Vision - Extraocular Muscle Development

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Introduction

Human extraocular muscles 01.jpg

These notes introduce the development of the eye muscles. The adult eye has contributions from several different embryonic layers eventually forming neuronal, supportive connective tissue, optical structures, and muscular tissues. Additional pages are being developed to cover specific issues of this anatomical structure.


A study by Gilbert (1957)[1] described the origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles.


Vision Links: vision | lens | retina | placode | extraocular muscle | cornea | eyelid | lacrima gland | vision abnormalities | Student project 1 | Student project 2 | Category:Vision | sensory
Historic Embryology - Vision 
Historic Embryology: 1906 Eye Embryology | 1907 Development Atlas | 1912 Eye Development | 1912 Nasolacrimal Duct | 1917 Extraocular Muscle | 1918 Grays Anatomy | 1921 Eye Development | 1922 Optic Primordia | 1925 Eyeball and optic nerve | 1925 Iris | 1927 Oculomotor | 1928 Human Retina | 1928 Retina | 1928 Hyaloid Canal | Historic Disclaimer
Senses Links: Introduction | placode | Hearing and Balance hearing | balance | vision | smell | taste | touch | Stage 22 | Category:Sensory

Some Recent Findings

  • Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular Muscles of Frontal-Eyed, But Not Lateral-Eyed, Animals[2] "To test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs). Palisade endings are not a universal feature of mammalian EOMs. So, if they are proprioceptors, not all species require them. Because in frontal-eyed species, the medial rectus muscle has the highest number of palisade endings, they likely play a special role in convergence."
  • Eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for ocular adnexa development[3] "Mammalian eye development requires temporary fusion of the upper and lower eyelids in embryogenesis. Failure of lid closure in mice leads to an eye open at birth (EOB) phenotype. ...In addition to providing a protective barrier for the ocular surface, eyelid closure in embryogenesis is required for the development of ocular adnexa, including eyelid and extraocular muscles."
More recent papers
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Search term: Extraocular Muscle Embryology

<pubmed limit=5>Extraocular Muscle Embryology</pubmed>

Extraocular Muscles

Extraocular muscles are required to move the eye within the orbit. Their embryonic origin requires an interaction between the cranial mesoderm and the migrating neural crest cells.

The following is from a recent paper comparing human to zebrafish muscle development.[4]

About the Muscles Legend
  • Five of the six muscles (inferior rectus, superior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, and superior oblique) originate at a common tendinous ring of fibrous tissue (the Annulus of Zinn).
    • The Annulus of Zinn surrounds the optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, and ophthalmic vein at their entrance through the apex of the orbit.
  • The sixth muscle (inferior oblique) has a separate origin point on the orbital side of the bony maxilla at the anterior inferomedial strut.
  • IR - inferior rectus
  • SR - superior rectus
  • LR - lateral rectus
  • MR - medial rectus
  • SO - superior oblique
  • IO - inferior oblique
 Human extraocular muscles 01.jpg

Ciliary Muscles

Human Lens (stage 22)

The lens focusses by refracting light as it passes through the biconvex lens, which can be altered in shape (accommodation) by surrounding ciliary muscles. These ciliary muscles are activated (contracted) by parasympathetic innervation from the ciliary ganglion itself innervated by the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III) (More? Cranial Nerves).

surface ectoderm -> lens placode -> lens pit -> lens vesicle -> lens fibres -> lens capsule and embryonic/fetal nucleus.


Eyelids

Muscles of the eyelids are the Levator palpebræ superiors, Orbicularis oculi and Corrugator. The Orbicularis oculi and Corrugator are both supplied by the facial nerve.
  • The Orbicularis oculi (Orbicularis palpebrarum) arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament
  • The Corrugator (Corrugator supercilii) is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle, placed at the medial end of the eyebrow, beneath the Frontalis and Orbicularis oculi.

