X-ray: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Congenital_dislocation_hip.jpg|thumb|X-ray showing congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant.]]
[[File:Congenital_dislocation_hip.jpg|thumb|X-ray showing congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant.]]
There are a number of different neonatal screening (newborn screening) programs in different countries testing for various "common" congenital abnormalities and infections. Perinatally the infant is tested physically  for hip displasia and may have an x-ray to establish the extent of musculoskeletal abnormality. There are also a number of other systems (renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and genital) that can be assessed postnatally by x-ray alone or in combination with tracers or contrast agents.
There are a number of different neonatal screening (newborn screening) programs in different countries testing for various "common" congenital abnormalities and infections. Perinatally the infant is tested physically  for hip displasia and may have an x-ray to establish the extent of musculoskeletal abnormality. There are also a number of other systems (renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and genital) that can be assessed postnatally by x-ray alone or in combination with tracers or contrast agents.


Radiation is a known teratogen and can affect development, but there is ongoing discussion as to the associated fetal risk and that to maternal health of a range of conditions that are detected or analysed using x-radiation.<ref><pubmed>21406518</pubmed></ref>


:{{Template:Neonatal diagnosis}}
Radiation is a known teratogen and can affect development, but there is ongoing discussion as to the associated fetal risk and that to maternal health of a range of conditions that are detected or analysed using x-radiation.{{#pmid:21406518|PMID21406518}}


::{{Template:Prenatal diagnosis}}


{{Neonatal diagnosis}}
{{Prenatal diagnosis}}
===Diagnosis Categories===
===Diagnosis Categories===
* Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
* Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
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* '''Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar'''<ref><pubmed>20838652</pubmed>| [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000338 PLoS Med.]</ref> see also <ref><pubmed>20838660</pubmed>| [http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000337 PLoS Med.]</ref> "Determining carcinogenic risk following imaging radiation exposure is based mostly on predictive mathematical models developed from empirical data provided by large observational studies..."
* '''Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar'''{{#pmid:20838652|PMID20838652}} "Determining carcinogenic risk following imaging radiation exposure is based mostly on predictive mathematical models developed from empirical data provided by large observational studies..."
* '''Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception'''<ref><pubmed>15945274</pubmed></ref> "To investigate in an animal model whether preconceptual X-ray exposure leads to an altered tumor rate and spectrum in the offspring, a transgeneration carcinogenesis study was carried out. Female mice received X-ray irradiation (2 x 2 Gray) 2 weeks prior to mating with untreated males. ... Fertility and the lifetime of the maternal mice were reduced by the X-ray irradiation, and their incidence of lung and liver tumors was increased as compared to non-irradiated mice. The descendants of all groups revealed comparable body weights and mortality rates. The incidence of hematopoietic/lymphoreticular tissue tumors increased in the female hybrids by 6 months of CsA-treatment. A higher incidence of lung and liver tumors in the sham-treated male progeny of irradiated mothers was detected, pointing to a possible germ cell-transmitted alteration initiated by the preconceptual maternal X-ray exposure."
 
* '''Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception'''{{#pmid:15945274|PMID15945274}} "To investigate in an animal model whether preconceptual X-ray exposure leads to an altered tumor rate and spectrum in the offspring, a transgeneration carcinogenesis study was carried out. Female mice received X-ray irradiation (2 x 2 Gray) 2 weeks prior to mating with untreated males. ... Fertility and the lifetime of the maternal mice were reduced by the X-ray irradiation, and their incidence of lung and liver tumors was increased as compared to non-irradiated mice. The descendants of all groups revealed comparable body weights and mortality rates. The incidence of hematopoietic/lymphoreticular tissue tumors increased in the female hybrids by 6 months of CsA-treatment. A higher incidence of lung and liver tumors in the sham-treated male progeny of irradiated mothers was detected, pointing to a possible germ cell-transmitted alteration initiated by the preconceptual maternal X-ray exposure."
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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}}
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fetal+X-ray ''Fetal X-ray''] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Neonatal+X-ray ''Neonatal X-ray'']


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==Musculoskeletal Abnormalities==
==Musculoskeletal Abnormalities==


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('''>>''') right hip dysplasia is shown.
('''>>''') right hip dysplasia is shown.
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===Skeletal Bowing===
Fetal bowing and hypoplasia of the femur, tibia and fibula, and talipes equinovarus.{{#pmid:24312362|PMID24312362}}
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| [[File:Human_fetus_skeleton_x-ray_02.jpg|400px]]
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{{Human fetus skeleton x-ray links}}


===Arthrogryposis===
===Arthrogryposis===
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===Reviews===
===Reviews===
<pubmed>19160197</pubmed>
{#pmid:19160197}}
<pubmed>18528700</pubmed>
 
{#pmid:18528700}}


===Articles===
===Articles===
<pubmed>16484148</pubmed>
{#pmid:16484148}}
<pubmed>14949062</pubmed>
 
<pubmed>14942747</pubmed>
{#pmid:14949062}}
<pubmed>15434757</pubmed>
 
{#pmid:14942747}}
 
{#pmid:15434757}}


===Search PubMed===
===Search PubMed===
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==External Links==
==External Links==
{{External Links}}
{{External Links}}


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[[Category:X-ray]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Genetic Abnormalities]] [[Category:Neonatal Diagnosis]]
[[Category:X-ray]] [[Category:Abnormal Development]] [[Category:Genetic Abnormalities]] [[Category:Neonatal Diagnosis]]

Latest revision as of 13:15, 7 March 2019

Embryology - 29 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
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Educational Use Only - Embryology is an educational resource for learning concepts in embryological development, no clinical information is provided and content should not be used for any other purpose.

