocytes.

Polar disc. An accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusions at the posterior end of certain arthropod eggs. These inclusions make up the pole plasm which functions as germ-cell determinants.

Polar furrow. The interrupted and bent cross plane at the poles of eggs with spiral cleavage in the 4-cell stage; due to the fact that only two blastomeres meet at either pole instead of all four as in a similar stage of a radially cleaving egg.

Pole plasm. See Polar disc.

Polocytes (polar bodies). Two very small cells segmented off from the ovum during naturation. The morphological equivalent to oocytes but functionless.

Polyembryony. In zoology the development of two or more embryos from one egg. In plants the development of two or more embryos within one embryo sac, whether or not from one zygote.

Polygerm. The masses of embryonic nuclei and surrounding cytoplasm which follow the stage of the “parasitic body” in polyembryonic Hymenoptera and which eventually give rise to the deﬁnitive embryos.

Polymorphism. The capacity of an organism to exist in several forms.

Preformation. Opposed to epigenesis. The doctrine that the germ cell contains a young organism in nﬁniature.

Primary ectoderm. The outer germ layer of the gastrula stage. 402 GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

Primary endoderm. The inner germ layer of the gastrula stage.

Primordial germ cells. The cells set apart during the early development of the embryo from which the deﬁnitive germ cells of the future organism are to be derived.

Proctodaeum..The posterior portion of the developing alimentary tract which is invaginated from the outer body wall and hence is lined with ectoderm.

Progenesis. Retention by somatic structures of condition reached by them at the time of sexual maturity in neotenous animals.

Promorphology. The study of the early organization of the egg, particularly with reference to the signiﬁcance of this organization in the production of lat.er-appear- ing organs.

Pronucleus. One of the two gumetic nuclei within the eg after sperm entrance but before cleavage.

Prophase. The preparatory stages of mitosis during which the formation occurs of spindle, spireme, and chromosomes.

Prospective potency. The total sum of developmental possibilities of which an organ is capable. Driesch’s term.

Prospective signiﬁcance. The actual destiny of a cell or organ in the development processes, regardless of the potentialities. Driesch‘s term.

Prostomia. A group of phyla. in which ectomesoderm is developed at sure stage, namely coelenterates, ﬂatworms, rotifers, annelids, mollusos, Molluscoidea.

Protoplasm. The active living substance of the cell, consisting ll nueleoplasm and cytoplasm.

Protozoaea. The larva of higher crustaceans which intervenes between the nauplius and the zoaea.

Pseudozoaea. A larval stage in the development of the Stomatopoda.

Pups. The intermediate quiescent form of metabolic insects following the active

larval period.

Quadrant. A fourth part of an embryo with spiral cleavage; all of the tmhryo vxhich is derived from one of the blastomeres of the four-cell stage.

Radial. Cleavage in which the plane of division may pass through the tuo poles of the egg in any radius.

Ra.t.hke’s yolk pyramids. In crustacean eggs having superficial cleavage the inner ends of the blastomeres contain chieﬂy yolk and fuse in the center of the (ml.ryo. These inner ends are spoken of as Rathke’s yolk pymrrids.

Rauber’s layer. The tln'n layer of trophoblast over the surface of the eetcderm of the embryonic region.

Recapitulation. Repetition in development of an individual organiem of its phylo- genetic history.

Redia (named after F. Redi). The second larval form of a liver-ﬂuke.

Reduction. The decrease of the chromosome number to the haploid from the diploid in the two maturation mitoses.

Regeneration. The renewal or replacing of lost parts by an organism.

Regulation. The adjustment and readaptation of an organism to changes and acci- dental modiﬁcations of its surroundings or structure.

Sachs law (Sachs-Hertwig laws of cleavage). ( 1) The nucleus of a blastomere tends to be in the center of the protoplasmic mass. (2) The axis of the mitotic spindle tends to be in the longest axis of the protoplasmic mass. DEFIN ITIUN S OF TERM S USED IN EM BRYOLOG Y 403

Scyphistoma (Hydra-tuba). The hydroid generation of the scypho-medusa which subsequently elongates and constricts to form ephyra.

Scyphula. A scyphistoma.

Segmentation. Cleavage of the egg by cell division.

Segmentation cavity. The blastocoelc or the cavity of the blastula.

Sexual reproduction. Reproduction involving the union of germ cells, gametes, of two individuals, and thus implying the steps necessary for gamctogenesis.

Somatic. Relating to the body or some. of organisms, especially as contrasted with the germ plasm.

Somatic layers. See Somatopleure.

Somatopleure. The ectoderrn and the outer or parietal layer of mesoderm, the body wall. Contrastcd with splanclmopleure.

"Sorite.” Same as archeocyte.

Spawn. The egg masses of many aquatic animals as ﬁshes, shell ﬁsh, etc., in which many small eggs are contained.

Spermatid. Matured male germ cell which has not undergone metamorphosis into a spermatozoon.

Spermatocyte. See Cyte.

Spermatogenesis. The gamctogcnesis in the male line.

Spermatogonia. See Gonia.

Spermatozoon. The male gamete ready for fertilization.

Spindle. The achromatic structure of ﬁbers formed during mitosis upon which the chromosomes arrange themselves.

Spiral cleavage. That type of cleavage in which the direction of the spindle axis is shifted obliquely from the vertical direction with regard to the egg axis. In an eight-cell stage the upper quartette of cells usually appears turned in a right- handcd spiral to the lower.

Splanchnic layers. See Splanchnopleure.

Splanchnopleure. The visceral layer of the mesodcrm and the endoderm taken to- gether. Contrastcd with the somatoplcure.

Sporocyst. In trematodes the sac-like larval form from whose interior cells are buddcd off to form the rediae.

Stadia. The intervals between molts or ecdyscs in the development of an insect.

Statoblasts. Internal masses of cells which are morphologically huds from which new individuals develop. Occur as gemmules in sponges, germ balls in trematodes, etc.

Stem cell. The cell from which the germ cells of the later organisms are to come.

Stem mother. In a. strain of animal reproducing parthenogenetically the stem mother is the product of a fertilized egg but she produces parthcnogenetic eggs usually in large numbers.

Stereoblastula. A blastula in which all the cells are in close contact and no blaste- cocle is formed, as in N ereis.

Stereogastrula. A gastrula formed without a cavity by cpiboly as in many cases of spirally cleaving eggs.

Stolon. A “runner” or stalk produced by budding of the parent individual. From it new individuals are commonly budded off.

Stomodaeum. The oral part of the developing alimentary tract.

Strobila. The primary larval form of certain Scyphozoa during which the ephyrae are formed as a consequence of the elongation and constriction of the primary larva.

Superﬁcial cleavage. The type of cleavage characteristic of centrolccithal eggs in which after a few preliminary divisions in the center of the eg the nucleated proto- 404 GLOSSARY O1" EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

plasmic areas, the so-called blastomercs, move to the surface and gradually form a superﬁcial layer of cells, the blastoderm.

Synopsis. The pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes in the maturing germ cell prior to reduction.

Syncytium. An undivided mass of protoplasm containing several nuclei.

Tadpole. The larval form of higher amphibians and of ascirlians.

Teloblastic band. A hand of cells originally derived from two teloblasts, and pro- ducing later the mesoblastic somites.

Telolecithal eggs. Eggs in which the yolk is mainly accumulated in the vegetal hemisphere of the cell which is thus distinguished from the protoplasmic hemi- sphere.

Telophase. The ﬁnal stages in a mitotic division involving the reconstruction of the daughter nuclei and the division of the cytoplasmic portion of the cell.

