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Embryology - 23 Apr 2024    Expand to Translate
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Introduction
How and why do things go wrong in development?
These notes cover abnormalities that can occur during development (abnormal development) often described as congenital abnormalities or birth defects. There are many different ways that developmental abnormalities can occur the 3 major types are Genetic (inherited), Environmental (maternal) and Idiopathic (unknown, not determined) derived abnormalities. The environmental factors that cause or lead to any of these abnormalities are described as teratogens. Congenital abnormalities are classified under the system called the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-11) that version updated in 2018.
Note that genetic and environmental effects can also interact and it is this and the group, now classified as idiopathic or "unknown causes", that require further research to place them in either or both of the two real categories. Furthermore developmental organizer genes, for example Hedgehog, have been recently implicated in adult carcinogenesis.
PubmedParser error: Pubmed did not return article data, please check the PMID or try again later. (PMID: 19782018)