(modified from Gray's Anatomy)

Gray0379.jpg

Timeline

Embryonic Development

  • Weeks 3 - 4 Eye Fields-Optic Vesicle
  • Weeks 5 - 6 Optic Cup, Lens Vesicle, Choroid Fissure, Hyaloid Artery
  • Weeks 7 - 8 Cornea, Anterior Chamber, Pupillary Membrane, Lens, Retina
  • Weeks 9 - 15 Iris, Ciliary Body
  • Weeks 8 - 10 Eyelids
 Eye and retina cartoon.jpg

Carnegie Stages - Eye

The following data is from a study of human embryonic carnegie stages[5] and other sources.

  • Stage 10 - optic primordia appear.
  • Stage 11 - right and left optic primordia meet at the optic chiasma forming a U-shaped rim.
  • Stage 12 - optic neural crest reaches its maximum extent and the optic vesicle becomes covered by a complete sheath,
  • Stage 13 - By the end of the fourth week the optic vesicle lies close to the surface ectoderm. Optic evagination differentiation allows identification of optic part of retina, future pigmented layer of retina, and optic stalk. The surface ectoderm overlying the optic vesicle, in response to this contact, has thickened to form the lense placode.
  • Stage 14 - (about 32 days) the lens placode is indented by the lens pit, cup-shaped and still communicates with the surface by a narrowing pore.
  • Stage 15 - (about 33 days) the lens pit is closed. The lens vesicle and optic cup lie close to the surface ectoderm and appear to press against the surface.
  • Stage 16 - (37 days) Growth of the lens body results in a D-shaped lens cavity. Perilental blood vessels (tunica vasculosa lentis) are visible. Prior to the development of the eyelids, one small sulcus or groove forms above the eye (eyelid groove) and another below it.
  • Stages 17 - 19 - Retinal pigment is visible and the retinal fissure is largely closed. Eyelids grooves deepen, eyelid folds develop, first below, and then above, the eye.
  • Stages 18 - Mesenchyme invades the region between the lens epithelium and the surface ectoderm.
  • Stages 19 - 22 - the eyelid folds develop into the eyelids and cover more of the eye as the palpebral fissure takes shape. The upper and the lower eyelids meet at the outer canthus in Stage 19.
  • Stage 20 - The lens cavity is lost and a lens suture begins to form. The inner canthus is established.
  • Stage 23 - The retina comprises the pigmented layer, external limiting membrane, proliferative zone, external neuroblastic layer, transient fiber layer, internal neuroblastic layer, nerve fiber layer, and internal limiting membrane. Eyelids closure is complete (Note - shown as still open in the Kyoto embryo).

Neural Crest

Mouse eye neural crest.jpg

Mouse eye neural crest[6]

Mouse eye TGF-beta model.jpg

Mouse eye TGF-beta model[6]

Links: Image - Mouse eye neural crest | Image - Mouse eye TGF-beta model | Vision Development | Neural Crest Development | Head Development

Additional Images

  • Human stage 22 developing iris region

    Human stage 22 developing iris region

  • Human stage 22 developing iris region

    Human stage 22 developing iris region

  • Human stage 22 overview of optic nerve

    Human stage 22 overview of optic nerve

  • Human stage 22 overview of eye

    Human stage 22 overview of eye

  • Human stage 22 lens and hyaloid vessels

    Human stage 22 lens and hyaloid vessels

  • Human stage 22 optic nerve (stalk)

    Human stage 22 optic nerve (stalk)

  • Human stage 22 retina

    Human stage 22 retina

  • Mouse adult optic nerve axons

    Mouse adult optic nerve axons

  • Pax6 eye phenotypes

    Pax6 eye phenotypes

Historic Images

  • Fig. 456. Location of optic areas before the closure of the neural groove.

    Fig. 456. Location of optic areas before the closure of the neural groove.

  • Fig. 457. Location of areas shown in Fig. 456 after the formation of the neural canal.