Tentacle plane. In a ctenophore the plane passing through the two tentacles.

Tettad. A chromosome consisting of four parts owing to the synapsis of the two homologous members of a pair.

Thelytokous eggs. Parthenogenetieally developing eggs which are exclusively female producing.

Thysanuriform. The same as eampodeiform.

Tornaria. The larval form of those races of the genus Balanoglossus which undergo metamorphosis.

Total cleavage. The segmentation of the entire egg including the yolk-ﬁlled portion.

Totipotency. The theory that individual blastomorcs when isolated are each capable of producing a complete organism.

Tritger. The portion of the trophoblast of the mammalian blastocyst which lies directly above the inner cell mass. Within it the false amniotic cavity often do- velops. Also known as trophoblastie knob.

Triploblastic. Of three germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, and mosoderm.

Trochophore. A ciliated swimming larva characteristic of ﬂatworms, annelids, molluscs, and some other groups. A troehosphere.

Trochosphere. Same as trochophore.

Trochozooid. One of the lateral zooids buddcd off of the stolen of the tunicnio Dali- olum which serves to nourish the colony.

Trophamnion. The nutritive layer of cytoplasm and paranuclei in polyemhryonic Hymenoptera.

Trophoblast. The portion of the outer ectodermal layer of a. mammalian blastoeyst which is in contrast to the formative cell of the ectoderm. It contributes no part to the development of the embryo proper, but functions in the attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus.

Ti-oplioblastic knob. See Trager.

Vegetal pole. The pole opposite the animal pole in the center of the yolk—la(lon hemisphere of the egg.

Veliger larva. The larva of many gasteropods.

Vitelline membrane. The egg membrane proper; homologous with cell wall of other cells. Often in invertebrates it is not given off until fertilization. So called because in bird eggs it envelopes the yolk mass.

Vitellophages. Cleavage nuclei and their adjacent cytoplasmic areas which are in contact with the yolk of meroblastic eggs and do not take part in the formation of the blastoderm, but function in the assimilation of yolk. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY 405

Viviparous. Producing young from eggs which are batched in the uterus and nourished there.

Yolk lobe or polar lobe. A lower sphere formed in the cleavage of Dentalium contain- ing cytoplasm and a certain amount of yolk which is not itself cleaved but is re- tracted into one of the blastomeres before the next division.

Yolk pyramids. In eggs with superﬁcial cleavage the inner ends of the blastomeres which are yolk-ﬁlled and often fused at the center.

Zoaea. An early larva of the higher Crustacea. It precedes the megalops and is char- acterized by a large cephalothorax bearing spines, large eyes, and antennae and mouth parts adapted for swimming.

Zoanthella. A larval form of the actinian family Zoanthidae.

Zoanthina. A larval form of the actinian family Cereanthidae.

Zooecia. The individual calciﬁed branches of a colony of bryozoans within which is the polypide or soft parts of the animal.

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INDEX OF AUTHORS

(NOTE: Illustrations are found on pages indicated by italic numbers.)

A

Amans, 300

AGAR, 330 AGARAS, 333 AoAssiz, 89, 174, 175, 177 ALLEN, 272, 273 ALLMAN, 142, 143 ALM, 332

AMMA, 277, 280 AI’1’ELL5F, 23 ARISTOTLE, 1, 2, 5 Arvrom, 328, 331 ASSHETON, 355

B

BALFOUR, 1, 4, 7, 118, 149,213 BALFOUR AND LONG, 134 BALTZER, 378

BANTA, 327, 328, 332 BARTELMEZ, 377

BATAILLON, 340

BATESON, 129, 181

BEARD, 271

BERGH, 93

BERNARD, 328

BICHAT, 6

Bzmwznow, 62

BoAs, 84

BOERHAAVE, 2

BOLK, 351

BONNET, 2, 322

Bo'r'r, 306

Bovnm, 17, 30, 46, 47, 49, 276, 278, 376,

377, 379

BRACKET, 44

BRAEM, 307, 311

BRANDT, 229

BRAUER, 62, 70, 107, 228, 331 BRAUER, ALFRED, 167 Bnooxs, F. G., 350, 366 Bnooxs, W. K., 142, 144 Bnooxs AND Rm'rENnoUsE, 109 BROWN’, 6

BRUMPT, 331

BRYCE, 255 BUCHNER, 221, 222 BURY, 130

C

CALDWELL, 186

CAN0, 67

CASTEEL, 60

CERFONTAINE, 34, 35, 36, 92, 99 CHAMBERS, 209, 332

CHAMISSO, 319

CHILD, 58, 59

CHUN, 346

CLAPP, 376

CLAUS, 104, 146, 147, 163, 164 C02, 58

CONKLIN, 26, 36, 38, 40, 41, 53, 54, 55,

60, 94, 95, 98, 101, 126, 370, 377

CORNING, 252

CRAMPTON, 61

CUENOT, 349

Cnvma, 6

D

DARWIN, 6

DEAN, 34, 77, 80, 81

DE BEER, 292, 351, 352 DELAGE, 340, 341

DELAGE AND HEROUARD, 289, 290 DELLA VALLE, 318

Dorms, 272

DOFLEIN, 219

DOHRN, 6

DONCASTER, 338

Dnu-zscn, 372, 373, 377, 378, 381 DUJARDIN, 6

E

EHLERS, 309

EHRENBERG AND BRAUER, 210 EIGENMANN, 213, 214, 271 ELPATIEWSKY, 276, 279 EvANs, 299

429 430 INDEX OF AUTHORS

EWING, 333 Eycnmsmrmm, 80

F

FAn1ucms, 6 FERNANDM, 362 FIRKET, 273 Fxscmnn, 378 FLEMMING, 7 FOL, 161 Fucma, 341, 379

GALEN, 5 GALLOWAY, 312 GAMBLE, 386 GARSTANG, 351 GEROULD, 58 GIACOMINE, 213, 240 GIARD, 346

Gonrm, 110 GOLDSCHMIDT, 338, 340 Go'ro, 179

GRASSI, 351

GRAY, 340 GRENACHER, 121 GRIMM, 349 GROBBEN, 280 GROBSER, 250 Gunrwrrscn, 381

H

HAECKEL, 7, 95, 107, 286, 289, 290 HAGUE, 360 '

HAHN, 272

HALLEE, 2

HARGITT, C. W., 142, 276 HAnarr'r, G. T., 194, 195, 273, 274 HARM, 94, 108

HARMAN AND GARDINER, 226 HARMER, 357, 358

HARNLEY, 378

HARTMAN, 76, 186, 188, 189, 190, 197 HARVEY, E. N., 340

HARVEY, WM., 1, 2, 6

HASPER, 280

HATBCHEK, 32, 77, 131, 134 HEATH, 60

HEGNER, 278, 279, 280, 348, 379, 380 Hnxmm, 64, 169, 181, 183 HEILIBRUNN, 340

HEIN, 145

HENNECKE. 333

HERBST, 340

HERLANT, 340

Hmuucx, 165, 288, 384 Hmvrwm, 0., 92, 326, 372, 381 Hmvrwra, 0. AND R., 282 Hmvrwm, R., 339 Hmmons, 60

