Gastrointestinal Tract - Mesentery Development
Embryology - 29 May 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The adult gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is attached along its length between the stomach and anus by a dorsal mesentery.
Some Recent Findings
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Older papers |
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Small Intestine
Intestinal Functions
Small Intestine
- absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food
- Duodenum -principal site for iron absorption
Colon
- absorbs fluid, water and salts, from solid wastes
Embryonic Development
Week 4
Colour code:
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Week 7
Human embryo small intestine secondary loops (week 7 to 8).[6]
Week 8
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Late embryonic small intestine commencing at the duodenum, continuing as ventrally herniated and returning to join the colon.
Small intestine tertiary loops week 8.[6]
- Links: Carnegie stage 22 | Week 8
Rotation
A recent 3 dimensional study[6] has suggested a modified “en-bloc rotation” of the small intestine, compared the the earlier simplified description of 270 degree rotation.
Fetal Intestine Length
Fetal small Intestine length growth | Fetal Large Intestine length growth |
Data fromCite error: Invalid <ref>
tag; name cannot be a simple integer. Use a descriptive title
Small Intestine Length
Small intestine growth in length is initially linear (first half pregnancy to 32 cm CRL), followed by rapid growth in the last 15 weeks doubling the overall length. Growth continues postnatally but after 1 year slows again to a linear increase to adulthood.[9]
Age (weeks gestational age) | Average Length (cm) |
20 | 125 |
30 | 200 |
term | 275 |
1 year postnatal | 380 |
5 years | 450 |
10 years | 500 |
20 years | 575 |
Table data based upon 8 published reports of necropsy measurement of 1010 guts.[9]
Hindgut
Anatomically the distal third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure, the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The developmental timing of the anus and rectum formation[10] in human embryos of the Carnegie Collection has been previously carried out (1974). A more recent study[11] has also been made of the Kyoto Collection embryos.
There has been some recent controversy over the "anal membrane" formation.
A recent study hindgut and anorectum development in human embryos shows that WNT5a is active in this region prior to anus formation, when it is down-regulated.[12]
Other studies - [13][14][15][16][17] (rat)
Abnormalities
Short Bowel Syndrome
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) results typically due to developmental abnormalities, extensive intestinal resection during the neonatal period, or necrotising enterolitis.[18]
- reduces gut function for digestion and absorption of nutrients (intestinal failure).
- Links: PubMed Health | Better Health
Molecular Factors
References
- ↑ Xu K, Wu X, Shapiro E, Huang H, Zhang L, Hickling D, Deng Y, Lee P, Li J, Lepor H & Grishina I. (2012). Bmp7 functions via a polarity mechanism to promote cloacal septation. PLoS ONE , 7, e29372. PMID: 22253716 DOI.
- ↑ Hikspoors JPJM, Kruepunga N, Mommen GMC, Peeters JPWU, Hülsman CJM, Eleonore Köhler S & Lamers WH. (2018). The development of the dorsal mesentery in human embryos and fetuses. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , , . PMID: 30142441 DOI.
- ↑ Ueno S, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Männer J, Shiraki N & Takakuwa T. (2016). The Digestive Tract and Derived Primordia Differentiate by Following a Precise Timeline in Human Embryos Between Carnegie Stages 11 and 13. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 299, 439-49. PMID: 26995337 DOI.
- ↑ Ben-Nun MS, Ben-Shlush A & Raviv Zilka L. (2018). Growth of the colon and rectum throughout gestation: evaluation with fetal MRI. Acta Radiol Open , 7, 2058460118761206. PMID: 29531795 DOI.
- ↑ Wells JM & Spence JR. (2014). How to make an intestine. Development , 141, 752-60. PMID: 24496613 DOI.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Soffers JH, Hikspoors JP, Mekonen HK, Koehler SE & Lamers WH. (2015). The growth pattern of the human intestine and its mesentery. BMC Dev. Biol. , 15, 31. PMID: 26297675 DOI.