    Fig. 457. Location of areas shown in Fig. 456 after the formation of the neural canal.

  • Fig. 458. Location of the optic area after the beginning of the formation of the optic cup and optic stalk. Fig. 459. Dorsal view of head of chick of 58 hours' incubation.

    Fig. 458. Location of the optic area after the beginning of the formation of the optic cup and optic stalk. Fig. 459. Dorsal view of head of chick of 58 hours' incubation.

  • Fig. 460. Section through head of chick of two days' incubation.

    Fig. 460. Section through head of chick of two days' incubation.

  • Fig. 461. Section through head of chick of three days' incubation.

    Fig. 461. Section through head of chick of three days' incubation.

  • Fig. 462. Later stage in development of optic cup and lens than is shown in Fig. 461.

    Fig. 462. Later stage in development of optic cup and lens than is shown in Fig. 461.

  • Fig. 463. Developing lens and optic cup.

    Fig. 463. Developing lens and optic cup.

  • Fig. 464. Model showing lens and formation of optic cup.

    Fig. 464. Model showing lens and formation of optic cup.

  • Fig. 465. Stages in the development of the lens in the rabbit embryo.

    Fig. 465. Stages in the development of the lens in the rabbit embryo.

  • Fig. 466. Section through optic cup and lens invagination of chick of fifty-four hours' incubation.

    Fig. 466. Section through optic cup and lens invagination of chick of fifty-four hours' incubation.

  • Fig. 467. Section through eye of human embryo of 13-14 weeks.

    Fig. 467. Section through eye of human embryo of 13-14 weeks.

  • Fig. 468. Development of the retinal cells.

    Fig. 468. Development of the retinal cells.

  • Fig. 469. Vertical section through retina of a four months' human embryo.

    Fig. 469. Vertical section through retina of a four months' human embryo.

  • Fig. 470. Vertical section through retina of a five and one-half months' human embryo.

    Fig. 470. Vertical section through retina of a five and one-half months' human embryo.

  • Fig. 1. Section through head of pig, 2 mm long.

    Fig. 1. Section through head of pig, 2 mm long.

  • Fig. 2. Section through head of chick, 2 mm long.

    Fig. 2. Section through head of chick, 2 mm long.

  • Fig. 3. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 2 mm long.

    Fig. 3. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 2 mm long.

  • Fig. 4. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 3 mm long.

    Fig. 4. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 3 mm long.

  • Fig. 5. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 3 mm long.

    Fig. 5. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 3 mm long.

  • Fig. 6. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 4 mm long.

    Fig. 6. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 4 mm long.

  • Fig. 7. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 7 mm long.

    Fig. 7. Section through head of Foetal Pig, 7 mm long.

  • Fig. 8. Section through head of pig, 8 mm long.

    Fig. 8. Section through head of pig, 8 mm long.

  • Fig. 9. Section through head of pig, 9 mm long.

    Fig. 9. Section through head of pig, 9 mm long.

  • Brown010.jpg
  • Fig. 11. colobomba of the fundus in the adult and means a lack of development.

    Fig. 11. colobomba of the fundus in the adult and means a lack of development.

References

  1. ↑ Gilbert PW. The origin and development of the human extrinsic ocular muscles. (1957) Carnegie Instn. Wash. Publ. 611, Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 36: 59-78.
  2. ↑ <pubmed>26830369</pubmed>
  3. ↑ <pubmed>25377219</pubmed>
  4. ↑ <pubmed>22132088</pubmed>| PLoS One.
  5. ↑ <pubmed>7364662</pubmed>
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 <pubmed>16403239</pubmed>| J Biol.

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<pubmed>20855501</pubmed>| JCB <pubmed>18214786</pubmed> <pubmed>17945333</pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> The International Journal of Developmental Biology Vol. 48 Nos. 8/9 (2004) Eye Development

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 24) Embryology Vision - Extraocular Muscle Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Vision_-_Extraocular_Muscle_Development

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