HICKSON, 23, 108

HILL, 76, 186, 187, 190, 197 HILL, 360

Hrs, 7, 371

HOFFMANN, 272

HOLL, 216

HOLMES, 60

Hooxrz, 6

HUBER, 205

HUBRECBT, 200, 204 HUXLEY, 300

JACOBS, 379

JENKINSON, 243, 248, 375 JOHNSON, 311

JORDAN, 272, 376 Josmm, 301

JULIN, 318

JUST, 340, 343, 377

K

KAHLE, 280 KEIBEL, 200, 291, 345 KELLICOTT, 207 KINGERY, 273 KLEINENBERG, 275, 359 Komnrrz, 301 Kénuxmz, 6 KOLLMANN, 346 Kopscn, 90 Konscumzr AND Hmnmn, 218, 298, 317,

375 _ KOSTANECKI, 17 KOWALEVSKY, 7, 134 KOWALEVSKY AND CHUN, 123 KOWALEVSKY AND MARION, 23 KRAEPELIN, 310 Kntlemn, 325, 328, 331 KUEHN, 332

L

LANG, 57, 147, 148, 149 LANanANs, 253, 332 LANKESTER, 371 LECAILLON, 228 INDEX OF AUTHORS

LEEUWENI-IOEK, 2, 6

Lmmvnm, 326

LEIBY AND HILL, 360, 361, 362 LEUCKART, 171, 173

LILLIE, F. R., 17, 26, 60, 216, 289, 294,

340

LILLIE, R. S., 340 LINNAEUS, 6

Loma, 329, 339, 341, 342, 343 Lona AND BANCROFT, 340 LYON, 26, 381

M

MAAB, 136, 140 MACINTOSH, 315 MALAQUIN, 313 MALPIGHI, 1, 2, 6 MARECHAL, 360 MARK, 7 MARTIN, 360 MCCLENDON, 379 MEAD, 58, 339 MECKEL, 288 MEHNERT, 291, 345 MENDEL, 7 MENZEL, 332 METCALF, 60

METCHNIKOFF, 33, 34, 105, 134, 141, 352

MINCHIN, 136, 140 MINOT, 186 Mm-suxmu, 236 MONTGOMERY, 333

Mom”, 133, 181, 182, 183, 338, 339,

375, 376, 378 Moao,.327 MORTENSEN, 23 Mb‘LLER, C., 314 MULLER, F., 4, 7, 289 Mh‘LLx«m, Jon., 239 MULLER, O. F., 162 MULLER, W., 332 MULLER, H. J., 147, 293

N

NAnoUns, 330, 338 NACHTSHEIM, 338 NELSON, 58 NEUMANN, 320 NEWMAN, 363 NEWPORT, 6, 376 Norms, 327 Nussnwm, 271

O OKKELBERG, 272 OLOFFSON, 332 OPFEL, 345

P PACE, 93 PANDER, 1, 3, 6 PARMENTER, 341 PASTEUR, 7

PA’1'1'EN, 217, 103

PA'x'I'ERsoN, 89, 116, 338, 353 et seq.,

363, 364, 365

PEACOCK AND HARRISON, 330, 338

PENNER, 360 PERKINS, 301 PFLUGER, 372, 381 PREVOST, 6 PUNNET1‘, 326, 330

R

RABL, 371, 372 REDI, 6 REICHENBACH, 162 REITH, 65, 379, 380 REMAK, 7

RETZIUS, 214, 215 RHUMBLER, 99 RICHARDS AND THOMPSON, 272 RI'I"I‘ER., 181 Ronmvr, 56, 60 ROBERTSON, 330 ROSENBERG, 325 Roux, 7, 379 RUCKERT, 82, 83 RUNNs'm6M, 377 Russo, 223

SALENSKY, 318 SARs, 174 SCHAUDINN, 301 SCHLEXDEN, 7 SCI-ILEIP, 322, 379 SCHRADER, 329 Scnuurzm, 7, 96, 137 SCHWANN, 7 Scuwmx, 132 SEELIGER, 130, 319 Smmm, 329, 338 SELENKA, 28, 186 SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, 133

431 432 INDEX OF AUTHORS

SEVERINUS, 6

SHEAREE, 341

SHEARER. AND LLoYD, 340 SKULL, 323, 326, 327 SILVESTRI, 360

SMITH, 332

Soanomv, 333

SPEMANN, 376, 378, 380 SPURGEON AND Bnooxs, 186 STAUFEACHEE, 211 STEVENS, 379

STOCKARD, 346, 356 STRASSBURGER, 7, 338 SURFACE, 57, 123, 147 SWAMMERDAM, 6

Sw1I~'r, 272

SWINGLE, 272, 273, 274

T

TANNHEUTHER, 338 TAYLOR, 332

TAYLOR AND TENNANT, 378 TICHOMIZROW, 218

TORREY, 58

TREADWELL, 58

TREMBLY, 301

TYNDALL, 7

U ULJANIN, 320 UzEL, 66, 69

V

VAN BENEDEN, 197, 199, 318, 371, 372 VANDEL, 328, 333

VASSEUR, 298

VEBRIL, 288

VERWORN, 310

VEsALIUs, 5

VIALLETON, 72, 73, 120

Vmcnow, 7

voN BAER, 1, 3, 4, 6, 288, 289 voN BERENBERG-GOSSLER, 273 voN Gnome‘, 305

voN KENNEL, 312

voN MOHL, 6

voN SIEEOLD, 7

V0»: UnIscH, 377

voN WAGNER, 296

W

WALDEYER, 194, 271

WATASE, 70

WEIsMANN, 9, 275, 276, 331, 332 WELCH, 360

WHITING, A., 326

WI-IITING, P. W., 330

WHITMAN, 60, 371, 372

WHITMAN AND EYCLESHYMEE, 78, 79 WHITNEY, 323, 326, 327 WIERZEJSKI, 17, 60, 125

WILSON, C. B., 58

WILSON, E. B., 17, 23, 57, 58, 123, 159,

160, 339, 377

WILSON, H. V., 87, 299

WILSON AND MATHEWS, 376 WINCKLER, 328, 333, 338 WOHLGEMUTH, 332

WoI.I='I-‘, 1, 2, 6 WOLTERECK, 158, 159, 332 WOODS, 272 WOODWARD, 312

Y YATSU, 377, 378

Z

ZELENY, 57, 58, 377 ZELLER, 350

ZIEGLER, 32, 34, 45, 88, 114 ZUR STRASSEN, 49

SUBJECT INDEX

NOTE: Numbers in italic type indicate pages on which illustrations are found; numbers in bold-face type indicate pages on which the principal discussion of a

subject is found.

Acanthias, 81, 239, 266

Acanthopsyche, 335

Acceleration, 293

Accidental polyembryony, 354 Acipenser, 77, 78, 267

Actimla, 303

Actinians, 106, 123, 304

Actinozoa, 141, 142, 144, 145

Actinula, 142, 144

Aegenopsis, 105, 144, 260

Aequorea, 104, 260

Agametocytogony, 295

Agemlaszris, 336, 360

Albia, 335

Alcyonians, 108, 123

Alcyomlmn, 23. 62, 261

Alecithal eggs, 24, 192

Aleurodes, 335

Allantois, 233, 238, 240, 243, 244, 247 Allantws, 335

Alternation of generations, 295, 300, 302,

314

Alternation rule, 29

Amauronematus, 335, 336

Amblyomma, 333

Amblystoma, 267, 344, 347

Ametabola, 170

Ametastegia, 336

Amia, 77, 78, 7.9, 80, 267, 272, 273 Amnion, 154, 203,225, 227, 228, 229, 230,

233, 235, 236, 246; of insects, 166, 229; of pilidium, 154, 225, 227

Amnion formation, methods of, 204 Amniota, 119, 235

Amphibia, 43, 76, 88, 112, 113, 119, 132,

223, 224, 267, 273, 274, 286, 1287, 341, 344, 347, 348, 378, 379, 381, 386; cleav- age of, 43 Amphiblastula, 95, I36, 137

