User:Z3418488: Difference between revisions
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More future research is required to underpin the etiology of HPR. | More future research is required to underpin the etiology of HPR. | ||
Giovanni Sarnelli, Alessandra D’Alessandro, Marcella Pesce, Ilaria Palumbo, Rosario Cuomo, '''Genetic contribution to motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract''', World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Nov 15, 2013; 4(4): 65–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pmc/articles/PMC3829454/ | <ref>Giovanni Sarnelli, Alessandra D’Alessandro, Marcella Pesce, Ilaria Palumbo, Rosario Cuomo, '''Genetic contribution to motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract''', World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Nov 15, 2013; 4(4): 65–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pmc/articles/PMC3829454/</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 00:17, 10 September 2014
Welcome to the 2014 Embryology Course!
- Links: Timetable | How to work online | One page Wiki Reference Card | Moodle
- Each week the individual assessment questions will be displayed in the practical class pages and also added here.
- Copy the assessment items to your own page and provide your answer.
- Note - Some guest assessments may require completion of a worksheet that will be handed in in class with your student name and ID.
Individual Lab Assessment |
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Lab 12 - Stem Cell Presentation Assessment | More Info | |
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Group | Comment | Mark (10) |
1/8 |
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7 |
2 |
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7.5 |
3 |
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7.5 |
4 |
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8.5 |
5 |
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8.5 |
6 |
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8.5 |
7 |
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7.5 |
Lab Attendence
- Week 2: --Z3418488 (talk) 12:45, 6 August 2014 (EST)
- Week 3: --Z3418698 (talk) 11:16, 13 August 2014 (EST)
- Week 4: --Z3418488 (talk) 12:05, 20 August 2014 (EST)
- Week 5: --Z3418488 (talk) 12:46, 27 August 2014 (EST)
- Week 6: --Z3418488 (talk) 11:48, 3 September 2014 (EST)
Individual Assessment
<pubmed>25044079</pubmed>
- The objective of the study was to investigate whether using culture at 36 degrees celsisus would improve blastulation and pregnancy rates compared to the traditional core temperature of 37 degrees celsisus in human IVF trials. Seventy couples volunteered and were considered for participation in the study.
- Obtained from a single source of oocytes, mature oocytes were randomly assorted into 2 categories at a time- one cultured in a 37 degree celsisus environment and the other cultured in a 36 degrees celsisus environment. A random number assortment determined which group of oocytes would be cultured in each environment. The mature oocytes were classified into each group in equal numbers, based on morphology (as determined by the subjective assessment of the embryologist). All oocytes immediately underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). On day 5 of IVF, DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the outcome of each embryo. This process was repeated using single sources of oocytes from the differing respective participants (all selected and based on a predetermined criteria).
- Throughout the study, the procedure was performed as planned. The incubators were constantly ensured to have an equivalent stability at both temperature- the variations at each trial having no statistical significance. In this investigation a total of 805 mature oocytes were cultured- including 399 from the 36°C cultured environment and the remaining 406 from the 37°C environment. However, paired analysis demonstrated a slightly higher usable rate of blastocyst per zygote at the 37°C environment (48.4%), compared to that at the 36°C culture (41.2%). This result was deemed statistically significant and noticeable. However, the rates of fertilisation, sustained implementation and aneuploidy was deemed equivalent.
- It was thus concluded from this investigation that IVF culturing at 36°C does not show any clinical improvements or advantages to embryo development than the traditional 37°C environment typically used- as other previous studies based on animal IVF have implied.
<pubmed>1889140</pubmed>
- Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is used in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effects of PrEP on pregnancy outcomes and incidences was studied in this recent investigation.
- Methodology- 1785 heterosexual and HIV uninfected couples from 9 sites in Kenya and Uganda participated in a randomised trial, conducted between July 2008 and June 2013. Participants were initially given on a daily basis either TDF, FTC + TDF or a placebo until July 2011. PrEP was given for the remaining testing period. Testing for pregnancy was conducted monthly- with the study medication discontinued with a positive pregnancy result.