Introduction

X-ray showing congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant.

There are a number of different neonatal screening (newborn screening) programs in different countries testing for various "common" congenital abnormalities and infections. Perinatally the infant is tested physically for hip displasia and may have an x-ray to establish the extent of musculoskeletal abnormality. There are also a number of other systems (renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and genital) that can be assessed postnatally by x-ray alone or in combination with tracers or contrast agents.


Radiation is a known teratogen and can affect development, but there is ongoing discussion as to the associated fetal risk and that to maternal health of a range of conditions that are detected or analysed using x-radiation.[1]


neonatal diagnosis


Diagnosis Links: Prenatal Diagnosis | pregnancy test | amniocentesis | chorionic villus sampling | ultrasound | Alpha-Fetoprotein | Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A | Fetal Blood Sampling | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Computed Tomography | Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing | Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood | Preimplantation Genetic Screening | Comparative Genomic Hybridization | Genome Sequencing | Neonatal Diagnosis | Category:Prenatal Diagnosis | Fetal Surgery | Classification of Diseases | Category:Neonatal Diagnosis

Diagnosis Categories

  • Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
  • Neonatal diagnosis (APGAR test, Guthrie test, Hearing test)
  • Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems

Some Recent Findings

  • Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar[2] "Determining carcinogenic risk following imaging radiation exposure is based mostly on predictive mathematical models developed from empirical data provided by large observational studies..."
  • Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception[3] "To investigate in an animal model whether preconceptual X-ray exposure leads to an altered tumor rate and spectrum in the offspring, a transgeneration carcinogenesis study was carried out. Female mice received X-ray irradiation (2 x 2 Gray) 2 weeks prior to mating with untreated males. ... Fertility and the lifetime of the maternal mice were reduced by the X-ray irradiation, and their incidence of lung and liver tumors was increased as compared to non-irradiated mice. The descendants of all groups revealed comparable body weights and mortality rates. The incidence of hematopoietic/lymphoreticular tissue tumors increased in the female hybrids by 6 months of CsA-treatment. A higher incidence of lung and liver tumors in the sham-treated male progeny of irradiated mothers was detected, pointing to a possible germ cell-transmitted alteration initiated by the preconceptual maternal X-ray exposure."

Musculoskeletal Abnormalities

Congenital Hip Dislocation

Congenital dislocation hip.jpg Renal agenesis 01.jpg

(>>) right hip dysplasia is shown.

Skeletal Bowing

Fetal bowing and hypoplasia of the femur, tibia and fibula, and talipes equinovarus.[4]

Human fetus skeleton x-ray 02.jpg Human fetus skeleton x-ray 03.jpg


X-ray Links: Fetal skeleton | Fetal skeleton abnormal | Fetal skeleton abnormal | Musculoskeletal Abnormal | Musculoskeletal | X-ray

Arthrogryposis

Arthrogryposis.jpg


Renal Abnormalities

Renal Agenesis

Renal agenesis 01.jpg

Ureteral Duplication

Ureteral duplication 01.jpg


Links: Renal Abnormalities | Renal Development

Gastrointestinal Tract Abnormalities

Duodenal atresia.jpg

Duodenal atresia

Gene Tests

A new site developed by NIH "GeneTests" provides medical genetics information resources available at no cost to all interested persons. It contains educational information, a directory of genetic testing laboratories and links to other databases such as OMIM.

Links: Gene Tests

References

  1. Hodson K, Waugh J & Nelson-Piercy C. (2011). Early life radiation exposure. Withholding imaging in pregnancy may be hazardous. BMJ , 342, d1486. PMID: 21406518
  2. Franco EL & Turgeon GA. (2010). Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar. PLoS Med. , 7, e1000338. PMID: 20838652 DOI.
  3. Dasenbrock C, Tillmann T, Ernst H, Behnke W, Kellner R, Hagemann G, Kaever V, Kohler M, Rittinghausen S, Mohr U & Tomatis L. (2005). Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. , 56, 351-60. PMID: 15945274 DOI.
  4. ten Broek CM, Bots J, Varela-Lasheras I, Bugiani M, Galis F & Van Dongen S. (2013). Amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities both influence fluctuating asymmetry in developing limbs of human deceased fetuses. PLoS ONE , 8, e81824. PMID: 24312362 DOI.

Reviews

{#pmid:19160197}}

{#pmid:18528700}}

Articles

{#pmid:16484148}}

{#pmid:14949062}}

{#pmid:14942747}}

{#pmid:15434757}}

Search PubMed

Search PubMed: x-ray neonatal diagnosis | x-ray neonatal screening | maternal x-ray risk

Additional Images

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.


Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 29) Embryology X-ray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/X-ray

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G