Amphigony, 295

Amphineura, 60

Amphioxus, 28, 34, 35, 36‘, 37, .92, 9.9, 101,

131, 134, 266, 355, 373, 378

Amphitrite, 263, 341

Amphiuma, 267, 286, 287 Amphoterotoky, 324

Anableps, 240

Anamnia, 119, 235

Anaphoidea, 336

Anaphothrips, 335

Andricus, 336

“Animal World,” 386

Annclid trochophore, 157

Annelida, 17, 58, 59, 60, 61, 93, 100, 102,

122, 126, 156, 158, 16.9, 176, 213, 223, 225, 227, 263, 285, 310, 312, 314, 331, 339, 341, 353, 359, 360, 371, 373, 377, 378, 381

Ant, 230, 324

Anthomedusae, 105

Anthozoa, 2'10, 303

Anura, 273, 274, 286, 373

Aphididae, 335

Aphids, 322, 338

A phis, 335

Apoidea, 337

Apolar ingression, 105

Apotettix, 330, 334

Appendicularia, 266, 348

Aptcm, 333

Apterona, 335

A pteryz, 225

Apus, 223, 264, 331

Arachnids, 120, 330

Arbacia, 263, 339, 340, 342, 343 Archieracium, 325

Architomy, 296, 305, 314

Aremlcola, 58, 69, 60, 263

Arge, 336

433 434

Armadillo, 295, 321, 355, 356, 362, 364, 365

Arrhenotoky, 324, 326, 327

Artemia, 62, 264, 328, 331

Arthropoda, 68, 100, 105, 122, 128, 295, 330, 333, 353, 373; see also Insects, Scorpions

Artiﬁcial parthenogenesis, 339

Ascaris, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 46, 47, 48, 103, 262, 276, 377, 379

Ascidians, 21, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 68, 76, 95, 220, 225, 266, 286, 239, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 348, 355, 366, 379, 381

Asellus, 128, 265

Asexual reproduction, 295, 351

Asphelinus, 337

Aspidiotiphagus, 337

Astacus, 128, 162, 163,265

Asterias, 171,, 176, 176, 177, 263,341

Asterina, 178, 263, 341

Asteroidea, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 263,296,341

Astropecten, 263, 326

Atoke, 312

Augmentation, 296

Aulacidea, 336

Aurelia, 145, 146‘, 147, 261

Auricularia, 173

Autotomy, 296

Axolotl, 344, 346, 347

Bacillus, 334 Balanoglossus, 92, 101, 12.9, 181, 183, 266, 316

Balanus, 164, 265

Bat, 207, 249

Bdellostoma, 81, 219, 266

Bee, 230, 323, 324, 338

Belzme, .90, 267

Berbe, 32, 33, 261, 378

Bilateral cleavage, 34, 374

Biogenesis, 286

Bipinnaria, 172, 173, 174, 176

Birds, 76, 89, 116, 224, 236, 237

Bladder worm, 152

Blastea, 290

Blastocones, 74, 76, 114, 120

Blastocyst, of armadillo, 363; of mam-

mals, 193, 196 Blastopore, 116, 117, 118; of Anamnia and Amniota, 117

SUBJECT INDEX

Blastotomy, 354

Blastozooid, 617, 321

Blastula, 91, 283

Blood, circulation of, 6

Bolina, 261, 350

Bombus, 170

Bosmina, 331

Bougainvillia, 144, 260, 303

Brachiola, 177, 178

Brachiolaria, 178

Brachionus, 327

Brachiopoda, 92, 100, 134

Braconids, 337

Branched placenta, 249 Branchiobdella, 223, 263 Branchiopoda, 331

Branchipus, 62, 128, 165, 223, 264, 331 Bnwhus, 167, 168

Bryozoa, 90, 93, 296, 307, 308, 316, 354,

358 Budding, 295, 296, 300, 301, 316, 317, 318, 351, 355

Cadophore, 321 Caenogenesis, 292; see also Cenogenesis Calandra, 334

Caliroa, 336

Calliamira, 33, 34, 261 Calligrapha, 380

Callipterus, 335

Calopteryx, 22.9, 230 Campanularia, 144, 260 Campodeiform larva, 170 Campodm, 6.9, 170, 171 “Cannibalism,” 223 Carcharias, 81, 266 Carnivora, 200, 248, 253 Casual parthenogenesis, 324 Cat, 221, 250

Caterpillar, 170

Cecidomyia, 348

Cell division, 7, 10, 22

Cell lineage, 20; of Ascaris, 49; of Cyn-

thia, 42

Cell theory, 7

Cenogenesis, 290

Central implantation, 200 Centrifuge, 381 Centrolecithal eggs, 24, 63 Centrosome, 7 Cepludodiscus, 263, 315, 316' SUBJECT INDEX

Cephalopoda, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 119, 120, 121, 219, 223, 226, 264

Ceratodus, 224

Ceratophis, 335

Cercaria, 151

Cerebratulus, 67, 58, 153, 154, 262, 355,

377, 378, 381

Ceropteres, 336

Cestode larvae, 151

Cestodes, 90, 151, I52, 284, 306, 353, 358 Cestracion, 80, 81, 266

Cetacea, 248

Chaetopterus, 339, 341

Chalcides, 240

Chalcids, 336

Chelonia, 236, 237, 267

Chelydra, 237

Chick, 116, 230, 290, 377

Chilopoda, 333

Chironomus, 280, 335,346, 349

Chitan, 60, 101, 263

Chordata, 122, 124

Chorion, 218, 230

Chorophylus, 267, 379

Chromatin diminution, 48, 275, 278 Chromosomes, 7, 9

Chrysallogenesis, 346, 349

Chrysomelid beetles, 266, 281, 380 Chydorus, 332

Cimbex, 336

Ciona, 36, 266, 348, 381

Cirripedia, 62, 164, 265, 287, 288, 290, 332 Cladius, 336

Cladocera, 68, 103, 265, 323, 324, 327,

328, 330, 331, 332 Classiﬁcation of animals, 5, 260; of plants, 5; of egg types, 23

Clava, 94, .95, 107, 108, 144, 260 Clavmlaria, 23, 260, 303

Cleavage, function of, 370

Cleavage types, 20; table of, 25 Clemmys, 236', 237, 267

Clepsine, 60, 263, 371

Cliona, 136, 260

Closed parthenogenesis, 324

Closure of blastopore, 116, 118

Clytia, 141, 228, 230, 260, 378

Coccidae, 335

Coccophagus, 337

Cochlophora, 335

Cocoons, 223

435

Cod, 384

Coelenterata, 23, 30, 62, 90, 92—95, 99, 103-109, 122, 123, 141-147, 209, 210, 223, 228, 230, 260, 261, 296, 300-304, 353, 378

Coeloblastic delamination, 105

Coeloblastula, 36, 91

Coelome formation, mesenchymatous, 133; method of, 129

Coelome of starfish, 178, 180

Coelome origin, theories of, 133

Coelome sacs of echinoids, 130

Coelomes, head, collar, and body, 129

Colembola, 168

Coleoptera, 166, 168, 170, 228, 229, 230, 266, 281. 334, 380

Colony formation, 297, 300

Cmnatula, 130, 263

Concrescence, 113, 114,300

Copepoda, 62, 163, 164, 911, 212, 325, 332, 379

Copidosoma, 266, 280, 336, 360

Corona radiata, 195

Corpus luteum, 196

Corredentia, 335

Corymmeura, 335

Cotyledonary placenta, 249

Cow, 250

Crab, 288

Crangon, 166

Crayﬁsh, 100

Crepixiula, 53, 55, 60, 61, 93, .94, 101, 126, 264

Crinoidea, 173

Crissia, 262, 308, 357, 358

Cristatella, 262, 307, 310, 311

Croesus, 336

Crustacea, 62, 68, 100, 102, 103, 128, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 211, 212, 223, 264, 265, 286, 287, 288, 290, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 379, 384

