V: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
Line 162: Line 162:
:(VCT) Trophoblast cells located on chorionic villi (as opposed to extravillous cytotrophoblasts) that can also fuse to form the [[S#syncytiotrophoblast|syncytiotrophoblasts]].  
:(VCT) Trophoblast cells located on chorionic villi (as opposed to extravillous cytotrophoblasts) that can also fuse to form the [[S#syncytiotrophoblast|syncytiotrophoblasts]].  


:(More? [[2009_Lecture_8|ANAT2341 Lecture Placenta]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta7.htm Placenta Villi] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta7.htm Placenta Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes])
:(More? [[2009_Lecture_8|2009 Lecture - Placenta]] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta7.htm Placenta Villi] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta7.htm Placenta Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes])


===villus===  
===villus===  

Revision as of 04:05, 22 October 2009

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link | Original V

vaccination

(Latin, vacca = cow) Term used to describe inoculation, because the first vaccine was obtained from cows, the cowpox virus, by Edward Jenner. Vaccination is the process of inoculation of a substance (vaccine) into the body for the purpose of producing active immunity (immune response) against a disease. Vaccination is therefore a misnomer, used initially by Louis Pasteur, for inoculation. :(More? Viral Infection | Rubella | The Jenner Museum)

VACTERL

An acronym for a group of developmental abnormalities: Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Cardiac defect (often ventricular septal defect), TracheoEsophageal fistula, Renal (kidney) abnormalities and Limb abnormalities. Recently defined as a multiple polytopic developmental field defect.
(More? Abnormal Development)

vacuum extractor

Clinical birth aid, referring to a suction cap device used on fetal head to aid birth (parturition).
(More? Normal Development - Birth)

vagina

The female muscular tube between uterus and vestibule, part of female external genitalia.
(More? Genital System - Female)

vagus

(Latin, vagus = wandering) cranial nerve X (CN X) A mixed nerve that leaves the head and neck to innervate gastrointestinal tract (pharynx, esophagus, stomach) respiratory tract (larynx, lungs), cardiac (heart) and abdominal viscera. This mixed nerve has sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate).

valproic acid

An anticonvulsants or antiepileptic drug used to prevent and minimize seizures. This drug, like other anticonvulsants, is also teratogenic and increases the occurance of neural tube defects (NTDs). (Other anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, Clonazepam, Ethosuximide, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Primidone)
(More? Neural Abnormalities | Neural Tube Defects | Drug Use)

vanilloid receptor

(VR) receptor was cloned in 1997, VR agonists (capsaicin and RTX) are currently utilized for a number of clinical syndromes (intractable neuropathic pain, spinal detrusor hyperreflexia, and bladder hypersensitivity). VR antagonist (capsazepine) are also currently being considered for therapeutic applications related to pain.

varicella-zoster virus

(VZV) the chickenpox virus which can severely affect pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn babies. The Congenital defects can result from fetal infection (congenital varicella syndrome): skin lesions, limb defects (hypoplasia or paresis), and neurological (microcephal, ophthalmic lesions) .
(More? Viral Infection | eMJA Management of varicella-zoster virus exposure and infection in pregnancy and the newborn period)

varicoceles

An abnormality of male gonad venous system, resulting from veins surrounding the testicular artery (in spermatic cord) becoming dilated (varicose), affecting testis temperature and fertility.

vasa previa

(vasa praevia) A placental abnormality where the fetal vessels either lie close too or cross the inner cervical os (opening).
(More? Placenta Abnormalities - Vasa Previa)

vascular

Term used in relation to blood vessels.
(More? Heart Notes)

vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) A secreted protein growth factor family, which stimulates the proliferation of vasular endotheial cells and therefore blood vessel growth. Has other roles in embryonic development.
(More? Heart Notes - Blood Vessels | Molecular Development- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase

(VE-PTP) A phosphatase involved in vascular development through modulation of a receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie2) activity, the receptor of angiopoietin. Phosphatases remove and kinases add a phosphate group to proteins, phosphorylation is a common intracellular signaling pathway.
(More? Heart Notes - Blood Vessels| Molecular Development- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

VATER syndrome

A developmental abnormality, acronym for V (vertebral anomalies), A (anal atresia), TE (tracheo-esophageal fistula) and R (radial dysplasia). (V and R also include vascular and renal anomalies). Note that the acronym VACTERL syndrome now used, includes C (cardiac) and the L (limb anomalies).
(More? Abnormal Development)