- Results- For every 100 persons, approximately 10 became pregnant belonging to the placebo group, 11.9 for those in the TDF group and 8.8. amongst those assigned in the FTC+ TDF combination group. The loss of pregnancy before July 2011 was approximately 42.5% for the FTC + TDF group, 32.3% for the placebo group and 27.7% for the TDF group. The occurrence of birth defects, anomalies and growth through the first year of life had not statistical significance during the first year of life.
- Among the heterosexual, HIV-negative African couples studied, differences in the incidence of pregnancy, birth outcomes or growth were not statistically significant between the differing test groups. However, since all study medication (including that of PrEP) was discontinued at the instant result of a positive result- definitive statements about the safety of prEP in the preconception period can not be established.
Lab Assessment 2
Copyright: Copyright © 2012, HSR Proceedings in Intensive Care and Cardiovascular Anesthesia This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License 3.0, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode.
DIC Congenitally bicuspid aortic valve in the ascending aorta of a fetus[1]
Lab Assessment 3
Lab Assessment 4
Spinal cord injury (SCI) may be improved through cellular transplantation and treatments on the cellular level- including macrophage activation, schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing manipulation. Advances in stem cell research, has made it possible to stimulate the differentiation of neurons in SCI cases, in the attempt to improve functional recovery.
It is known that macrophages are involved in the repairing of the central nervous system, particular with the spinal cord. Using rat models, the hind limbs of CSI cases has been able to undergo recovery through macrophage activation- using proinflammatory agent injections. Conversely, the removal or depletion of macrophages, has lead to abnormal white matter being scattered the spinal chord (indicating abnormalities in the repairing process). Phrase II trials of macrophage activations is still undergoing testing.
Similarly, schwaan cells have been transplanted into rat models who have SCI. Results for trials have been mixed and varied- with some trials resulting in hindlimb recovery, while others not so. Human trials for Schwaan cell transplantation has not been conducted yet.
In conclusion, through advances in stem cell research and therapies, SCI may under go functional recovery through further research and testing on the clinical level- including macrophage activation and schwaan cell transplantation. These concepts, however, are still undergoing further clinical testing.
- ↑ Mao-cheng Wu, Hu Yuan, Kang-jie Li, De-Lai Qiu, Cellular Transplantation-Based Evolving Treatment Options in Spinal Cord Injury, Springer, 2014, Cell Biochemistry and Cell Biophysics, 1559-0283, http://download.springer.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/static/pdf/426/art%253A10.1007%252Fs12013-014-0174-3.pdf?auth66=1410443896_be7d031ab3aae016bd41a33430561c40&ext=.pdf
Lab Assessment 5
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPR) is the enlargement of the muscles surrounding the pyloric sphincter of the stomach. There is hence a lack of sphincter relaxation and a consequent obstruction for entrance into the stomach. The exact causes of HPR is still unknown and is not well defined in current literature- a unifying etiology for HPR has not been identified. It is known, however, that HPR is related to other genetic abnormalities.
Studies have, however, demonstrated links between HPR and genetic factors. For instance, maternal factors seem to have a higher contribution to the development of HPR as opposed to paternal factors.
It was also previously believed that the NOS1 gene and its lack of expression had genetic contributions to the development of HPR. One group found a link between the condition and NOS1a on chromosome 12q, yet later studies and coding of the gene have revealed no statistical difference from the norm.
Similarly, mutations in the genes MYH11 and GRIN2A were also thought to previously be involved in the development of HPR- for these genes are responsible for the relaxation of smooth muscles. However, like the SLC7A5 related to NO activity; mutations in these genes have not be verified by other sectional studies.
However, in a specific condition of HPS, a strong association between the abnormality and mutations in genes responsible for the transcriptional process have been made (MBNL1, NKX2, NKX3, NKX4, NKX5).
More future research is required to underpin the etiology of HPR.
- ↑ Giovanni Sarnelli, Alessandra D’Alessandro, Marcella Pesce, Ilaria Palumbo, Rosario Cuomo, Genetic contribution to motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Nov 15, 2013; 4(4): 65–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/pmc/articles/PMC3829454/