Ctenodnllus, 263, 312, 314

Ctenolabrus, 8.9, 267

Ctenophores, 32, 33, 34, 102, 123, 261, 283, 350, 373, 378

Cubomedusae, 108

Cucumaria, 23, 62, 263

Cumaoeae, 68

Cumlna, 143, 260

Cyclas, 101, 264

Cyclops, 163, 164, 211, 212, 379 436

Cyclostornata, 76, 354 Cyclostomes, 76, 77, 81, 110, 120, 212, 213, 219, 234,266

Cynipoidea, 336

Cynips, 336

Cynthia, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 95, 266, 348 Cypris, 2.90

Cypnls, 332

Cysticereoid, 152

Cysticercus, 152, 306‘

Cytology, 9

Cytotrophoblast, 253

Daplinia, 265, 324, 330, 331 Daphnids, 323

Dasypus, 268, 363

Dasyurus, 76, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,

242, 268

Decapoda, 68

Decidua basalis, 254

Decidua capsular-is, 254

Decidua reﬂexa, 254

Decidua vera, 254

Deciduate placenta, 243, 248, 251 Decticus, 218

Delamination, 105

Dendrocuelum, 223, 261 Dentalium, 101, 264, 377 Derivatives of germ layers, 283 Dermaptera, 168, 230

Dem, 263, 312

Desor’s larva, 153 Determination, 27, 368 Determination problem, 368 Determinative cleavage, 26, 30, 60 Deuterostomia, 124

Deviation, 292

Diaspis, 335

Dazelphys, 186, 187, 188, 139, 190, 1.91,

242, 268

Didemnids, 318

Diemyctylus, 376

Differentiation, 22, 368

Diffuse placenta, 249

Dimzphilus, 330, 331

Dipleurula, 173, 175, 176

Diploid number, 13

Diploid parthenogenesis, 325 Diplopoda, 333

Diplosomids, 318

Dipnoi, 220, 224

SUBJECT INDEX

Diptera, 65, 168, 170, 230, 293, 335 Discoblastula, 96

Discocoelis, 57, 261 Discogastrula, 110

Discoidal cleavage, 68, 81 Discoidal placenta, 248, 252 Discus proligcrus, 194, 220, 222 Disogeny, 346

Distaplia, 266, 318

Distoma, 209, 262 Disymmetrical cleavage, 32, 374 D‘L':c'£ppus, 334

Dog, 194, 207, 252 Dahchoglossus, 181, 266 Doliolum, 266, 320, 321, 366 Dondersia, 101, 264 Drastrophus, 336

Driessertsia, 210, 264

Dromia, 67, 95, 265

Drosophila, 65, 230, 293 Dryophanta, 336

Dunaliella, 327

Earthworm, 354, 359

Eccentric implantation, 201

Echidna, 185, 225, 267

Echinarachnius, 263, 340

Echinococcus, 358

Echinodermata, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 62, 92, 100, 122, 124, 130, 134, 172-176, 178, 180, 225, 228, 263, 284, 296, 315, 339, 341, 353, 376, 381

Echinoids, 30, 31, 173, 228, 339, 376, 381; coelome sacs of, 130

Echinopluteus, 225, 228

Echinorhynchus, 209, 262

Echinus, 340, 377

Echinus rudiment, 228

Ecological control of larvae, 383

Ectoblast, 283

Ectoderm, 283

Ectomesoderm, 122-124

Ectoplasm, 38

Ectoprocta, 307

Ectapsocus, 335

Edentata, 248

Egg fragments, 377

Egg membranes, 209

Egg types, 20

Elasmobranchs, 76, 81, 116, 132,213, 223, 234, 239, 266 SUBJECT INDEX

Elenchus, 334

Embolie gastrulation, 98

Embryological conditions of animals in

the various phyla, table of, 258

Embryology, history of, 1-7

Embryonic development, periods of, 8 Embryonic knob, 200, 203, 206, 243 Embryonic membranes, 225, 241; of

mammals, table of, 256

Embryonic shield, 206

Empria, 336

Emzarsia, 336

Encyrtus, 336

Endoblast, 283

Endoderm, 283; of mammals, 190 Endoderm formation, 98 Endomesodcrm, 124

Endoplusm, 38

Endoprocta, 308

Entedon, 336

Enterocoele formation, 130

Enterocoele theory, 133, 134 Enteropncusta, 92, 101, 122, 124, 128,

129, 130, 181, 266, 316 Entomostraca, 62, 68, 103, 163, 164, 211, 212, 223, 265, 287, 288, 323, 324, 325, 328, 331, 332, 379

Entypy, 201, 204

Ephemerida, 168

Ephydatia, 2.99

Ephyra, 147

Epiblast, 283

Epibolic gastrulation, 101

Epiboly, 36, 95, 102, 114

Epigenesis, 2, 368

Equal coeloblastula, 91

Equal stereoblastula, 93

Enlopeltis, 335

Eruciform larva, 170

Eudendrium, 144, 260

Eunice, 263, 31:‘?

Eupelmus, 337

Eupomotus, 100, 104, 263

Eurycnema, 334

Euscorpius, 7'0, 71, 266

Eutheria, 190, 192

Exoplasm, 38

Experimental embryology, 5, 17, 293,

339, 374 Experimental evidences for determina- tion, 374

437

Experimental paedogenesis, 351 Experimental polyembryony, 354

Facultative neoteny, 348

Facultative parthenogenesis, 323 False amnion, 206

Fasciola, 366

Fertilization, 12, 17, 339, 375 Fiona, 60, 264

Fish, 116, 223

Fission, 295, 296, 300

Flatworms, 122, 123, 354, 358; see also,

Platyhelminthes

Flustrella, 93, 262

Follicle, 217, 220, 221

Forbicina, 333

Formative changes, 375

Formieoidae, 337

4d cell, 284

Fragmentation, 296, 300, 304, 309 Free bud, 296, 297

Frog, 43, 44, 45, 286, 287, 378, 379, 381 Frustrulation, 300, 304

Fundulus, 213, 214, 267, 272, 293, 346 Fungia, 261, 303

Galeus, 81, 266

Gamete, 11

Gametocytogony, 295

Gametogencsis, 8, 10, 12

Ganoids, 213

Gasteropods, 53, 55, 60, 61, 93, 94, 101,

126,223, 263, 264

Gasterozooid, 367

Gastrea, 290

Gastrula, 98, 111, 115, 283 Gastrulation, 98, 115; diagrams of, 111;

methods of, 98

Gemmulae, 296, 297, 299

Genetics, 293

Genital cells of scorpion, 71

Geophilus, 333

Germ balls, 151, 296, 350

Germ-cell cycle, 8

Germ-cell determinants, 275, 279, 281 Germ cells, 271, 274, 275; primordial, 9 Germ disc, 116

Germ-layer theory, 282

Germ layers, 3, 283

Germ plasm, 7, 9

Germ-plasm doctrine, 271, 275 438

Gerontomorphosis, 293 Geryomia, 106, 223, 260 Gomlonemus, 143, 260, 301 Gonocoele theory, 134 Gonothyrca, 144, 260 Gonozooid, 321, 367 Grasshopper, 10, 12, 338 Grouse locust, 338 Growth, 22, 375