VCX-A

An acronym for Variably Charged, X chromosome A, a member of the family of proteins encoded by distinct genes located on the X chromosome (Xp22) and implicated in X-linked mental retardation. This RNA-binding protein post-transcriptionally regulates protein synthesis by binding the 5' end of capped mRNAs, preventing decapping and decay.
(More? PMID: 19812318 | Neural System Development)

vein

Part of the circulatory system, returning blood to the heart. Nomenclature based upon direction of flow, towards the heart. In the embryo, the placental vein brings oxygenated blood to the heart. In the adult, pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. Vein walls have histologically a different overall structure from ateries.
(More? Heart Notes)

vellus hair

short hairs seen on newborn infant, these hairs are only a centimetre or two long and contain little or no pigment. Follicles that produce them do not have sebaceous glands and never produce any other kind of hairs.
(More? Integumentary Development - Hair)

ventricle

The two ventricles form the muscular-walled blood discharging chambers of the heart. The heart atria receive blood.
(More? Heart Notes)

vertebra

Individual bones (33 human) of the axial skeleton that enclose the spinal cord and form, with the intervertebral discs, the vertebral column. Vertebra bodies form first by endochondrial ossification of segmental sclerotomal mesenchyme which in turn came from pairs of somites. (mesoderm -> para-axial mesoderm -> somites -> paired sclerotome -> vertebral body) During vertebra formation there is a "segmental shift" out of register with the original somites. In development, the vertebral arch (enclosing the spinal cord) remains open dorsally and tied by a ligament to allow growth of the spinal cord.
(More? Musculoskeletal Notes | Axial Skeleton)

vertebral canal

The bony tunnel formed by vertebra enclosing the spinal cord.
(More? Axial Skeleton)

vertebral column

Term given to the complete structure formed from the alternating segments of vertebra and intervertebral discs which support the spinal cord.

vertex presentation

(cephalic presentation) birth term, referring to when the fetal head is closest to the cervix, most common and safest birth position.
(More? Normal Development - Birth)

venous thromboembolism

Blood clotting within a vein, has been described as a rare risk for some women taking the combined oral contraceptive.

vestibular aqueduct

(Latin, aquaeductus vestibuli) A component of the inner ear, term used to describe the intraosseous part of the endolymphatic duct and sac system.
(More? Inner Ear | Hearing Notes)

vestibular ganglion

(Scarpa's ganglion) The primary afferent vestibular neuron ganglion of the vestibular nerve. Located within the internal auditory meatus.

vestibular membrane - (Reissner's) extends from the spiral lamina to the outer wall and divides the cochlea into an upper scala vestibuli, a lower scala tympani.

vestibulocochlear nerve

Cranial Nerve VIII

vestibular neurons

Neurons of the vestibular ganglia of cranial nerve 8 (CNVIII) involved with balance and motion detection. These neurons form as part of the anterior ventromedial otocyst epithelium and migrate into the periotic mesenchyme at the anterior part of the developing otocyst. At this location they differentiate and extend dendrites towards the developing sensory epithelia and axons to connect with central brainstem targets.
(More? Inner Ear | Hearing Notes)

villi

Plural of villus, which is a thin projection from a surface. A term used to describe the many functional units together of the fetal placenta.
(More? ANAT2341 Lecture Placenta | Placenta)

villitis of unknown etiology

(VUE) A placental pathological condition.
(More? ANAT2341 Lecture Placenta | Placenta Abnormalities)

villous cytotrophoblast

(VCT) Trophoblast cells located on chorionic villi (as opposed to extravillous cytotrophoblasts) that can also fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts.
(More? 2009 Lecture - Placenta | Placenta Villi | Placenta Notes | Week 2 Notes)

villus

A single thin projection from a surface. A term used to describe the functional unit of the fetal placenta.
(More? ANAT2341 Lecture Placenta | Placenta)

vinblastine

A vinca alkaloid used as a chemotherapeutic antitumour drug that targets tubulin. The molecule forms a wedge at the interface of two tubulin molecules, interfering with tubulin and then microtubule assembly and therefore disrupts mitotic spindle formation.

Vinclozolin

A dicarboximide fungicide shown to cause gonad tumours (Leydig cell) and atrophy in adult rat. Perinatal exposure in rats also inhibits morphological sex differentiation.
(More? Endocrine Abnormalities | Endocrine Abnormalities | PubMed Kavlock R, Cummings A. Mode of action: inhibition of androgen receptor function--vinclozolin-induced malformations in reproductive development. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2005 Oct-Nov;35(8-9):721-6.

virulence

(Latin, virulenctia = virus poison) morbidity and mortality of a host caused by parasites and pathogens (relative infectiousness).
(More? Viral Infection )

virus

An infective agent that cannot reproduce by itself and therefore it infect cells to use the cell machinery to produce more virus. Different viruses have genetic material as single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA. The infectious virus particle is called a "virion" and is the genetic material packed in a protein shell. Viruses come in many genetic sizes, as little as 4 proteins up to 200 proteins. Many cancers can be caused by viruses (papilloma viruses, hepatitis B and C viruses, Epstein-Barr virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus). Virus-induced cancers account for about 20% of worldwide cancer incidence.
(More? Viral Infection | Rubella)

viscera

The organs located in the ventral body cavity.

