Vision - Retina Development: Difference between revisions

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==Adult Retina==
==Adult Retina==
[[File:Historic_retina_drawing.jpg|right|300px]]
[[File:Historic_retina_drawing.jpg|right|300px]]
[[File:Human-retina-01.jpg|thumb|300px|Adult Human Retina histology<ref><pubmed>12186651</pubmed>| [http://genomebiology.com/content/3/8/REVIEWS1022 Genome Biol.]
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[[File:Eye_and_retina_cartoon.jpg|800px]]
[[File:Eye_and_retina_cartoon.jpg|800px]]



Revision as of 19:50, 19 June 2014


Retina development (Week 8 stage 22)
Retina development (Week 8 stage 22)

Introduction

Vision Links: vision | lens | retina | placode | extraocular muscle | cornea | eyelid | lacrima gland | vision abnormalities | Student project 1 | Student project 2 | Category:Vision | sensory
Historic Embryology - Vision 
Historic Embryology: 1906 Eye Embryology | 1907 Development Atlas | 1912 Eye Development | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1917 Extraocular Muscle | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1921 Eye Development | 1922 Optic Primordia | 1925 Eyeball and optic nerve | 1925 Iris | 1927 Oculomotor | 1928 Human Retina | 1928 Retina | 1928 Hyaloid Canal | Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

  • A complex choreography of cell movements shapes the vertebrate eye[1] "Optic cup morphogenesis (OCM) generates the basic structure of the vertebrate eye. Although it is commonly depicted as a series of epithelial sheet folding events, this does not represent an empirically supported model. Here, we combine four-dimensional imaging with custom cell tracking software and photoactivatable fluorophore labeling to determine the cellular dynamics underlying OCM in zebrafish."
  • Roles of homeobox genes in retinal ganglion cell differentiation and axonal guidance[2] "In this review, we have described four major families of homeobox genes which play important roles in RGC differentiation as well as axonal pathfinding. The mechanism underlying how these HD TFs affect axonal pathfinding is not entirely known. One possibility is that the downstream targets directly regulated by these HD TF are responsible for axonal guidance. Examples of this are the repression of EphB1 by Isl2, and Vax1/Vax2 regulation of EphB2/EphB3 expression. The roles of Dlx homeobox genes in RGC axonal guidance have not yet been reported. However, in the mouse telencephalon, Dlx1 and Dlx2 promote the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons by repressing axonal growth (Cobos et al. 2007) and inhibiting Neuropilin-2 expression (Le et al. 2007). It is possible that the genetic program defining RGC identity also encodes a unique "sensory" network for their axons, determining how and where RGC axons respond to guidance cues en route to CNS targets."
More recent papers
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Search term: Retina Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Retina Embryology</pubmed>

Adult Retina

Historic retina drawing.jpg

Eye and retina cartoon.jpg

Vertebrates have ten identifiable layers formed from neurons, their processes (nerve fibers), membranes, photoreceptors and pigmented cells. Light must pass through nearly all these layers to the photoreceptors.

  1. Inner limiting membrane - Müller cell footplates.
  2. Nerve fiber layer - retinal ganglion axons eventually the optic nerve.
  3. Ganglion cell layer - neuronal cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells, their axons form the nerve fiber layer and eventually the optic nerve.
  4. Inner plexiform layer - another layer of neuronal processes.
  5. Inner nuclear layer - neuronal cell bodies
  6. Outer plexiform layer - another layer of neuronal processes.
  7. Outer nuclear layer - neuronal cell bodies
  8. External limiting membrane - layer separating inner segment portions of photoreceptors from their cell nuclei.
  9. Photoreceptor layer - rods and cones that convert light into signals.
  10. Retinal pigment epithelium.


Week 5

Stage 13


Stage 13 image 060.jpgStage 13 image 061.jpg

Week 8

Stage 22


Stage 22 image 208.jpg Stage 22 image 206.jpg

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are generated directly from the optic neuroepithelium. The choroidal melanocytes, the other pigmented cells, are derived from neural crest cells that have migrated towards the eye.

Retinal pigment epithelium cells:

  • cuboidal cells
  • apical side form multiple villi
    • these villi are in direct contact with the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells
  • lateral sides are joined together by tight, adherens and gap junctions
  • basal side contacts the underlying basal membrane (Bruch’s membrane)

Ciliary Body

A proposed model of ciliary body development begins with specification at the optic vesicle stage, when the neural retina and pigmented epithelium are also specified. The molecular signals could involve overlapping BMP and FGF signals. The lens has recently been shown in the chicken model to not be required for specification of the iris and ciliary body.[3]

References

  1. <pubmed>22186726</pubmed>| PMC3243097 | Development
  2. <pubmed>22183394</pubmed>
  3. <pubmed>17275804</pubmed>

Online Textbooks

Reviews

<pubmed>19750521</pubmed> <pubmed>19427305</pubmed> <pubmed>18374618</pubmed> <pubmed>17914430</pubmed> <pubmed>17692298</pubmed> <pubmed>16920202</pubmed>

Bookshelf retina development

Articles

<pubmed>20532172</pubmed> <pubmed>20503381</pubmed> <pubmed>20237275</pubmed> <pubmed>20206598</pubmed> <pubmed>20152110</pubmed> <pubmed>20150723</pubmed> <pubmed>20130177</pubmed> <pubmed>20014102</pubmed> <pubmed>19933188</pubmed>

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Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology Vision - Retina Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Vision_-_Retina_Development

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G