Growth period, 10, 11 Guinea pig, 207, 245 Gunda, 134, 261 Gymnophiona, 76, 88, 119 Gyrodactylus, 262, 349

Habroba-acon, 326, 330 Habrocytus, 337

Haleremila, 260, 301 Halistemma, 260, 302

Haploid parthenogenesis, 325 Hedgehog, 200, 201, 207 Heliothrips, 335

H ehx, 223, 229, 264 Hemichroa, 336

H erniclepsis, 331

Hemiptera, 168, 325, 335 Hen, 216

Hensen’s node, 208 Hermaphroditism, 328 Heterochrony, 291, 344, 345 Heterogony, 295 Heterometabola, 168 Hetermwreis, 312

Heterotypic mitosis, 13, 16 Hexacanth embryo, 151 Hexactinellidae, 299 Hezcanchus, 81

Hibernacula, 309

Hieracium, 325

I-Iippomanes, 251

Hirudinia, 60, 223, 263, 371 I-Ioloblastic cleavage, 24, 25, 28 Holometabola, 168 Holothuroidea, 23, 28, 29, 62, 173, 263 Homarus, 165, 265 Homeotypic mitosis, 13 Homolecithal eggs, 24, 192 Homologies, of annelids and molluscs, 61;

of mesoderm formation, 122

Homologous chromosomes, 13

SUBJECT INDEX

Homology of germ layers, 283

Human oocyte, 1.96

Hydatina, 262, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330

Hydra, 106, 107, 144, 209, 210, 260, 296, 301, 304

H ydractimla, 144, 260

Hydrocoele, 179, 180, 228

Hydrocorals, 108

Hydroids, 105, 106, 123, 296, 304, 381

H ydraphilus, 63, 64, 65, 68, 16.9, 224, 230, 266

Hydrozoa, 105, 106, 123, 141, 142, 144, 210, 296, 300, 304, 381

Hymenoptera, 168, 170, 230, 280, 325, 335, 349, 354, 360

Hypermorphosis, 293

Hypoblast, 283

H ypoderma, I 70

Ichneumonids, 337

Imaginal discs, 155

Implantation, methods of, 200 Indeterminative cleavage, 26 Ingression, 102——105

Ingrowth, solid, 131

Inner cell mass, 200, 204, 243, 363 Insectivora, 200, 201, 246

Insects, 68, 100, 166, 218, 225, 330, 333,

348, 377, 379, 386; showing partheno— genesis, table of, 333

Instar, 168

Intermediate placenta, 249

Internal buds, 296

Intersexes, 327

Interstitial implantation, 201 Invaginate insect amnion, 229 Invaginate gastrula, 98

lnvagination, 36, 95, 114; mechanism of,

99

Inversion of germ layers, 204 Invertebrate discoblastula, 97 Invertebrate germ cells, 275 Invertebrate larvae, 136; table of, 137 Involution, 36

Irregular cleavage, 90; of Cestodes, 151 I schnochiton, 60, 263

Isolated blastomeres, 378

Isolecithal eggs, 24, 192

Isopoda, 68, 128, 333

Isoptera, 230

Isasoma, 337 SUBJECT INDEX 439

Jellyﬁsh, 30 J ulus, 265, 352

K eimbahn, 275

Laceration, 300, 304

Lacerta, 214, 215, 217, 267 Lachnosterna, 170 Lamellibranchia, 60, 101, 264 Lamprey, 76

Larva, of Desor, 153; of Scyphozoa, 145 Larvacea, 348

Larvae of invertebrates, 136 Larval mesoblast, 123 Larval parthenogenesis, 324 Lecamlum, 335

Lemuroidea, 248

Lepas, 62, 265

Lepidoptera, 166, 168, 230, 325, 335 Lepidosaphes, 335 Lepidosiren, 224, 267 Lepakiosteus, 77, 79, 80, 267 Lepidurus, 328, 331

Lepisma, 170

Leptimla, 334

Leptinotarsa, 266, 280, 380 Leptodora, 265, 332 Leptomedusae, 105 Leptoplana, 57, 261 Leucosolemla, 136, 137, 260, 297, 2.98 Libellula, 170

Iximax, 223, 264

Lineus, 153, 262

Liothrips, 335

Liquor folliculi, 195

Liriope, 143, 260

Ixitomastix, 336, 360

Liver ﬂuke, 150, 350, 366 Lobster, 68, 166, 988, 384 Localization of median plane, 375 Locustidae, 334

Loligo, 72, 121, 223, 264 Lmnyctes, 333

Lophyrus, 336

Lucemaria, .93, 260

Lucifer, 62, 165, 265

Lufa, 335

Lumbricids, 223 Lumbriculus, 263, 314 Lumbricus, 100, 263, 359

M achilis, 333

Macrobiotus, 333

Macrocentrus, 360

Macrotoma, 66‘, 266

Maggot, 170

Malacostraca, 68, 286, 332

Mammalian embryo, 185

Mammals, 185 et seq., 221, 241, 256

(table), 373; embryonic membranes of, 241

Man, 195, 207, 249, 254, 255

Mantidae, 334

Mantis, 334

M antispa, 171

Marine animals, 386

Marsupials, 76, 186, 241

Maturation period, 10, 11

Meconema, 218, 219

Mecoptera, 168

Median plane, 48, 375

Medusa, 142, 145, 302

Melanotus, 170

M elittobia, 336

Membranes, 209 et seq., 224, 244, 249,

256 Meroblastic cleavage, 24, 25, 62 Mesenchyme, 124, 283, 284; of trocho- phore, 123

Mesoblast, 283

Mesoderm, 283

Mesoderm bands: derived, 127; primi-

tive, 125; secondary, 127

Mesoderm cell, 60

Mesoderm formation, 122; in insects, 166 Mesoglea, 122

Mesoplasm, 38

O Mesothelium, 284

Metagenesis, 295, 300, 302, 314, 356 Metamorphosis, 173, 177, 385; cataclys- mal, 173; of Asterias, 177-180

Metanauplius, 163, 165

Miastor, 266, 278, 279, 280, 324, 348, 349 Microhydra, 260, 301

Microleeithal eggs, 192

Mmomezus, 336

Microscope, invention of, 6

Microstoma, 261, 306

Microterys, 336

Micrura, 58, 262

Migration of germ cells, 271, 272 Miracidiuxn, 150 440

Mites, 68, 333

Mixed delamination, 105

Moina, 280, 327, 332

Mole, 207

M olgula, 36.266, 348

Mollusca, 53, 55, 60, 61, 93, 94, 100, 101,

102, 103, 122, 123, 126, 156, 160, 161, 176, 223, 263, 264, 283, 295, 349, 373, 378,381

Molluscan trochophore, 160 Molluscoidea, 307

M onandroptera, 334

Monkey, 248, 255

Monogony, 295

Monotremes, 76, 185, 225, 241, 242, 267 Morphological evidence for determina-

tion, 373

Morula, 94

Morula delamination, 106

Mosaic theory of development, 327 Mouse, 207, 245, 252

Mi‘1ller’s larva, 147

Multiplication period, 10, 11

Multipolar ingression, 105

M usca, 65, 230

M ustelus, 81, 23.9, 266

Myriamlda, 313

Myriapoda, 68, 330

M yﬂnzcophila, 334

Mysis, 163, 165

M ysis, 288

Mytilus, 210

Myxinoids, 76, 116, 120, 234

Narcomedusae, 302

Nauplius, 162

Nauplius, structure of, 163

N auplius larva, 162-165, 2.90

Nebalia, 68, 265

Necturus, 267, 344, 348

Nematodes, 46, 92, 103, 122, 123, 209, 262, 295, 328, 330, 331, 373, 377; see also, Ascaris.