visceral pleura

The inner lining of pleural cavity derived from contact epithelia with lung bud of pericardioperitoneal canals from intraembryonic coelom.

visceral smooth muscle

The muscle in walls of visceral organs. One of the 3 types of muscle in the body (skeletal, cardiac, smooth).


vitamins

(Latin, vita = "life") | entry to be edited | Vitamins form 2 major classes the fat soluble (D, E, A, and K) and water soluble (B, and C). These organic compounds are required at very low concentrations and function as cellular metabolic regulators. The specific roles for vitamins, other than B (folic acid), during embryonic development (other than in maternal nutrition) is unknown.

vitamin A

| entry to be edited |

vitamin B

| entry to be edited |

vitamin C

| entry to be edited |

vitamin D

Munns C, Zacharin MR, Rodda CP, Batch JA, Morley R, Cranswick NE, Craig ME, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL, Taylor BJ, Grover SR, Pasco JA, Burgner D, Cowell CT; Paediatric Endocrine Group; Paediatric Bone Australasia. Prevention and treatment of infant and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand: a consensus statement. Med J Aust. 2006 Sep 4;185(5):268-72. PMID: 16948623 Stroud ML, Stilgoe S, Stott VE, Alhabian O, Salman K. Vitamin D - a review. Aust Fam Physician. 2008 Dec;37(12):1002-5. Review. PMID: 19142273 | AFP

vitamin E

| entry to be edited |

vitamin K

A generic term for derivatives of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone that have coagulation activity. Daily requirement for vitamin K is about 1 µg/kg. In newborns vitamin K nutrition is at risk.

visceral pleura

Serous membrane which forms the inner lining of pleural cavity, both covering and attached to the lungs. Embryonically derived from the splanchnic mesoderm. The outer pleural layer, parietal pleura, is derived from mesoderm of the thoracic cavity body wall.
(More? Respiratory Notes)

vitelline

(Latin, vitellus = yolk of an egg) Term used early in development to describe the outer egg layer zona pellucida. Used later to describe the structures and vasculature associated with the yolk sac. The blood vessels which form in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac and anastomose are called vitelline arteries (flow away from embryo) and vitelline veins (flow toward embryo). The connection between the mid gut and the yolk sac is variously called the vitelline duct, omphalomesenteric duct or yolk stalk.
(More? Heart Notes)

vitelline duct

(Latin, vitellus = yolk of an egg) (omphalomesenteric duct, yolk stalk) The endodermal connection between the mid-gut and the yolk sac. During embryonic disc folding (human week 3) this structure is initially a broad open connection which is then restricted to a narrow tube and finally closed between the mid-gut and the yolk sac. Meckel's diverticulum is the abnormality associated with failure of this duct to close.
(More? Gastrointestinal Tract Notes | Gastrointestinal Tract Abnormalities)

vitelline arteries

(Latin, vitellus = yolk of an egg) The blood vessels which form in the yolk sac and have a blood flow away from embryo. Derived from the extraembryonic mesoderm surrounding the endoderm of the yolk sac.

vitelline veins

(Latin, vitellus = yolk of an egg) The blood vessels which form in the yolk sac and have a blood flow towards the embryo. Derived from the extra-embryonic mesoderm surrounding the endoderm of the yolk sac.

vitelline layer

(egg coat) The specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the egg in non-mammalians (sea urchins, chickens) in mammals this layer is called the zona pellucida.
(More? Chicken Development)

vitellogenesis

(Greek, vitellogenesis = yolk formation) The term refers to the formation of yolk.
(More? Week 2 Notes)

vitreous humor

A gel-like mass located in the vitreous (posterior) chamber of the eye. In development the vitreous also contains the hyloid blood vessels.
(More? Eye Notes)

vocal folds

Folds occuring in the larynx used in generating sounds required for speech.

von Willebrand factor

(VWF) An adhesive protein which plays a critical role in primary hemostasis by allowing platelet aggregation.
(More? Heart Notes - Blood)

VUE

Acronym for villitis of unknown etiology, a placental pathology.
(More? ANAT2341 Lecture Placenta | Placenta Abnormalities)

Glossary Comments

Use this page to access brief definitions of specific embryology terms. Additional information can be accessed from links listed at the end of each definition. Glossary from the UNSW Embryology program compiled and written by Dr Mark Hill. Reference material used in preparing this glossary list includes: texts listed on page 1 "Reading" of each notes section, Department of Anatomy Publications, WWW resources from NCBI, NIH, OMIM, NHMRC (Australia), AMA (USA), Office of Rare Diseases (USA), PubMed Medline Dictionaries, MSDS, Merck Manual home edn. and WHO ART terminology (2009).

These notes are for Educational Purposes Only Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 28) Embryology V. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/V

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G