- ↑ FitzSimmons J, Chinn A & Shepard TH. (1988). Normal length of the human fetal gastrointestinal tract. Pediatr Pathol , 8, 633-41. PMID: 3244599
- ↑ Archie JG, Collins JS & Lebel RR. (2006). Quantitative standards for fetal and neonatal autopsy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. , 126, 256-65. PMID: 16891202 DOI.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Weaver LT, Austin S & Cole TJ. (1991). Small intestinal length: a factor essential for gut adaptation. Gut , 32, 1321-3. PMID: 1752463
- ↑ de Vries PA. and Friedland GW. The staged sequential development of the anus and rectum in human embryos and fetuses. (1974) J. Pediatr. Surg., 9(5): 755-69 PMID 4424274
- ↑ Hashimoto R. (2013). Development of the human tail bud and splanchnic mesenchyme. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) , 53, 27-33. PMID: 23480355 DOI.
- ↑ Li FF, Zhang T, Bai YZ, Yuan ZW & Wang WL. (2011). Spatiotemporal expression of Wnt5a during the development of the hindgut and anorectum in human embryos. Int J Colorectal Dis , 26, 983-8. PMID: 21431850 DOI.
- ↑ van der Putte SC. (2009). The development of the human anorectum. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 292, 951-4. PMID: 19496155 DOI.
- ↑ Kromer P. (1999). Further study of the urorectal septum in staged human embryos. Folia Morphol. (Warsz) , 58, 53-63. PMID: 10504783
- ↑ Nievelstein RA, van der Werff JF, Verbeek FJ, Valk J & Vermeij-Keers C. (1998). Normal and abnormal embryonic development of the anorectum in human embryos. Teratology , 57, 70-8. PMID: 9562679 <70::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-A DOI.
- ↑ Kromer P. (1996). Development of the urorectal septum and differentiation of the urogenital sinus in human embryos of stages 13 to 19. Folia Morphol. (Warsz) , 55, 362-3. PMID: 9243909
- ↑ Kluth D, Fiegel HC & Metzger R. (2011). Embryology of the hindgut. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. , 20, 152-60. PMID: 21708335 DOI.
- ↑ Davì G, Pinto A, Palumbo MG, Gallo V, Mazza A & Strano A. (1985). Dipyridamole and aspirin in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res. , 13, 271-5. PMID: 3159212
Reviews
Wells JM & Spence JR. (2014). How to make an intestine. Development , 141, 752-60. PMID: 24496613 DOI.
Noah TK, Donahue B & Shroyer NF. (2011). Intestinal development and differentiation. Exp. Cell Res. , 317, 2702-10. PMID: 21978911 DOI.
Burns AJ, Roberts RR, Bornstein JC & Young HM. (2009). Development of the enteric nervous system and its role in intestinal motility during fetal and early postnatal stages. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. , 18, 196-205. PMID: 19782301 DOI.
Articles
Cho BH, Kim JH, Jin ZW, Wilting J, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF & Murakami G. (2018). Topographical anatomy of the intestines during in utero physiological herniation. Clin Anat , 31, 583-592. PMID: 29044646 DOI.
Soffers JH, Hikspoors JP, Mekonen HK, Koehler SE & Lamers WH. (2015). The growth pattern of the human intestine and its mesentery. BMC Dev. Biol. , 15, 31. PMID: 26297675 DOI.
Ueda Y, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K & Takakuwa T. (2016). Intestinal Rotation and Physiological Umbilical Herniation During the Embryonic Period. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 299, 197-206. PMID: 26599074 DOI.
Kim TH, Kim BM, Mao J, Rowan S & Shivdasani RA. (2011). Endodermal Hedgehog signals modulate Notch pathway activity in the developing digestive tract mesenchyme. Development , 138, 3225-33. PMID: 21750033 DOI.
Kim WK, Kim H, Ahn DH, Kim MH & Park HW. (2003). Timetable for intestinal rotation in staged human embryos and fetuses. Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. , 67, 941-5. PMID: 14745932 DOI.
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Frazer JE. and Robbins RH. On the factors concerned in causing rotation of the intestine in man. (1915) J Anat. 50(1): 75-110. PMID 17233053
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 29) Embryology Gastrointestinal Tract - Mesentery Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Mesentery_Development
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