Nematus, 336

Nemerteans, 57, 58, 100, 122, 123, 152, 153, 154, 262, 355, 373, 377, 378, 381

Neotenous organs, 351

Neoteny, 292, 344 et seq.

Nepa, 218

Nephridia, origin of, 159

Nephrocoele theory, 134

SUBJECT INDEX

Nereis, 17, 58, 159, 213, 263, 312, 341, 377, 381

Neurocliordal cells, 41

Neuroptera, 168

Neuroterus, 336

Nomenclature, of Crepidula, 54; of Cyn-

thia, 40

Non—desiduate placenta, 248

Nopoiulus, 333

N otodanus, 81

Nuclear events in gametogcnesis, 12 Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, 22

Nucleus, 6

Number of young, 384

Obelia, 105, 144, 260, 302 Objections, to biogcnetic law, 291; to germ-layer theory, 284

Obligatory parthenogenesis, 323 Occasional parthenogcnesis, 324 Octopus, 121, 219, 264

Odonata, 168, 170, 230

Oedipoda, 218

Oligocliaeta, 60, 126, 296

Onchospherc, 152

Ontogeny, 8, 286, 292, 294

Oiicyte, 11, 12, 1.95

Oiigonia, 10, 11, 193

Oéiplasin, 12

Oéizoid, 317, 321, 366

Open par-thenogenesis, 324

Ophiothrix, 131, 263

Ophiuroidea, 171, 173, 176 Opisthobranchia, 60

Opossum, 76, 186, 187,188, 189, 190, 191,

242, 268 Optional parthenogcnesis, 323 Organ-forming regions, 21, 370 Organ-forming substances, 21, 371 Origin, of coclentcrate larvae, 142; of coelome, 133; of germ cells, 271

Ornithorhyrwhus, 185, 186, 267

Orthezia, 335

Orthoptera, 166, 168, 218, 325, 334 Ostracoda, 332

Ostrea, 101, 264

Otiorrhynchus, 334

Ovarian follicle, 217

Ovary, 1.94, 216'

“Overgrown” insect amnion, 229 Ovum, 221, 222; promorphology of, 284 SUBJECT INDEX

Pachynematus, 336

Pachythelia, 335

Paedogenesia, 151, 292, 325, 344, 346, 350 Paedomorphosis, 293 Palimanetes, 100, 265 Palingenesis, 290

Palleal budding, 317

Paludina, 101, 223, 264

Paniscus, 337

Paracentrotus, 340 Paracopidosomopsis, 336, 338, 360, 362 Parameles, 243

Paramzmomla, 261, 303

Pamtettiz, 330, 334

Paratomy, 296, 305, 314 Parenchymclla, 103 Parthenogenesis, 7, 151, 295, 297, 306,

322 et seq.; method of, 342; theory of, 341

Parthenolecamlum, 335 Parthenothm'ps, 335

Partial cleavage, 24

Patella, 103, 160, 264 Pathological parthenogenesis, 324 Pattern of cleavage, 374

Pause, developmental, 356 Pedicellina, 100, 262, 309 Pemzeus, 164, 165,265

Pennaria, 141, 144, 260 Pentarthron, 336

Perameles, 243, 268

Perca, 213, 214, 267 Perennibranchiates, 348 Periblast, 114

Periblastula, 95

Peribranchial budding, 317 Peripatus, 128

Periplaneta, 209, 223 Perivitelline space, 211 Permanent buds, 296, 300 Perophom, 318

Petromyzon, 77, 110, 212, 219, 266 Phalacropteryx, 335

Phanacis, 336

Phascolarctus, 186, 268

Phasma, 334

Phasmidae, 334

Phericlista, 336

Phoronis, 92, 100, 133, 262 Phorozooid, 321 Phylactolaemata, 307

\

441

Phyllium, 334

Phyllopoda, 62, 128, 165, 223, 264, 328, 331 Phyllotoma, 336

Phylloxerans, 338

Phylogeny, 286, 292

Phymatocera, 336

Physa, 17, 60, 61, 125, 264

Pig, 207, 250

Pigeon, 116‘, 216', 377

Pilidium, 149, 153, 155 ; amnion of, 154,

225, 227; metamorphosis of, 153

Pisidium, 101,264

Placenta, 225, 230, 247, 248, 249, 252 Placentalia, 192, 193, 248, 249 Placoptera, 168, 170

Placula, 94

Planaria, 261, 304

Plcmocem, 57, 147, 148, 261

I’lanorbis, 21, 60, 101, 264

Plants, parthcnogenesis in, 338

Planula, 103, 104, 141, 144, 302 Plasmotrophobl ast, 253

Platygaster, 360, 361, 362 Platyhelminthes, 57, 90, 93, 102, 122, 123,

146, 147, 150, 151. 152, 223, 261, 283, 284, 296, 304, 306, 330, 350, 354, 358, 366

Platyptera, 168

Pleurobranchidium, 161, 264

Plumatella, 262, 308

Pluteus, 171

Podarke, 100, 263

Polar disc, 281

Polar ingression, 102

Polarity, 374

Pole plasm, 380

Polistes, 337

Polocytes, 11, 12, 34

Polychaetes, 312

Polyclads, 57, 93, 123

Polyembryony, 151, 297, 321, 338, 353 et

scq., 366; causes of, 354 _ Polygordius, 58, 100, 158, 15.9, 225, 227, 263

Polyovular follicles, 355

Polyp, 142, 302

Polyphemus, 23, 265, 332

Polypodium, 260, 301

Poly/stoma, 262, 350

Polytomla, 327

Polyxemus, 333 442

Polyzoa, 307

Pantamla, 336

Porifera, 90, 96, 122, 136, 137, 140, 260,

283, 284, 296, 297, 298, 299

Predelineation, 22, 26 Preformation, 2, 368

Pressure, 381

Primary egg membranes, 209, 210 Primitive mesoderm, 125 Primitive streak, 116, I18 Priophorus, 336'

Pnlwiphora, 336

Pristiurus, 81, 266

Proales, 327 .

Proamnion, 236 Proctrotrupidae, 337 Progenesis, 346

Promorphology, 20; of ovum, 284 Proscolex, 152

Prosobranchia, 60

Prospective potency, 372 Prospective signiﬁcance, 27, 372 Prostomia, 124

Proteus, 267, 344, 348 Protogonozooid, 321

Protohydra, 260, 300 Protoplasm, 7

Protozoa, 297

Protozoaea, 163, 165 Pseudacris, 267, 379 Pseudoclauellaria, 336 Pseudococcus, 335

Psyche, 335

Pterobranchia, 315

Pteromalus, 336

Pteronidea, 336

Pulmonata, 60, 126

Pulzrinaria, 335

Pygosteus, 214

Pyrosomes, 68, 76

Rabbit, 197, 199, 207, 222, 245

Racial differences in germ cells, 274 Radial cleavage, 28, 374

Raja, 81, 266

Ram, 112, 113, 132, 267, 341 Rzmatra, 218

Raphiderus, 334

Rat, blastocyst of, 205

Rate of mammalian development, 202 Rathke’ s yolk pyramids, 65

SUBJECT INDEX

Rauber’s layer, 201, 203 Recapitulation, 4, 286, 344

Redia, 1151

Reduction, 12 -

Regeneration, 297, 304, 314

Renilla, 23, 62, 261

Reptiles, 76, 89, 116, 118, 119, 236, 237 Restricted unipolar ingression, 102 Retardation, 293

Rhabdites, 325, 328, 331

Rhabdocoel, 223

Rhabdopleura, 263, 315, 317 Rhizocephala, 288, 332

Rhodites, 336

Rodent, 244

Rotifera, 50, 102, 122, 123, 262, 283, 323,

324, 326, 327, 329, 330 Ruminants, 249

Sacculina, 265, 288, 2.90

Sachs~He1-twig laws, 51

Sachs’ principle, 29

Saga, 334

Sagartia, 261, 303

Sagitta, 91, .92, 100, 134, 223, 263, 276‘, 279

Saissetia, 335

Salanumdra, 240, 267, 344 Salamandridae, 286

Salmo, 88, 115, 267

Salmon, 115

Salpa, 266, 319, 320, 321, 366 Salpidae, 225

Sauropsida, 230, 235, 241 Schedius, 336

Schizopoda, 68, 103

Scorpions, 68, 70, 71, 119, 225, 228 Scutellista, 337

Scyllium, 81, 82, 83, 213, 266 Scyphistoma, 303, 304 Scyphomedusae, 106

Scyphozoa, 141, 142, 144, 145, 303,304 Seasonal parthenogenesis, 324 Sea-urchin, 30, 31, 228, 339, 376, 381 Secondary delamination, 106 Secondary egg membranes, 209, 223 Selandria, 336

Sepia, 72, 73, 74, 75, 121, 223, 264 Serosa, 228, 230, 233, 235; of insects, 166 Serranus, 87, 267

Sessile adults, 383

Sex, 326

Sexual reproduction, 295 Shark, 213, 223

Silk moth, 324 Sinwcephalus, 265, 331 Siphonaptera, 168 Siphonophores, 108, 210 Siredon, 267, 347

Siren, 267, 287, 348 Sirenia, 248

Solenobia, 329, 335

Some, 9

Somatic number, 13 Somatopleure, 231

Sarcx, 246, 268 Sparganophilus, 263, 360 Speciﬁc polyembryony, 354 Spermatogenesis, 12 Spermatogonia, 10, 11 Sphodromantis, 334 Spiders, 333

Spiral cleavage, 50, 284, 374 Splanchnopleure, 231 Sponges, 90, 122, 284, 296, 299 Spontaneous generation, 7 Sporadic polyetnbryony, 354 Sporocyst, 151

Sporulation, 295

Squalus, 81, 266

Squid, 2596‘

Squilla, 165, 265

Squirrel, 245

Stadia, 168

Stains, 7

Starﬁsh, 296

Statoblasts, 296, 309 Staurodorsia, 264, 349 Stauromedusae, 108 Stewwstoma, 261, 306 Stereoblastula, 93 Stereogastrula, 103 Sterrhopteryz, 335

Stolo prolifer, 318 Stoloniferous budding, 297, 300, 302, 316,

317

Strepsiptera, 168, 334 Strobilia, 147 Strobilization, 303 Stronglyogaster, 336 Strzmgylocentrotus, 30, -31, 263, 340, 374 Stylops, 334

Summer eggs, 23, 324

Superﬁcial blastula, 95 Superﬁcial cleavage, 62 Sycandra, .96‘, 136, 137, 140, 260 Syllids, 312

Syllis, 263, 316

Sylon, 332

Symmetry, 374

Synapsis, 15

Synapta, 28, 2.9, 263

Syncytial delamination, 108

Tables: Events in history of embryology, 5 Classiﬁcation of cleavage types, 25 Cell lineage of Cynthia, 42 Cell lineage of Ascaris, 49 Cell lineage of Crepidula, facing p. 56 Types of invertebrate larvae, 137 Embryonic membranes of mammals, 256 Embryological conditions of animals in the various phyla, 258 Animal classiﬁcation, 260 Insects showing parthenogenesis, 333 Taenia, 152, 209, 262, 306‘, 307, 358 Taemlolhrips, 335 Talpa, 246, 268 Tarsius, 248, 249, 255, 268 Tealia, 23, 261 Teleosts, 76, 85, 86, 115, 116, 213, 234, 373, 376, 378 Telmatemlx, 334 Teloblastic mesoderm bands, 125 Telolecithal eggs, 24 Tenthredinidae, 349 Tenthredopsis, I 70 Terebratulina, 78, 263 Terrestrial life, 385 Tertiary membranes, 223 Test cells, 38, 39, 220 Tetrads, 13, 15 Tetranychus, 333 Tetrastichus, 337 Tettigidae, 334 Thalessema, 326, 341 Theca folliculi, 222 Thelytoky, 324 Thrimax, 336 Thysanoptera, 168, 335 Thysanura, 168, 170 Ticks, 333

443. 444

Time, 105, 260

Tomaria, 129, 181, I82

Torpedo, 81, 82, 114, 235, 239, 266 Total cleavage, 24

Total parthenpgenesis, 325 Tozopneustes, 17, 18, 263, 340, 376 Trachymedusae, 108

Trager, 206, 363, 364

Transplantation, 380

Trematodes, 90, 150, 296, 306, 330, 350 Trialeurodes, 329, 335

T7-ichocampus, 336

Trichogramma, 337

Trichomlscus, 328, 333

Trichoptera, 168

Triclads, 223

Triploid parthenogenesis, 325 Tripoctemus, 337

Triton, 131, 267, 376, 378, 380 Trochophore, 123, 127, 156, 157, 160, 176 Trochus, 56, 60, 123, 264

Trophoblast, 190, 191, 198, 200, 201, 203,

242, 243, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253, 254

Troynidozmla, 336

Tropiplwrus, 334

Trypanosyllvls, 263, 311, 312

Tubifex, 263, 314, 360

Tubularia, 141, 142, 143, 144, 260 Tubulipom, 262, 308

Tunicates, 316, 348; see also, Ascidians Tupaija, 200, 203, 204, 246, 268 Turbellarians, 102, 122, 147, 283 Turbot, 384

Turritopsis, 108, 109, 260 Typholomolge, 267, 348

Umbrella, 60, 264 Unequal coeloblastula, 92 Unequal stereoblastula, 93

SUBJECT INDEX

Ungulata, 200, 249

Unio, 60, 101, 264

Unipolar ingression, 102, 103 Urodeles, 274, 348, 373 Uterine milk, 250, 251

Variation, 292

Veliger, 160, 161

Vertebrate, embryonic membranes of, 230 Vertebrate asexual reproduction, 321 Vertebrate discoblastula, 97

Vertebrate gastrula, 110

Vertebrates, 93, 101, 353; cleavage of, 42,

76; germ-cell history of, 271

Vespa, 337

Vespoidea, 337

Vitelline membrane, 34, 210, 211 Vitellophages, 63

Viviparity, 238, 240

Wasp, 230, 324 Winter eggs, 23, 324

Xenos, 230, 334

Yellow crescent, 38, 41

Yolk epithelium, 120

Yolk plug, 119

Yolk pyramids, 65

Yolk sac, 225, 226, 230, 234, 243, 245 Yolk sac placenta, 239, 241

Yungia, 147,148, 149, 150,261

Zoaea, 163, 165

Zoantharia, 303

Zona pellucida, 195

Zona radiata, 195, 212

Zonary placenta, 248. 251, 252 zygote, 11

Talk:Book - Outline of Comparative Embryology

Contents

Table of Contents

GLOSSARY OF EMBRYOLOGICAL TERMS

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY

INDEX OF AUTHORS

SUBJECT INDEX